Electric Cars Presentation

8/13/2019 Electric Cars Presentation

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Electric Cars

Andrew D. Bushner

Engineering 223A ElectricCircuits Lab


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ThesisOne of the greatest engineering marvels

that are becoming more and more

popular today is the electric car, whichhas come a long way since they were firstintroduced in 1828.


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What will be covered History of the electric car

When electric cars were first introduced

History to modern day

How todays electric cars work Electric motors and batteries

Charging

Challenges with electric cars today


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History 1828 nyos Jedlik invented an

early type of electric motorthat powered a tiny modelcar

1839

Robert Anderson inventedthe first electric vehicle thatwas powered by non-rechargeable primary cells


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1859 Gaston Plant invented the rechargeable

lead-acid storage battery, improved a fewyears later by Camille Faure

1891 William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa built

the first successful electric automobile in theUnited States 24 battery cells

4-horsepower

Top speed of 20 mph Range of about 50 miles


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1897 Electric Vehicle Company introduced

electric taxicabs to New York City thatcould be driven about 50 miles on onecharge

By 1899 the city had more than 60 electric

taxicabs


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1900 More than four thousand were cars on the road,

electric cars made up about one third of them Electric cars had advantages over the other

cars of its time Quicker to start up than the steam-powered

cars Ran cleaner than the internal combustion

engines Did better in the snow


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1908 Henry Ford introduced the Model T which cost

only $850 compared to the average price of anelectric car of about $2000

Model Ts had a better production method andeventually overtook electric cars

Four years later, Charles Kettering invented thefirst practical electric automobile starter, makinggasoline-powered cars even more practical


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1920 Electric cars ceased to be a viable commercial

product Roads were more developed Consumers wanted to travel further

Gasoline was inexpensive Electricity was not as readily available as gasoline

Electric cars became impractical and, by the late1920s, were nearly gone from the market

From the mid-1920s to the early 1990s, there waslittle large-scale production of electric cars


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1966 Congress introduced an early bill that

recommended the use of electric vehiclesas a means of reducing air pollution

1970s Concerns over soaring price of oil and the

growing environmental movement resultedin renewed interest in electric cars

1988 Roger Smith, CEO of G.M., funded research

to build a practical consumer electric car G.M. teamed up with California's

AeroVironment to design the EV1


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Late 1990s and early 2000s G.M. unveiled the EV1 in 1996 which

traveled 80 miles per charge

A few thousand all-electric cars from big

car manufacturers were produced, butmost of them were available for leaseonly


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2003 G.M. announced it would not renew leases

on its EV1 cars saying that they can nolonger supply parts to repair the vehicles

By 2005, all the EV1s were collected andrecycled

The car was the subject of the 2006 film"Who Killed the Electric Car?" whereGeneral Motors spokesman stated that theEV1s were to be recycled, not just crushed


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2006 Tesla Motors unveiled the Tesla Roadster

which brought luxury to the electric carmarket The Tesla Roadster was priced over $100,000

They were meant for a high-income market

and aimed to show off what an electricengine could accomplish

The car had 300 HP, 295 ft-lb of torque, 3-phase 4-pole AC induction motor, and a 53kWh Lithium-ion battery

Almost 250 mile rangeCan accelerate from 0

to 60 mph in 3.7 seconds


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2010 to present Nissan released its new electric car called

the LEAF (Leading, Environmentally friendly,Affordable, Family car)Maximum speed of 90 mph

Can travel 100 miles on a full charge

Capable of being recharged to 80% ofbattery capacity in 30 minutes

Several new electric cars, including theBMW Mini E and Mitsubishi i-MiEV, havebeen produced and sold with a reported

3.8 million to be on the roads worldwide by2016


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Electric Motors Electric motors get their power from a

controller, and the controller gets its power

from rechargeable batteries The motor's controller is what takes the power

from the batteries and delivers it to the motor The accelerator pedal is hooked up to a pair

of potentiometers, which are variable

resistors, and these potentiometers providethe signal that tells the controller how muchpower it is supposed to deliver


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DC controllerconnected to

batteries and a DCmotor

The DC controller reads thesetting of the accelerator pedalfrom the potentiometers and

regulates the power accordingly If the accelerator is pushed

halfway down, the controllerreads that setting from thepotentiometer and rapidlyswitches the power to the motoron and off so that it is on half the

time and off half the time If the accelerator is pushed one-

fourth of the way down, then thecontroller pulses the power so it ison one-fourth of the time and offthree-fourths of the time


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AC controllerconnected to ACmotor

An AC controller creates threepseudo-sine waves by takingthe DC voltage from thebatteries and pulsing it on and

off In an AC controller, there is the

additional need to reverse thepolarity of the voltage 60 timesa second

AC controllers need six sets oftransistors

For each of the three phases,one set of transistors is neededto pulse the voltage andanother set to reverse thepolarity so six transistors areneeded


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DC vs. AC motors Electric cars can have two different types of electric motors: a DC

motor or an AC motor If the motor is a DC motor:

It runs on voltage ranging from 96 to 192 volts They are more affordable and easier to control They have greater initial torque and higher peak power However, they have a tendency to overheat and become very

large and heavy according to their power output If the motor is an AC motor: They are a three-phase AC motor running at 240 volts AC with a 300

volt battery pack They are better for continuous power, which helps with climbing hills

but starting power is slower They run at high RPM without overheating and because of this, they

do not require a transmission They are best suited for regenerative braking systems, which is a

feature present on many electric vehicles that recoversapproximately 20% of the energy usually lost in the brakes torecharge the battery

They run more smoothly and can be precisely controlled Conversely, they are more expensive and require a converter, so

they take up a lot of space


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Batteries There are three types of batteries found in electric cars: lead-acid batteries,

nickel-metal hydride batteries, and lithium ion batteries Lead-acid batteries:

Are the cheapest and most common batteries available Do not last long and typically need replacement every 3 years End up being a significant portion of the final weight of the vehicle Efficiency and storage capacity decreases with lower temperatures, and

diverting power to run a heating coil reduces efficiency and range by up to40%

Nickel-metal hydride batteries: Have an energy density higher than lead-acid Have exceptionally long lives, being known to still operate well after 100,000

miles and over a decade of use Are less efficient in charging and discharging than lead-acid batteries Tend to have the poor efficiency, high self-discharge, finicky charge cycles,

and poor performance in cold weather Lithium ion batteries:

Are considered to have the most potential for mass-market electric vehicles Have a very high energy density, good power density, and 80 to 90%

charge/discharge efficiency. Have short cycle lives, usually few thousand charge cycles, and significant

degradation with age Are somewhat toxic and can pose a fire risk if punctured or charged

improperly Do not accept or supply power in cold conditions so expensive and energy

inefficient systems are necessary to warm them up


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Charging Chargers monitor current and make assumptions about averagebattery characteristics

The chargers apply maximum current to the batteries up through eightypercent of their capacity, and drop the current back to a preset levelfor the final twenty percent to avoid overheating the battery

Normal household 120-volt outlets typically have a 15-amp circuit

breaker, meaning that the maximum amount of energy that the carcan consume is approximately 1.5 kilowatt-hours per hour

Most batteries need anywhere from 12 to 18 kilowatt-hours for a fullrecharge, so it can take over eight hours to fully charge the vehicle

However, by using a 240-volt circuit, like an outlet for an electric dryer,the car will receive 240 volts at 30 amps, or 6.6 kilowatt-hours per hour,

allowing significantly faster charging with a full recharge in about fourto five hours


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Problems Batteries Heavy and take up a lot of space

Need to be rechargedCharging stations are a rarity in most cities

Take a long time to rechargeNeed to replaced somewhat frequently

Range

Price


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Resources http://auto.howstuffworks.com/electric-

car2.htm

http://www.futurecars.com/futurecars/electric_cars1.html

http://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-car

http://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-

previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overview
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/electric-car2.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/electric-car2.htmhttp://www.futurecars.com/futurecars/electric_cars1.htmlhttp://www.futurecars.com/futurecars/electric_cars1.htmlhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.vehix.com/articles/auto-previews--trends/electric-cars-a-brief-overviewhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.npr.org/2011/11/21/142365346/timeline-the-100-year-history-of-the-electric-carhttp://www.futurecars.com/futurecars/electric_cars1.htmlhttp://www.futurecars.com/futurecars/electric_cars1.htmlhttp://www.futurecars.com/futurecars/electric_cars1.htmlhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/electric-car2.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/electric-car2.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/electric-car2.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/electric-car2.htm


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