e.g. an IceCube
Surfave Veto Array
TAXI.Transportable Array for eXtremely large area Instrumentation studies
Timo Karg, Rolf NahnhauerDESY
IceCube Collaboration Meeting3 March 2014 in Banff
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 2
see also our presentation at the Munich meeting:https://events.icecube.wisc.edu/getFile.py/access?contribId=88&sessionId=33&resId=0&materialId=slides&confId=51
TAXI Concept
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 3
R&Dstation
Sensors Communication
Power SourceReference Detector
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 4
Idea: Use a simple reference air shower detector for trigger and coarse reconstruction
Si: reference air shower detectors (plastic scintillator)
10
m
First Step: Single Station
sensor
power
DAQ
S2S1
S3
SensorR&D
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 5
10
0 m
Second Step: Cluster (4 Stations)
power
DAQ
ArrayR&D
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 6
Requirements
>Highly modular system that allows easy interchange of components R&D environment for different system components with well defined interfaces
> Easy transport and setup: site studies for future projects long term background measurement and monitoring
signal propagation studies (signal speed, attenuation, refraction, …)
>Operation at isolated sites low power, self-sustained power supply
environmental range from Antarctica to hot climate
> Scalability
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 7
Status: Station 1 Operational
test sensor, here:SALLA antenna(courtesy of Tunka-Rex)
DESY Zeuthen,Mechanical Workshop
reference detectors:1 m2 plastic scintillator,
segmented
Power: cabledComms.: cabled (Ethernet)
In Preparation:Replace off-the-shelf DAQwith low-power,single-board design
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 8
In Preparation: Reference Detector Readout v2
AERA-trigger
optional, switchablering sampler(waveforms for calibration, debugging)
goal: power consumption < 10 W (w/o ADC)
rel. timing, time-over-thresholdin FPGA (0.5 ns accuracy)
abs. time: GPS(15 ns accuracy; best case)
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 9
Test-Sensor Readout
> Developed at KIT (IPE, IKP) for the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA)
> Four digitizers (180 MHz, 12 bit; can be interlaced to 2 × 360 MHz)
> Deep ring buffer (7 seconds for 2 channels @ 180 MHz)
> Powerful FPGA for real-time signal processing
> External trigger from scintillation detector
> Power: < 10 W (including LNAs for radio antenna)
Blo
ck d
iagr
am:
A. S
chm
idt,
PhD
The
sis,
KIT
(20
12)
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 10
TAXI &IceCube Surface Veto Array
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 11
Scenario 1: (In-Situ) Characterization of Detection Units
>Use new Detection Units (IceBag, …) as test sensor(would replace radio antenna; minor modifications to analog front-end required)
>Detailed study of the air-shower response of Detection Units In the North and in-situ!
>Reference detectors allow triggering and reconstructionof air showers
Estimate of particle densityand arrival time atDetection Unit
Full Detection Unit response(waveforms) availablevia AERA board
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 12
Scenario 2: TAXI Electronics As Basis for Veto
> TAXI is modular!
> AERA Board (test-sensor readout) can be removed
> Veto Detection Units replace reference detectors
>Read out leading edge time and time-over-threshold optionally full waveforms via DRS4 at the expense of higher power requirements
> TAXI interface allows usto use different
power supplies
communication modules
synchronization protocols(not yet)
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 13
Some Thoughts About the Surface Veto
> For “conventional” array: ½ to ⅔ of the cost are cables(M. DuVernois, Munich Coll. Mtg.)
Can we reduce / simplify the cabling?
> Power Tricky at South Pole, some experience from ARA with wind turbines
> Communications Assume ~kHz trigger rates for each Detection Unit; only transmit timestamps
Transmit few kByte / second from each Detection Unit
Receive and buffer few MByte / second at ICL
Wireless comms. seems possible
> Synchronization Assume veto window of 1 µs
GPS receiver at each station (few 10 ns accuracy) feasible
> In case fibers are run:White Rabbit + Gbit Ethernet is an option
Jan, ICRC 2013
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 14
Summary and Outlook
> TAXI is a modular cluster for research & development on different aspects of arrays, e.g. an IceCube Surface Veto Array
Single station with external air shower trigger:test, characterization, and calibration of sensors / detector units
Four station cluster:development and test of clock synchronization, trigger, communication,and power distribution
easily transportable: in-situ tests and exploration of prospective sites
>One prototype station constructed and successfully taking data
> Timeline Mid 2014: low-power, single-board readout available
End 2014: complete four station array at Zeuthen site
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 15
Backup Slides
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 16
Station 1 DAQ
Power supply
VME readout: Raspberry Pi
AERA board
Cable delay for QDC
VME DAQ for Scintillators(QDC + TDC)
Power control via EthernetTemperature + humidity mon.
Trigger board
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 17
Scintillation Detector
> Input: ± 12 V
>Output: differential,analog PMT signal (8 channels)
combined to 4 segmentsof 50 × 50 cm for readout
optical fiberseach tile read out by 2 sets of fibers
Hamamatsu R 5900-3-M42 × 2 multi-anode PMT
1 m2 tiled plastic scintillator16 tiles, 25 × 25 cm each
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 18
Reconstructed Directions
Azimuth Elevation
vert
ica
l
ho
rizo
nta
l
Mor
e ho
rizon
tal
even
ts m
issing
Direction of air shower reconstructed from arrival time differences
Sha
dow
ing
effe
ct
by e
xper
imen
tal h
all
(35 days of data)
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 19
View in the Direction of 270°
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