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Diverse Farming Systems: Theory and Practice
(NRE 553)
3 credits
Note: The last day of class will be on December 8. Students are required to attend a
workshop on ecological games that will take place Saturday October 29 half a day.
Instructor: Ivette Perfecto
e-mail: [email protected]
3541 Dana
Tel: 734-764-8601
Office Hours: Tu 4:00-5:30
Meeting time: Tuesday and Thursday 2:30-4:00 in room 1028 Dana
Course Description: In this interdisciplinary course, we will critically explore an
intersecting literature on agroecology, biodiversity, ecosystem services, diversified
farming systems, agroforestry, and farmer’s livelihoods. The first part of the course will
focus on the application of ecological theory to diverse farming systems including
intercropping and agroforestry. The second part will emphasize biodiversity both in terms
of how agricultural landscapes affect biodiversity and how biodiversity contributes to the
sustainability, productivity and resilience of agroecosystems and farming communities.
The third part of the course will focus on management aspects of agroforestry and diverse
farming systems including traditional systems and animal-based systems. Finally, the last
part will discuss the concept of “the new peasantries” as developed by van der Ploeg
(2009) and its connection with diverse farming systems well as the rural social
movements that promote diverse farming systems, agroecology and food sovereignty.
Class Format: most class meetings will involve lecture and discussion in addition to a
half day workshop on ecological games
Course Schedule:
Part I. A Theoretical Framework for Intercropping and Agroforestry
6 Sep Introduction: An overview of diverse farming systems
8 Sep Definitions and quantitative evaluations of intercrops and agroforestry
13 Sep Competitive production principle
15 Sep Facilitative production principle
20 Sep Potential set and environmental grain
22 Sep Permaculture: what’s the fuzz? Guest: Charlie Brennan
27 Sep Facilitation through environmental modification: nutrient utilization
29 Sep
Facilitation through environmental modification: herbivores and natural
enemies
4 Oct Facilitation and competition in alley cropping systems
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Part II. Diverse Farming Systems and Biodiversity
6 Oct Biodiversity conservation in agroecosystems
11 Oct Exam I
13 Oct Yield and biodiversity
18 Oct Fall Break
20 Oct Estimating biodiversity in agroecosystems (Using EstimateS)
25 Oct Biodiversity and ecological complexity: The Azteca network
27 Oct The agricultural matrix
29 Oct Azteca Chess tournament (Saturday 9:00 am – 1:00 pm)
1 Nov Land sparing/land sharing debate
3 Nov Biodiversity and ecosystem function
8 Nov Biodiversity and ecosystem services (pollination and pest control)
10 Nov
Biodiversity and ecosystem services (resilience, resistance, soils and
carbon storage)
15 Nov Multiple ecosystem services: tradeoffs or synergies?
Part III. Diverse farming systems in changing environments
17 Nov Diverse farming systems in practice: Traditional systems
22 Nov
Diverse farming systems in practice: Integration of animals in
agriculture
24 Nov Thanksgiving
Part IV. Socio-Political Aspects of Diverse Farming Systems
29 Nov Diverse farming systems and the new peasantries approach: Part I
1 Dec Exam II
6 Dec Diverse farming systems and the new peasantries approach: Part II
8 Dec Final thoughts and course evaluation
*Saturday 29 October: Azteca Chess Tournament
Required Books:
Vandermeer , J. 1992. The Ecology of Intercropping. Cambridge University Press
Atangana, A., D. Khasa, S. Chang and A. Dagrande. 2014. Tropical Agroforestry.
Springer. (Available online through Mirlyn)
Recommended Books:
Perfecto, I., J. Vandermeer and A. Wright. 2009. Nature’s Matrix: Linking Agriculture,
Conservation and Food Sovereignty. Earthscan. (Available online through Mirlyn)
Van der Ploeg, J. D. 2009. The New Peasantries: Struggles for Autonomy and
Sustainability in an Era of Empire and Globalization. Routledge (Available online
through Mirlyn)
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Evaluation:
Exam 1 20% Oct 11
Exam 2 20% Dec 1
Paper 1 (models for agroforestry) 15% Oct 20
Paper 2 (open topic) 15% Dec 8
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Assignment 1 (intercrop and AF eval.) 5% Sep 20
Assignment 2 (competition and facilitation) 5% Sep 27
Assignment 3 (ecological games) 5% Nov 3
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Presentation 5% Nov 17 or 22
Discussion Participation* 10%
_______________________________________________________________________
Paper 1:
For this paper you should choose some ecological theory and applied it to diverse
farming systems. For example, you can take some aspects of the theory developed for
intercropping and adapt it to an agroforestry system or you can choose some ecological
theory not covered in class and apply it to the analysis of a particular diverse farming
system. The use of equations is encouraged but not required. The paper should be 10-12
pages long (doubled spaced). On October 11 you should hand in your selected topic, a
brief explanation of what you plan to do, a tentative outline of the paper, and a list of
references. The paper is due on October 20.
Paper 2:
The topic for this paper is wide open as long as it has to do with diverse farming systems.
Choose a topic of your interest. You should have a hypothesis and use the available
literature to test your hypothesis. The paper should be 12-15 pages long (doubled
spaced). On November 17 you should hand in your selected topic, your hypothesis, a
tentative outline of the paper, and a list of references. The paper is due on December 8.
Both papers should be written in a publishable form using the scientific format and
standard format for reference.
*Discussion participation grade will be based on the level of participation, summaries of
key points of assigned readings, and submitted questions for each reading.
Late Assignment Policy:
For the sake of fairness to all students in the course, deadlines will be strictly enforced.
Unless you’ve made prior arrangements, lateness will impact your grade (10% for every
day). If you have trouble completing a particular assignment, this must be discussed
with me before the deadline. At the end of the semester, students with will be assigned a
letter grade on the basis of the work that has been completed. “Incompletes” will be
given only in extenuating circumstances under special permission.
Academic Honesty:
All students are responsible for maintaining the highest standards of honesty and integrity
in every phase of their academic career. The penalties for academic dishonesty are
severe; ignorance of what constitutes dishonesty is not an acceptable defense.
_____________________________________________________________________
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Readings:
September 6 (Introduction to diverse farming systems)
Kremen, C., A. Iles, and C. Bacon. 2012. Diversified Farming Systems: An Agroecological,
Systems-based Alternative to Modern Industrial Agriculture. Ecology and Society
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss14/art44/
Vandermeer, J., M. van Noordwijk, J. Anderson, C. Ong, and I. Perfecto. 1998. Global change
and multi-species agroecosystems: concepts and issues. Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment. 67: 1-22.
Tscharntke, T., Clough, Y., Wanger, T. C., Jackson, L., Motzke, I., Perfecto, I., ... & Whitbread,
A. (2012). Global food security, biodiversity conservation and the future of agricultural
intensification. Biological Conservation, 151(1), 53-59.
Atangana et al., Chapter 2
September 8 (Definitions and quantitative evaluations of intercrops and agroforestry)
Vandermeer, Chapters 1and 2
Atangana et al., Chapters 3 and 4
Additional optional readings:
Morseley, W. G. 1994. An equation for the replacement value of agroforestry.
Agroforestry Systems 26: 47-52.
Blair, B. 1998. The alley farming index: preliminary steps toward a more realistic model.
Agroforestry Systems 40: 19-27.
September 13 (Competitive production principle)
Vandermeer, Chapter 3
Anderson, L.S. and F.L. Sinclair. 1993. Agroforestry Abstracts 6(2): 57-91. (Note: for
this day you are required to read pages 57-71).
September 15 (Facilitative production principle)
Vandermeer, Chapter 4 (pages 46-51)
Atangana et al., Chapter 7
Anderson, L.S. and F.L. Sinclair. 1993. Agroforestry Abstracts 6(2): 57-91. (Note: for
this day you are required to read pages 71-75).
September 20 (Potential set and environmental grain)
Vandermeer, Chapter 4 (pages 52-67)
Anderson, L.S. and F.L. Sinclair. 1993. Agroforestry Abstracts 6(2): 57-91. (Note: for
this day you are required to read pages 71-91).
Additional optional readings:
Vandermeer, Chapter 5
September 22 (Permaculture: what’s the fuzz?)
Check Canvas site for readings for this week
September 27 (Facilitation through environmental modification: nutrient utilization)
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Vandermeer, Chapter 6 (pages 86-93)
Atangana et al., Chapter 8
September 29 (Facilitation through environmental modification: herbivores and natural
enemies)
Vandermeer, Chapter 6 (pages 93-105)
Atangana et al., Chapter 12
Hassanali et al., 2008. Integrated pest management: the push-pull approach for
controlling insects pests and weeds of cereals and its potential for other
agricultural systems including animal husbandry. Philosophical Transactions
Royal Society 363: 611-621
Iverson, A., L. Marin, K. Ennis, D. Gonthier, J. Remfert, J. O’Connor-Barrie, B.
Cardinale and I. Perfecto. 2014. Do polycultures premote win-wins or tradeoffs
in agricultural ecosystem services?: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology
51: 1593-1602.
Letourneau, D.K., Armbrecht, I., Rivera, B.S., Lerma, J.M., et al. (2011) Does plant
diversity benefit agroecosystems? A synthetic review. Ecological Applications
21: 9-21.
Additional optional readings:
Kh a n , Z., Mid e ga , C., Pit t ch a r , J., Pick e t t , J., & Br u ce , T. (2 0 1 1 ) .
Pu sh ------p u ll t e ch n o lo gy : a co n se r va t io n a gr icu lt u r e a p p r o a ch
fo r in t egr a t ed m a n a gem en t o f in sect p e st s , weed s a n d so il
h ea lt h in Afr ica : UK go ve r n m en t ' s Fo r e sigh t Fo o d a n d Fa r m in g
Fu t u r e s p r o ject . In t e rn at io n al Jo u rn al o f A gricu lt u ral
Su st ain ab ilit y , 9 (1 ) , 1 6 2 -1 7 0 .
October 4 (Facilitation and competition in alley cropping systems)
Sanchez, P. 1995. Science in agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems 30: 5-55.
Vandermeer, J. H. 1998. Maximizing crop yield in alley crops. Agroforestry Systems 40:
199-206.
Ong, C. K. and R. R. B. Leaky. 1999. Why tree-crop interactions in agroforestry appear
at odds with tree-grass interactions in tropical savannahs. Agroforestry Systems
45: 109-129.
Part II: Diverse Farming Systems and Biodiversity
October 6 (Biodiversity conservation in agroecosystems)
Perfecto. I. and J. Vandermeer. 2015. A biodiverse cup of coffee: coffee agroforests as
repositories of tropical biodiversity. In: Coffee Agroecology. Earthscan, London.
(pages 12-38).
Gonthier, D. J., Ennis, K. K., Farinas, S., Hsieh, H. Y., Iverson, A. L., Batáry, P., ... &
Perfecto, I. (2014). Biodiversity conservation in agriculture requires a multi-scale
approach. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1791),
20141358.
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Tscharntke, T., Klein, A. M., Kruess, A., Steffan‐ Dewenter, I., & Thies, C. (2005).
Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity–ecosystem
service management. Ecology Letters, 8(8), 857-874.
Harvey, C. A., Komar, O., Chazdon, R., Ferguson, B. G., Finegan, B., Griffith, D. M., ...
& Wishnie, M. (2008). Integrating agricultural landscapes with biodiversity
conservation in the Mesoamerican hotspot. Conservation biology, 22(1), 8-15.
Additional readings:
Batáry, P., Báldi, A., Kleijn, D., & Tscharntke, T. (2010). Landscape-moderated
biodiversity effects of agri-environmental management: a meta-analysis.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, rspb20101923.
Gabriel, D., Sait, S. M., Hodgson, J. A., Schmutz, U., Kunin, W. E., & Benton, T. G.
(2010). Scale matters: the impact of organic farming on biodiversity at different
spatial scales. Ecology Letters, 13(7), 858-869.
October 13 (Yield and biodiversity)
Perfecto. I. & J. Vandermeer. 2015. A biodiverse cup of coffee: coffee agroforests as
repositories of tropical biodiversity. In: Coffee Agroecology. Earthscan, London.
(pages 39-53).
Smith, F. P., Gorddard, R., House, A. P., McIntyre, S., & Prober, S. M. (2012).
Biodiversity and agriculture: production frontiers as a framework for exploring
trade-offs and evaluating policy. Environmental Science & Policy, 23, 85-94.
October 20 (Estimating biodiversity)
Go t e lli, N. J., & Co lwe ll, R. K. (2 0 0 1 ) . Qu a n t ify in g b io d ive r s it y :
p r o ced u r e s a n d p it fa lls in t h e m ea su r em en t a n d co m p a r iso n
o f sp ecie s r ich n ess . Eco lo gy Le t t e rs , 4 (4 ) , 3 7 9 -3 9 1 .
Octo ber 2 5 (Biodiversity and ecological complexity: The Azteca network)
Vandermeer, J., Perfecto, I., & Philpott, S. (2010). Ecological complexity and pest
control in organic coffee production: uncovering an autonomous ecosystem
service. BioScience, 60(7), 527-537.
García-Barrios, L., Perfecto, I., & Vandermeer, J. (2016). Azteca chess: Gamifying a
complex ecological process of autonomous pest control in shade coffee.
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 232, 190-198.
October 27 (The agroecological matrix)
Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J. & Wright, A. (2009). Nature’s Matrix Chapter 1: Matrix
matters: an overview.
Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J. & Wright, A. (2009). Nature’s Matrix Chapter 2: The
ecological argument.
Atangana et al., Chapter 11
November 1 (Land sparing / land sharing debate)
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Phalan, B., Onial, M., Balmford, A., & Green, R. E. (2011). Reconciling food production
and biodiversity conservation: land sharing and land sparing compared. Science,
333(6047), 1289-1291.
Goulart, F. F., Carvalho-Ribeiro, S., & Soares-Filho, B. (2016). Farming-Biodiversity
Segregation or Integration? Revisiting Land Sparing versus Land Sharing Debate.
Journal of Environmental Protection, 7(07), 1016.
Perfecto, I., & Vandermeer, J. (2010). The agroecological matrix as alternative to the
land-sparing/agriculture intensification model. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 107(13), 5786-5791.
November 3 (Biodiversity and ecosystem function/services)
Swift, M. J., Izac, A. M., & van Noordwijk, M. (2004). Biodiversity and ecosystem
services in agricultural landscapes—are we asking the right questions?
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 104(1), 113-134.
Du r u , M., Th e r o n d , O., Ma r t in , G., Ma r t in -Clo u a ir e , R., Ma gn e , M. A.,
Ju st e s , E., ... & Sa r t h o u , J. P. (2 0 1 5 ) . Ho w t o im p lem en t
b io d ive r s it y -b a sed a gr icu lt u r e t o en h a n ce eco sy st em se r v ice s:
a r ev iew. A gro n o m y fo r Su st ain ab le Dev e lo p m en t , 3 5 (4 ) ,
1 2 5 9 -1 2 8 1 .
Ba lva n e r a , P., Pfis t e r e r , A. B., Bu ch m a n n , N., He , J. S., Na k a sh izu k a ,
T., Ra ffa e lli, D., & Sch m id , B. (2 0 0 6 ) . Qu a n t ify in g t h e ev id en ce
fo r b io d ive r s it y e ffect s o n eco sy st em fu n ct io n in g a n d se r v ice s .
Eco lo gy le t t e rs , 9 (1 0 ) , 1 1 4 6 -1 1 5 6 .
November 8 (Biodiversity and ecosystem services (pollination and pest control))
NOTE: These papers will be for student group presentations.
Pollination
Kremen, C., Williams, N. M., Aizen, M. A., Gemmill‐ Herren, B., LeBuhn, G.,
Minckley, R., ... & Ricketts, T. H. (2007). Pollination and other ecosystem
services produced by mobile organisms: a conceptual framework for the effects of
land‐ use change. Ecology Letters, 10(4), 299-314.
Garibaldi, L. A., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Winfree, R., Aizen, M. A., Bommarco, R.,
Cunningham, S. A., ... & Klein, A. M. (2013). Wild pollinators enhance fruit set
of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science, 339(6127), 1608-1611.
Brittain, C., Kremen, C., & Klein, A. M. (2013). Biodiversity buffers pollination from
changes in environmental conditions. Global Change Biology, 19(2), 540-547.
Biocontrol
Iverson, A. L., Marín, L. E., Ennis, K. K., Gonthier, D. J., Connor‐ Barrie, B. T.,
Remfert, J. L., ... & Perfecto, I. (2014). Do polycultures promote win‐ wins or
trade‐ offs in agricultural ecosystem services? A meta‐ analysis. Journal of
Applied Ecology, 51(6), 1593-1602.
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Isaacs, R., Tuell, J., Fiedler, A., Gardiner, M., & Landis, D. (2008). Maximizing
arthropod-mediated ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes: the role of
native plants. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7(4), 196-203.
Maas, B., Clough, Y., & Tscharntke, T. (2013). Bats and birds increase crop yield in
tropical agroforestry landscapes. Ecology letters, 16(12), 1480-1487.
November 10 (Biodiversity and ecosystem services (resilience, resistance, soils and
carbon storage)
NOTE: These papers will be for student group presentations.
Resilence and resistance
Lin, B. B. (2011). Resilience in agriculture through crop diversification: adaptive
management for environmental change. BioScience, 61(3), 183-193.
Holt-Giménez, E. (2002). Measuring farmers’ agroecological resistance after Hurricane
Mitch in Nicaragua: a case study in participatory, sustainable land management
impact monitoring. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 93(1), 87-105.
Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., &
Holling, C. S. (2004). Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem
management. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 557-581.
Soil Processes
Brussaard, L., De Ruiter, P. C., & Brown, G. G. (2007). Soil biodiversity for agricultural
sustainability. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 121(3), 233-244.
Jie Zhao, Xiaoling Wang, Xiaoli Wang, Shenglei Fu. (2014) Legume-soil interactions:
legume addition enhances the complexity of the soil food web. Plant and Soil
385, 273-286.
Mäder, P., Fliessbach, A., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Fried, P., & Niggli, U. (2002). Soil
fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science, 296(5573), 1694-1697.
November 15 (Multiple ecosystem services: tradeoffs or synergies?)
Power, A. G. (2010). Ecosystem services and agriculture: tradeoffs and synergies.
Philosophical transactions of the royal society B: biological sciences, 365(1554),
2959-2971.
Iverson, A. L., Marín, L. E., Ennis, K. K., Gonthier, D. J., Connor‐ Barrie, B. T.,
Remfert, J. L., ... & Perfecto, I. (2014). Do polycultures promote win‐ wins or
trade‐ offs in agricultural ecosystem services? A meta‐ analysis. Journal of
Applied Ecology, 51(6), 1593-1602.
Part III: Diverse Farming Systems and Biodiversity
November 17 (Diverse farming systems in practice: traditional systems)
Atangana et al., Chapter 4 and Chapter 5
Michon, G., F. Mary, and J. Bompard. (1986). Multistoried agroforestry garden system in
West Sumatra, Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems, 4, 315-338.
Padoch, C., & Pinedo Vasquez, M. (2010). Saving slash and burn to save biodiversity.
Biotropica, 42(5), 550-552.
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November 22 (Integration of animals in agriculture)
Wilkins, R. J. (2008). Eco-efficient approaches to land management: a case for increased
integration of crop and animal production systems. Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363(1491), 517-525.
Lemaire, G., Franzluebbers, A., de Faccio Carvalho, P. C., & Dedieu, B. (2014).
Integrated crop–livestock systems: Strategies to achieve synergy between
agricultural production and environmental quality. Agriculture, Ecosystems &
Environment, 190, 4-8.
Halwart, M. (2008). Biodiversity, nutrition and livelihoods in aquatic rice-based
ecosystems. Biodiversity, 9(1-2), 36-40.
Part IV. Socio-Political Aspects of Diverse Farming Systems
November 29 (Diverse farming systems and the new peasantries approach: part I)
Pimbert, M. (2009). Women and food sovereignty. LEISA Magazine, 25(3), 6-9.
Van der Ploeg, J. D. (2014). Peasant-driven agricultural growth and food sovereignty.
Journal of Peasant Studies, 41(6), 999-1030.
December 6 (Diverse farming systems and the new peasantries approach: part II)
Van der Ploeg, J. D. (2013). Peasants and the art of farming: A Chayanovian manifesto
(No. 2). Fernwood. Chapter 1.
Holleman, H. (2016). De-naturalizing ecological disaster: colonialism, racism and the
global Dust Bowl of the 1930s. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 1-27.
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Journals of Interest:
Acta Horticulturae
Agriculture (Open Access Journal)
Agriculture and Human Values
Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems (Journal of Alternative Agriculture)
Agroforestry Systems
Agronomy for Sustainable Development
Ambio
Aspects of Applied Biology
Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment
Ecology and Society (Open Access Journal)
Experimental Agriculture
Food Policy
Forest Ecology and Management
Forest Trees and People
Forest Science
Forestry Abstracts
Gastronomica – Journal of Critical Food Studies
HortScience
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HortTechnology
Human Ecology
International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability
Journal of Agrarian Change
Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Ethics
Journal of Forestry
Journal of Peasant Studies
Journal of Sustainable Agriculture
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
Journal of World Forest Resource Management
Land Use Planning for Sustainable Food Systems
Livestock Science
Natural Resources and Society
Plant and Soil
Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems
The Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems and Community Development
The Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Unasylva
Databases:
Available at UM Library:
AgEcon Search
AGRICOLA
AGRICOLA Articles (NAL)
BioOne Abstracts and Indexes
Biological Abstracts
Biological and Agricultural Index Plus
BIOSIS
CAB Abstracts
Ecology Abstracts
Encyclopedia of Food and Culture
FAOSTAT
Food Environment Atlas
Global Health (CABI)
International Political Science Abstracts (EBSCO)
Humanities and Social Sciences Index
Organic Agriculture Information Access
Science Citation Index (Web of Science)
Social Science Abstracts
Sociological Abstracts
UN Data
Not available at UM Library:
AGRIS - http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/index.do
Agroforestry Abstracts - http://www.cabi.org/publishing-products/online-information-
resources/agroforestry-abstracts/
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CAB Abstracts (CABI) - http://www.cabi.org/publishing-products/online-information-
resources/cab-abstracts/
Social Sciences in Forestry (SSIF) - http://www.lib.umn.edu/cgi-bin/forestry/index.cgi
TREECD -
http://resourcecenter.ovid.com/site/products/fieldguide/cafo/Introduction_to_TREECD.js
p
For related Databases go to: USDA National Agricultural Library: Alternative Farming
Systems Information Center (AFSIC) Database -
http://afsic.nal.usda.gov/databases/related-databases
Websites:
1st World Congress of Agroforestry - http://conference.ifas.ufl.edu/WCA/
Agri Cultures Network (Center for Learning on Sustainable Agriculture) -
http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/
Agroforestry Net - http://agroforestry.net/
Association of Temperate Agroforestry - http://www.aftaweb.org/
Bioversity International - http://www.bioversityinternational.org/
Center for Agroforestry of the University of Missouri -
http://www.centerforagroforestry.org/
Center for Diversified Farming Systems - http://food.berkeley.edu/dfs/
Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) - http://www.cifor.org/
European Commission Organic Farming - http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/organic/
Farm Woodland Forum - http://www.agroforestry.ac.uk/
International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) -
http://www.ifoam.org/
Land Institute - http://www.landinstitute.org/
Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture - http://www.leopold.iastate.edu/organic
Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) - http://www.ifoam.org/
Rodale Institute - http://rodaleinstitute.org/
Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education - http://www.sare.org/
USDA Agroforestry -
http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=agroforestry
USDA Alternative Farming Systems Information Center (AFSIC) -
http://afsic.nal.usda.gov/
USDA National Agroforestry Center - http://nac.unl.edu/
USDA Organic Agriculture -
http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=organic-
agriculture.html
World Agroforestry Center - http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/
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