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Diverse Farming Systems: Theory and Practice

(NRE 553)

3 credits

Note: The last day of class will be on December 8. Students are required to attend a

workshop on ecological games that will take place Saturday October 29 half a day.

Instructor: Ivette Perfecto

e-mail: perfecto@umich.edu

3541 Dana

Tel: 734-764-8601

Office Hours: Tu 4:00-5:30

Meeting time: Tuesday and Thursday 2:30-4:00 in room 1028 Dana

Course Description: In this interdisciplinary course, we will critically explore an

intersecting literature on agroecology, biodiversity, ecosystem services, diversified

farming systems, agroforestry, and farmer’s livelihoods. The first part of the course will

focus on the application of ecological theory to diverse farming systems including

intercropping and agroforestry. The second part will emphasize biodiversity both in terms

of how agricultural landscapes affect biodiversity and how biodiversity contributes to the

sustainability, productivity and resilience of agroecosystems and farming communities.

The third part of the course will focus on management aspects of agroforestry and diverse

farming systems including traditional systems and animal-based systems. Finally, the last

part will discuss the concept of “the new peasantries” as developed by van der Ploeg

(2009) and its connection with diverse farming systems well as the rural social

movements that promote diverse farming systems, agroecology and food sovereignty.

Class Format: most class meetings will involve lecture and discussion in addition to a

half day workshop on ecological games

Course Schedule:

Part I. A Theoretical Framework for Intercropping and Agroforestry

6 Sep Introduction: An overview of diverse farming systems

8 Sep Definitions and quantitative evaluations of intercrops and agroforestry

13 Sep Competitive production principle

15 Sep Facilitative production principle

20 Sep Potential set and environmental grain

22 Sep Permaculture: what’s the fuzz? Guest: Charlie Brennan

27 Sep Facilitation through environmental modification: nutrient utilization

29 Sep

Facilitation through environmental modification: herbivores and natural

enemies

4 Oct Facilitation and competition in alley cropping systems

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Part II. Diverse Farming Systems and Biodiversity

6 Oct Biodiversity conservation in agroecosystems

11 Oct Exam I

13 Oct Yield and biodiversity

18 Oct Fall Break

20 Oct Estimating biodiversity in agroecosystems (Using EstimateS)

25 Oct Biodiversity and ecological complexity: The Azteca network

27 Oct The agricultural matrix

29 Oct Azteca Chess tournament (Saturday 9:00 am – 1:00 pm)

1 Nov Land sparing/land sharing debate

3 Nov Biodiversity and ecosystem function

8 Nov Biodiversity and ecosystem services (pollination and pest control)

10 Nov

Biodiversity and ecosystem services (resilience, resistance, soils and

carbon storage)

15 Nov Multiple ecosystem services: tradeoffs or synergies?

Part III. Diverse farming systems in changing environments

17 Nov Diverse farming systems in practice: Traditional systems

22 Nov

Diverse farming systems in practice: Integration of animals in

agriculture

24 Nov Thanksgiving

Part IV. Socio-Political Aspects of Diverse Farming Systems

29 Nov Diverse farming systems and the new peasantries approach: Part I

1 Dec Exam II

6 Dec Diverse farming systems and the new peasantries approach: Part II

8 Dec Final thoughts and course evaluation

*Saturday 29 October: Azteca Chess Tournament

Required Books:

Vandermeer , J. 1992. The Ecology of Intercropping. Cambridge University Press

Atangana, A., D. Khasa, S. Chang and A. Dagrande. 2014. Tropical Agroforestry.

Springer. (Available online through Mirlyn)

Recommended Books:

Perfecto, I., J. Vandermeer and A. Wright. 2009. Nature’s Matrix: Linking Agriculture,

Conservation and Food Sovereignty. Earthscan. (Available online through Mirlyn)

Van der Ploeg, J. D. 2009. The New Peasantries: Struggles for Autonomy and

Sustainability in an Era of Empire and Globalization. Routledge (Available online

through Mirlyn)

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Evaluation:

Exam 1 20% Oct 11

Exam 2 20% Dec 1

Paper 1 (models for agroforestry) 15% Oct 20

Paper 2 (open topic) 15% Dec 8

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Assignment 1 (intercrop and AF eval.) 5% Sep 20

Assignment 2 (competition and facilitation) 5% Sep 27

Assignment 3 (ecological games) 5% Nov 3

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Presentation 5% Nov 17 or 22

Discussion Participation* 10%

_______________________________________________________________________

Paper 1:

For this paper you should choose some ecological theory and applied it to diverse

farming systems. For example, you can take some aspects of the theory developed for

intercropping and adapt it to an agroforestry system or you can choose some ecological

theory not covered in class and apply it to the analysis of a particular diverse farming

system. The use of equations is encouraged but not required. The paper should be 10-12

pages long (doubled spaced). On October 11 you should hand in your selected topic, a

brief explanation of what you plan to do, a tentative outline of the paper, and a list of

references. The paper is due on October 20.

Paper 2:

The topic for this paper is wide open as long as it has to do with diverse farming systems.

Choose a topic of your interest. You should have a hypothesis and use the available

literature to test your hypothesis. The paper should be 12-15 pages long (doubled

spaced). On November 17 you should hand in your selected topic, your hypothesis, a

tentative outline of the paper, and a list of references. The paper is due on December 8.

Both papers should be written in a publishable form using the scientific format and

standard format for reference.

*Discussion participation grade will be based on the level of participation, summaries of

key points of assigned readings, and submitted questions for each reading.

Late Assignment Policy:

For the sake of fairness to all students in the course, deadlines will be strictly enforced.

Unless you’ve made prior arrangements, lateness will impact your grade (10% for every

day). If you have trouble completing a particular assignment, this must be discussed

with me before the deadline. At the end of the semester, students with will be assigned a

letter grade on the basis of the work that has been completed. “Incompletes” will be

given only in extenuating circumstances under special permission.

Academic Honesty:

All students are responsible for maintaining the highest standards of honesty and integrity

in every phase of their academic career. The penalties for academic dishonesty are

severe; ignorance of what constitutes dishonesty is not an acceptable defense.

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Readings:

September 6 (Introduction to diverse farming systems)

Kremen, C., A. Iles, and C. Bacon. 2012. Diversified Farming Systems: An Agroecological,

Systems-based Alternative to Modern Industrial Agriculture. Ecology and Society

http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss14/art44/

Vandermeer, J., M. van Noordwijk, J. Anderson, C. Ong, and I. Perfecto. 1998. Global change

and multi-species agroecosystems: concepts and issues. Agriculture, Ecosystems and

Environment. 67: 1-22.

Tscharntke, T., Clough, Y., Wanger, T. C., Jackson, L., Motzke, I., Perfecto, I., ... & Whitbread,

A. (2012). Global food security, biodiversity conservation and the future of agricultural

intensification. Biological Conservation, 151(1), 53-59.

Atangana et al., Chapter 2

September 8 (Definitions and quantitative evaluations of intercrops and agroforestry)

Vandermeer, Chapters 1and 2

Atangana et al., Chapters 3 and 4

Additional optional readings:

Morseley, W. G. 1994. An equation for the replacement value of agroforestry.

Agroforestry Systems 26: 47-52.

Blair, B. 1998. The alley farming index: preliminary steps toward a more realistic model.

Agroforestry Systems 40: 19-27.

September 13 (Competitive production principle)

Vandermeer, Chapter 3

Anderson, L.S. and F.L. Sinclair. 1993. Agroforestry Abstracts 6(2): 57-91. (Note: for

this day you are required to read pages 57-71).

September 15 (Facilitative production principle)

Vandermeer, Chapter 4 (pages 46-51)

Atangana et al., Chapter 7

Anderson, L.S. and F.L. Sinclair. 1993. Agroforestry Abstracts 6(2): 57-91. (Note: for

this day you are required to read pages 71-75).

September 20 (Potential set and environmental grain)

Vandermeer, Chapter 4 (pages 52-67)

Anderson, L.S. and F.L. Sinclair. 1993. Agroforestry Abstracts 6(2): 57-91. (Note: for

this day you are required to read pages 71-91).

Additional optional readings:

Vandermeer, Chapter 5

September 22 (Permaculture: what’s the fuzz?)

Check Canvas site for readings for this week

September 27 (Facilitation through environmental modification: nutrient utilization)

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Vandermeer, Chapter 6 (pages 86-93)

Atangana et al., Chapter 8

September 29 (Facilitation through environmental modification: herbivores and natural

enemies)

Vandermeer, Chapter 6 (pages 93-105)

Atangana et al., Chapter 12

Hassanali et al., 2008. Integrated pest management: the push-pull approach for

controlling insects pests and weeds of cereals and its potential for other

agricultural systems including animal husbandry. Philosophical Transactions

Royal Society 363: 611-621

Iverson, A., L. Marin, K. Ennis, D. Gonthier, J. Remfert, J. O’Connor-Barrie, B.

Cardinale and I. Perfecto. 2014. Do polycultures premote win-wins or tradeoffs

in agricultural ecosystem services?: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology

51: 1593-1602.

Letourneau, D.K., Armbrecht, I., Rivera, B.S., Lerma, J.M., et al. (2011) Does plant

diversity benefit agroecosystems? A synthetic review. Ecological Applications

21: 9-21.

Additional optional readings:

Kh a n , Z., Mid e ga , C., Pit t ch a r , J., Pick e t t , J., & Br u ce , T. (2 0 1 1 ) .

Pu sh ------p u ll t e ch n o lo gy : a co n se r va t io n a gr icu lt u r e a p p r o a ch

fo r in t egr a t ed m a n a gem en t o f in sect p e st s , weed s a n d so il

h ea lt h in Afr ica : UK go ve r n m en t ' s Fo r e sigh t Fo o d a n d Fa r m in g

Fu t u r e s p r o ject . In t e rn at io n al Jo u rn al o f A gricu lt u ral

Su st ain ab ilit y , 9 (1 ) , 1 6 2 -1 7 0 .

October 4 (Facilitation and competition in alley cropping systems)

Sanchez, P. 1995. Science in agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems 30: 5-55.

Vandermeer, J. H. 1998. Maximizing crop yield in alley crops. Agroforestry Systems 40:

199-206.

Ong, C. K. and R. R. B. Leaky. 1999. Why tree-crop interactions in agroforestry appear

at odds with tree-grass interactions in tropical savannahs. Agroforestry Systems

45: 109-129.

Part II: Diverse Farming Systems and Biodiversity

October 6 (Biodiversity conservation in agroecosystems)

Perfecto. I. and J. Vandermeer. 2015. A biodiverse cup of coffee: coffee agroforests as

repositories of tropical biodiversity. In: Coffee Agroecology. Earthscan, London.

(pages 12-38).

Gonthier, D. J., Ennis, K. K., Farinas, S., Hsieh, H. Y., Iverson, A. L., Batáry, P., ... &

Perfecto, I. (2014). Biodiversity conservation in agriculture requires a multi-scale

approach. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1791),

20141358.

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Tscharntke, T., Klein, A. M., Kruess, A., Steffan‐ Dewenter, I., & Thies, C. (2005).

Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity–ecosystem

service management. Ecology Letters, 8(8), 857-874.

Harvey, C. A., Komar, O., Chazdon, R., Ferguson, B. G., Finegan, B., Griffith, D. M., ...

& Wishnie, M. (2008). Integrating agricultural landscapes with biodiversity

conservation in the Mesoamerican hotspot. Conservation biology, 22(1), 8-15.

Additional readings:

Batáry, P., Báldi, A., Kleijn, D., & Tscharntke, T. (2010). Landscape-moderated

biodiversity effects of agri-environmental management: a meta-analysis.

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, rspb20101923.

Gabriel, D., Sait, S. M., Hodgson, J. A., Schmutz, U., Kunin, W. E., & Benton, T. G.

(2010). Scale matters: the impact of organic farming on biodiversity at different

spatial scales. Ecology Letters, 13(7), 858-869.

October 13 (Yield and biodiversity)

Perfecto. I. & J. Vandermeer. 2015. A biodiverse cup of coffee: coffee agroforests as

repositories of tropical biodiversity. In: Coffee Agroecology. Earthscan, London.

(pages 39-53).

Smith, F. P., Gorddard, R., House, A. P., McIntyre, S., & Prober, S. M. (2012).

Biodiversity and agriculture: production frontiers as a framework for exploring

trade-offs and evaluating policy. Environmental Science & Policy, 23, 85-94.

October 20 (Estimating biodiversity)

Go t e lli, N. J., & Co lwe ll, R. K. (2 0 0 1 ) . Qu a n t ify in g b io d ive r s it y :

p r o ced u r e s a n d p it fa lls in t h e m ea su r em en t a n d co m p a r iso n

o f sp ecie s r ich n ess . Eco lo gy Le t t e rs , 4 (4 ) , 3 7 9 -3 9 1 .

Octo ber 2 5 (Biodiversity and ecological complexity: The Azteca network)

Vandermeer, J., Perfecto, I., & Philpott, S. (2010). Ecological complexity and pest

control in organic coffee production: uncovering an autonomous ecosystem

service. BioScience, 60(7), 527-537.

García-Barrios, L., Perfecto, I., & Vandermeer, J. (2016). Azteca chess: Gamifying a

complex ecological process of autonomous pest control in shade coffee.

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 232, 190-198.

October 27 (The agroecological matrix)

Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J. & Wright, A. (2009). Nature’s Matrix Chapter 1: Matrix

matters: an overview.

Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J. & Wright, A. (2009). Nature’s Matrix Chapter 2: The

ecological argument.

Atangana et al., Chapter 11

November 1 (Land sparing / land sharing debate)

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Phalan, B., Onial, M., Balmford, A., & Green, R. E. (2011). Reconciling food production

and biodiversity conservation: land sharing and land sparing compared. Science,

333(6047), 1289-1291.

Goulart, F. F., Carvalho-Ribeiro, S., & Soares-Filho, B. (2016). Farming-Biodiversity

Segregation or Integration? Revisiting Land Sparing versus Land Sharing Debate.

Journal of Environmental Protection, 7(07), 1016.

Perfecto, I., & Vandermeer, J. (2010). The agroecological matrix as alternative to the

land-sparing/agriculture intensification model. Proceedings of the National

Academy of Sciences, 107(13), 5786-5791.

November 3 (Biodiversity and ecosystem function/services)

Swift, M. J., Izac, A. M., & van Noordwijk, M. (2004). Biodiversity and ecosystem

services in agricultural landscapes—are we asking the right questions?

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 104(1), 113-134.

Du r u , M., Th e r o n d , O., Ma r t in , G., Ma r t in -Clo u a ir e , R., Ma gn e , M. A.,

Ju st e s , E., ... & Sa r t h o u , J. P. (2 0 1 5 ) . Ho w t o im p lem en t

b io d ive r s it y -b a sed a gr icu lt u r e t o en h a n ce eco sy st em se r v ice s:

a r ev iew. A gro n o m y fo r Su st ain ab le Dev e lo p m en t , 3 5 (4 ) ,

1 2 5 9 -1 2 8 1 .

Ba lva n e r a , P., Pfis t e r e r , A. B., Bu ch m a n n , N., He , J. S., Na k a sh izu k a ,

T., Ra ffa e lli, D., & Sch m id , B. (2 0 0 6 ) . Qu a n t ify in g t h e ev id en ce

fo r b io d ive r s it y e ffect s o n eco sy st em fu n ct io n in g a n d se r v ice s .

Eco lo gy le t t e rs , 9 (1 0 ) , 1 1 4 6 -1 1 5 6 .

November 8 (Biodiversity and ecosystem services (pollination and pest control))

NOTE: These papers will be for student group presentations.

Pollination

Kremen, C., Williams, N. M., Aizen, M. A., Gemmill‐ Herren, B., LeBuhn, G.,

Minckley, R., ... & Ricketts, T. H. (2007). Pollination and other ecosystem

services produced by mobile organisms: a conceptual framework for the effects of

land‐ use change. Ecology Letters, 10(4), 299-314.

Garibaldi, L. A., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Winfree, R., Aizen, M. A., Bommarco, R.,

Cunningham, S. A., ... & Klein, A. M. (2013). Wild pollinators enhance fruit set

of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science, 339(6127), 1608-1611.

Brittain, C., Kremen, C., & Klein, A. M. (2013). Biodiversity buffers pollination from

changes in environmental conditions. Global Change Biology, 19(2), 540-547.

Biocontrol

Iverson, A. L., Marín, L. E., Ennis, K. K., Gonthier, D. J., Connor‐ Barrie, B. T.,

Remfert, J. L., ... & Perfecto, I. (2014). Do polycultures promote win‐ wins or

trade‐ offs in agricultural ecosystem services? A meta‐ analysis. Journal of

Applied Ecology, 51(6), 1593-1602.

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Isaacs, R., Tuell, J., Fiedler, A., Gardiner, M., & Landis, D. (2008). Maximizing

arthropod-mediated ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes: the role of

native plants. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7(4), 196-203.

Maas, B., Clough, Y., & Tscharntke, T. (2013). Bats and birds increase crop yield in

tropical agroforestry landscapes. Ecology letters, 16(12), 1480-1487.

November 10 (Biodiversity and ecosystem services (resilience, resistance, soils and

carbon storage)

NOTE: These papers will be for student group presentations.

Resilence and resistance

Lin, B. B. (2011). Resilience in agriculture through crop diversification: adaptive

management for environmental change. BioScience, 61(3), 183-193.

Holt-Giménez, E. (2002). Measuring farmers’ agroecological resistance after Hurricane

Mitch in Nicaragua: a case study in participatory, sustainable land management

impact monitoring. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 93(1), 87-105.

Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., &

Holling, C. S. (2004). Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem

management. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 557-581.

Soil Processes

Brussaard, L., De Ruiter, P. C., & Brown, G. G. (2007). Soil biodiversity for agricultural

sustainability. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 121(3), 233-244.

Jie Zhao, Xiaoling Wang, Xiaoli Wang, Shenglei Fu. (2014) Legume-soil interactions:

legume addition enhances the complexity of the soil food web. Plant and Soil

385, 273-286.

Mäder, P., Fliessbach, A., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Fried, P., & Niggli, U. (2002). Soil

fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science, 296(5573), 1694-1697.

November 15 (Multiple ecosystem services: tradeoffs or synergies?)

Power, A. G. (2010). Ecosystem services and agriculture: tradeoffs and synergies.

Philosophical transactions of the royal society B: biological sciences, 365(1554),

2959-2971.

Iverson, A. L., Marín, L. E., Ennis, K. K., Gonthier, D. J., Connor‐ Barrie, B. T.,

Remfert, J. L., ... & Perfecto, I. (2014). Do polycultures promote win‐ wins or

trade‐ offs in agricultural ecosystem services? A meta‐ analysis. Journal of

Applied Ecology, 51(6), 1593-1602.

Part III: Diverse Farming Systems and Biodiversity

November 17 (Diverse farming systems in practice: traditional systems)

Atangana et al., Chapter 4 and Chapter 5

Michon, G., F. Mary, and J. Bompard. (1986). Multistoried agroforestry garden system in

West Sumatra, Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems, 4, 315-338.

Padoch, C., & Pinedo Vasquez, M. (2010). Saving slash and burn to save biodiversity.

Biotropica, 42(5), 550-552.

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November 22 (Integration of animals in agriculture)

Wilkins, R. J. (2008). Eco-efficient approaches to land management: a case for increased

integration of crop and animal production systems. Philosophical Transactions of

the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363(1491), 517-525.

Lemaire, G., Franzluebbers, A., de Faccio Carvalho, P. C., & Dedieu, B. (2014).

Integrated crop–livestock systems: Strategies to achieve synergy between

agricultural production and environmental quality. Agriculture, Ecosystems &

Environment, 190, 4-8.

Halwart, M. (2008). Biodiversity, nutrition and livelihoods in aquatic rice-based

ecosystems. Biodiversity, 9(1-2), 36-40.

Part IV. Socio-Political Aspects of Diverse Farming Systems

November 29 (Diverse farming systems and the new peasantries approach: part I)

Pimbert, M. (2009). Women and food sovereignty. LEISA Magazine, 25(3), 6-9.

Van der Ploeg, J. D. (2014). Peasant-driven agricultural growth and food sovereignty.

Journal of Peasant Studies, 41(6), 999-1030.

December 6 (Diverse farming systems and the new peasantries approach: part II)

Van der Ploeg, J. D. (2013). Peasants and the art of farming: A Chayanovian manifesto

(No. 2). Fernwood. Chapter 1.

Holleman, H. (2016). De-naturalizing ecological disaster: colonialism, racism and the

global Dust Bowl of the 1930s. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 1-27.

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Journals of Interest:

Acta Horticulturae

Agriculture (Open Access Journal)

Agriculture and Human Values

Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment

Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems (Journal of Alternative Agriculture)

Agroforestry Systems

Agronomy for Sustainable Development

Ambio

Aspects of Applied Biology

Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment

Ecology and Society (Open Access Journal)

Experimental Agriculture

Food Policy

Forest Ecology and Management

Forest Trees and People

Forest Science

Forestry Abstracts

Gastronomica – Journal of Critical Food Studies

HortScience

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HortTechnology

Human Ecology

International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability

Journal of Agrarian Change

Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Ethics

Journal of Forestry

Journal of Peasant Studies

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture

Journal of World Forest Resource Management

Land Use Planning for Sustainable Food Systems

Livestock Science

Natural Resources and Society

Plant and Soil

Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems

The Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems and Community Development

The Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Unasylva

Databases:

Available at UM Library:

AgEcon Search

AGRICOLA

AGRICOLA Articles (NAL)

BioOne Abstracts and Indexes

Biological Abstracts

Biological and Agricultural Index Plus

BIOSIS

CAB Abstracts

Ecology Abstracts

Encyclopedia of Food and Culture

FAOSTAT

Food Environment Atlas

Global Health (CABI)

International Political Science Abstracts (EBSCO)

Humanities and Social Sciences Index

Organic Agriculture Information Access

Science Citation Index (Web of Science)

Social Science Abstracts

Sociological Abstracts

UN Data

Not available at UM Library:

AGRIS - http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/index.do

Agroforestry Abstracts - http://www.cabi.org/publishing-products/online-information-

resources/agroforestry-abstracts/

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CAB Abstracts (CABI) - http://www.cabi.org/publishing-products/online-information-

resources/cab-abstracts/

Social Sciences in Forestry (SSIF) - http://www.lib.umn.edu/cgi-bin/forestry/index.cgi

TREECD -

http://resourcecenter.ovid.com/site/products/fieldguide/cafo/Introduction_to_TREECD.js

p

For related Databases go to: USDA National Agricultural Library: Alternative Farming

Systems Information Center (AFSIC) Database -

http://afsic.nal.usda.gov/databases/related-databases

Websites:

1st World Congress of Agroforestry - http://conference.ifas.ufl.edu/WCA/

Agri Cultures Network (Center for Learning on Sustainable Agriculture) -

http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/

Agroforestry Net - http://agroforestry.net/

Association of Temperate Agroforestry - http://www.aftaweb.org/

Bioversity International - http://www.bioversityinternational.org/

Center for Agroforestry of the University of Missouri -

http://www.centerforagroforestry.org/

Center for Diversified Farming Systems - http://food.berkeley.edu/dfs/

Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) - http://www.cifor.org/

European Commission Organic Farming - http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/organic/

Farm Woodland Forum - http://www.agroforestry.ac.uk/

International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) -

http://www.ifoam.org/

Land Institute - http://www.landinstitute.org/

Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture - http://www.leopold.iastate.edu/organic

Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) - http://www.ifoam.org/

Rodale Institute - http://rodaleinstitute.org/

Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education - http://www.sare.org/

USDA Agroforestry -

http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=agroforestry

USDA Alternative Farming Systems Information Center (AFSIC) -

http://afsic.nal.usda.gov/

USDA National Agroforestry Center - http://nac.unl.edu/

USDA Organic Agriculture -

http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=organic-

agriculture.html

World Agroforestry Center - http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/

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