BROMO, TENGGER, SEMERU (EAST JAVA)
BASELINE DEMAND & SUPPLY, MARKET DEMAND
FORECASTS, AND INVESTMENT NEEDS
MARKET ANALYIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENTS TO
SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED
TOURISM DESTINATIONS ACROSS INDONESIA
WORLD BANK SELECTION # 1223583 (2016-2017)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PREPARED BY:
FOR:
WITH SUPPORT FROM:
This work is a product of external contributions supervised by The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions
expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the
governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The
boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the
part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
This publication has been funded by the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Australian Government through the Department
of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Swiss Confederation through the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO).
The views expressed in this publication are the author’s alone and are not necessarily the views of the Kingdom of the
Netherlands, Australian Government and the Swiss Confederation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
BASELINE DEMAND & SUPPLY 4
1. DESTINATION CHARACTERISTICS 5
1.1 GEOGRAPHY 5
1.2 CLIMATE 8
1.3 NATURAL AND/OR CULTURAL RESOURCES 8
2. DESTINATION DEFINITION 12
2.1 KEY ATTRACTIONS 12
2.2 CONCLUSIONS ON DESTINATION DEFINITION 13
3. VISITOR ARRIVAL DEMOGRAPHICS 14
3.1 LEVEL OF CURRENT DEMAND 14
3.2 SEASONALITY OF VISITS 15
3.3 ORIGIN OF THE VISITORS 15
3.4 PURPOSE OF VISIT 16
3.5 LOCATION OF ACCOMMODATION USED AND LENGTH OF STAY 17
3.6 INTEGRATION OF THE DESTINATION IN TOURISM CIRCUITS 18
3.7 AWARENESS AND IMAGE OF THE DESTINATION AMONG INTERNATIONAL MARKETS 19
3.8 TOURISM PROMOTION/DESTINATION MARKETING 21
4. ACCESSIBILITY HIGHLIGHTS 22
4.1 EXISTING MODE OF TRAVEL AND VISITORS’ MOVEMENT 22
4.2 ENTRANCE GATES TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU NATIONAL PARK 22
5. HOTEL & LODGING OPTIONS (AMENITIES) 24
5.1 VOLUME & NUMBER OF ROOMS 24
5.2 HOTEL MARKET TIERS 25
5.3 PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES BY TIER 25
5.4 HOTEL FACILITIES & QUALITY 26
6. SMES: SUPPORTING TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE (AMENITIES) 28
6.1 INDEPENDENT FOOD & BEVERAGE 28
6.2 TRAVEL AGENCIES 28
7. INVESTMENT ANALYSIS 30
7.1 FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) 30
7.2 DOMESTIC DIRECT INVESTMENT (DDI) 30
7.3 ASSET CLASSES & SCALE (EXISTING & PIPELINE) 31
7.4 KEY PLAYERS/INVESTORS 31
7.5 INVESTMENT SENTIMENT: DOMESTIC & FOREIGN INVESTORS 31
7.6 FINANCE 32
7.7 STEPS TO OPENING A BUSINESS 32
8. SKILLS ASSESSMENT 34
8.1 WHAT SKILLS EXIST? 34
8.2 WHAT ARE THE SKILLS GAPS? 34
8.3 TRAINING SCHOOLS 35
DESTINATION SWOT & VISION 36
9. DESTINATION SWOT 37
9.1 STRENGTHS 37
9.2 WEAKNESSES 37
9.3 OPPORTUNITIES 38
9.4 THREATS 38
10. DESTINATION VISION STATEMENT 39
10.1 UNIQUE SELLING POINTS 39
10.2 PRODUCTS AND ACCOMMODATION TO BE DEVELOPED 39
MARKET DEMAND FORECASTS 41
11. FUTURE MARKET DEMAND ANALYSIS 42
11.1 QUANTITATIVE APPROACH 42
INVESTMENT NEEDS 44
12. AMENITIES: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 45
12.1 HOTEL PIPELINE & FACILITIES DEVELOPMENT 45
12.2 FORECAST OF FUTURE ACCOMMODATION NEEDS 45
12.3 OTHER TOURISM FACILITIES 45
13. STAFF REQUIRED & SKILLS NEEDED 47
13.1 ACCOMMODATION STAFF REQUIRED 47
13.2 ADDITIONAL STAFF REQUIRED 47
14. TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE BASELINE & NEEDS 49
BASELINE 49
14.1 ROAD TRANSPORT 49
14.2 RAILWAY TRANSPORT 54
14.3 AIR TRANSPORT 54
14.4 SEA TRANSPORT 61
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT NEEDS 62
14.5 MARKET SHARE OF VISITORS 62
14.6 ROAD TRANSPORT NEEDS 62
14.7 RAILWAY TRANSPORT 63
14.8 AIR TRANSPORT NEEDS 64
14.9 SEA TRANSPORT NEEDS 66
15. BASIC CAPACITY INFRASTRUCTURE (AMENITIES) 67
BASELINE 67
15.1 BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES 67
15.2 WATER SUPPLY 67
15.3 WASTEWATER AND SANITATION 68
15.4 DRAINAGE 69
15.5 SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE 70
15.6 POWER SUPPLY 71
15.7 TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE 72
15.8 SUMMARY OF EXISTING BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE 73
BASIC CAPACITY INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT NEEDS 74
15.9 FORECAST POPULATION & VISITOR ARRIVALS 74
15.10 WATER SUPPLY 75
15.11 WASTEWATER AND SANITATION 78
15.12 DRAINAGE 80
15.13 SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE 80
15.14 POWER SUPPLY 83
15.15 TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE 85
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 86
16. WHAT WILL TRIGGER INVESTMENT? 87
16.1 RECOMMENDATIONS ON DESTINATION ENHANCEMENTS 87
16.2 LEGAL & REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT ENHANCEMENTS 87
16.3 SME DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS 88
16.4 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT 89
16.5 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS 90
16.6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPATIAL PLANS 90
APPENDIX I: SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED 93
APPENDIX II: AIRPORT RUNWAY CAPACITY ANALYISIS 95
APPENDIX III: ROAD CAPACITY ANALYISIS 2015 96
TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF 10 PRIORITY TOURISM DESTINATIONS IN INDONESIA 2
FIGURE 2: MAJOR ATTRACTIONS IN BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU 6
FIGURE 3: LOCATIONS OF MAJOR CITIES SURROUNDING BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU - KOTA
MALANG, KOTA PROBOLINGGO AND KOTA PASURUAN 7
FIGURE 4: AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL OF MOUNT BROMO 8
FIGURE 5: MAP OF NATURAL, CULTURAL, AND SPECIAL INTEREST TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN
BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU AND SURROUNDING AREAS 9
FIGURE 6: PANORAMIC VIEW OF MT BROMO AND MT BATOK FROM THE EDGE OF "SEA OF
SANDS" 9
FIGURE 7: EXAMPLES OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA IN BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU 10
FIGURE 8: POTEN TEMPLE AND TENGGER SAND SEA 11
FIGURE 9: ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU, 2011-2015 14
FIGURE 10: MONTHLY ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU, 2015 15
FIGURE 11: GROWTH IN ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU, 2011-2015 16
FIGURE 12: PLACES ASSOCIATED WITH BROMO IN PACKAGES OFFERED BY INTERVIEWED
TOUR OPERATORS AND TRAVEL AGENCIES IN SELECTED INTERNATIONAL MARKETS 18
FIGURE 13: NUMBER OF REVIEWS AND SATISFACTION INDEX ON TRIP ADVISOR FOR THE
MOST POPULAR VOLCANOES IN INDONESIA 20
FIGURE 14: DESTINATION REASONS FOR SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION IN USER-
GENERATED CONTENT ON TRIP ADVISOR 20
FIGURE 15: DESTINATION REASONS FOR SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION ACCORDING
TO TOUR OPERATORS AND TRAVEL AGENTS IN SELECTED MARKETS 21
FIGURE 16: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU THROUGH
RESPECTIVE ENTRANCE GATES, 2014 23
FIGURE 17: BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU TOURISM DESTINATION AND VISITORS’ MOVEMENT
23
FIGURE 18: NUMBER OF HOTELS AND ACCOMMODATIONS IN MALANG, PASURUAN,
PROBOLINGGO, AND LUMAJANG, 2011 TO 2015 24
FIGURE 19: NUMBER OF ROOMS IN MALANG, PASURUAN, PROBOLINGGO, AND LUMAJANG,
2011 TO 2015 24
FIGURE 20: NUMBER OF STAR RATED HOTELS BY CATEGORIES, 2015 25
FIGURE 21: NUMBER OF RESTAURANTS IN MALANG, PASURUAN, PROBOLINGGO, AND
LUMAJANG, 2015 28
FIGURE 22: NUMBER OF TRAVEL COMPANIES AND TRAVEL AGENCIES IN MALANG,
PASURUAN, PROBOLINGGO, AND LUMAJANG, 2015 28
FIGURE 23: REALIZED FDI ON HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS IN EAST JAVA, 2010 TO Q2 2016
30
FIGURE 24: REALISED DDI ON HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS IN EAST JAVA, 2010 TO 2016 Q2
30
FIGURE 25: FORECAST OF VISITOR ARRIVALS TO MOUNT BROMO 2015-2041 42
FIGURE 26: FORECAST OF VISITOR GUEST NIGHTS AND EXPENDITURE IN BROMO TENGGER
SEMURU, 2015-2041 43
FIGURE 27: NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL ROOMS REQUIRED 2015-2041 45
FIGURE 28: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL STAFF BY HOTEL CATEGORY 48
FIGURE 29: ROAD CLASS AND CONDITION AT EAST JAVA 49
FIGURE 30: ROAD CLASS AND CONDITION IN EAST JAVA 50
FIGURE 31: ROAD ACCESS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU 51
FIGURE 32: REGIONAL ROAD TRAFFIC TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU 52
FIGURE 33: ROAD ACCESS GAPS TO MAJOR TOURISM DESTINATIONS 52
FIGURE 34: EAST JAVA TOLL ROAD PLAN 53
FIGURE 35: STATUS OF TOLL ROAD PLAN 53
FIGURE 36: AIR TRANSPORT DEMAND 55
FIGURE 37: AIRPORT FACILITIES AT JUANDA AND ABDUL RACHMAN 56
FIGURE 38: JUANDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 57
FIGURE 39: EXISTING GAPS IN AIRPORT FACILITIES AT JUANDA AIRPORT 57
FIGURE 40: ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT 58
FIGURE 41: EXISTING GAPS IN AIRPORT FACILITIES AT ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT
59
FIGURE 42: FUTURE PLAN OF JUANDA AIRPORT 59
FIGURE 43: ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT MASTER PLAN 60
FIGURE 44: NEW TANJUNG TEMBAGA PORT LAYOUT 61
FIGURE 45: NEW TANJUNG TEMBAGA PORT FACILITIES 61
FIGURE 46: JUANDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT – INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS 65
FIGURE 47: ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT – INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS 66
FIGURE 48: BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU TOURISM DESTINATION AND KEY ATTRACTIONS 67
FIGURE 49: EXISTING COVERAGE OF PDAM WATER SUPPLY 68
FIGURE 50: EXISTING COVERAGE OF ADEQUATE SANITATION 69
FIGURE 51: FLOOD DISASTER RISK INDEX MAP 70
FIGURE 52: PROCEDURE OF SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL 70
FIGURE 53: EXISTING COVERAGE OF SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 71
FIGURE 54: POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN EAST JAVA 72
FIGURE 55: EXISTING COVERAGE OF POWER SUPPLY NETWORK 72
FIGURE 56: SUMMARY OF EXISTING BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENT 73
FIGURE 57: FORECAST OF POPULATION 75
FIGURE 58: FORECAST OF COMMERCIAL ROOMS REQUIRED 75
FIGURE 59: WATER DEMAND PROJECTION (L/S) 76
FIGURE 60: SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND PROJECTION (L/S) 76
FIGURE 61: ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND RATIO 76
FIGURE 62: WATER CONSUMPTION RATE 77
FIGURE 63: SEWAGE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/S)* 78
FIGURE 64: SUMMARY OF SEWAGE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/S) 79
FIGURE 65: ESTIMATED SEWAGE GENERATION RATIO 79
FIGURE 66: SOLID WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/DAY) 80
FIGURE 67: SUMMARY OF SEWAGE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/DAY) 81
FIGURE 68: ESTIMATED SOLID WASTE GENERATION RATIO 81
FIGURE 69: RATE OF SOLID WASTE GENERATION 81
FIGURE 70: POWER DEMAND PROJECTION (MWH) 83
FIGURE 71: SUMMARY OF POWER DEMAND PROJECTION (MWH) 83
FIGURE 72: ESTIMATED POWER DEMAND RATIO 83
FIGURE 73: POWER CONSUMPTION RATE 84
FIGURE 74: GAPS IN SPATIAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK, BROMO TENGGER SMERU 92
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INTRODUCTION
The Government of Indonesia in the National Medium-Term Development Plan (Rencana
Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional, RPJMN) 2015 to 2019, has set a number of
objectives to increase the role of tourism in the Indonesian economy. Between 2015 and
2019, its goals together with the Ministry of Tourism’s goals are to increase:
• international visitors from 9 million to 20 million;
• domestic visits from 250 million to 275 million;
• the tourism contribution to GDP from 4 percent to 8 percent;
• tourism foreign exchange revenues from IDR120 trillion to IDR240 trillion;
• Indonesia’s Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index ranking from 70th to 30th place;
and
• tourism sector employment from 11 million to 13 million workers.
To achieve these goals President Joko Widodo urged his cabinet to accelerate the
development of 10 priority tourism destinations (Figure 1):
• Borobudur (Jogjakarta, Solo, Semarang: Central Java)
• Lake Toba (North Sumatra)
• Mandalika (Lombok)
• Bromo, Tengger, Semeru (East Java)
• Labuan Bajo (Flores)
• Wakatobi (South East Sulawesi)
• Pulau Seribu / Kota Tua (DKI Jakarta)
• Morotai (North Maluku)
• Tanjung Lesung (Banten)
• Tanjung Kelayang (Bangka Belitung)
The 3 destinations in bold are considered high priority destinations with additional effort
being expended to encourage and develop tourism.
The World Bank has been requested by the Government of Indonesia to support, through
financing, advisory support, and analytics, the Government’s efforts to accelerate tourism
development in the 10 priority destinations. As part of this support, in August 2016 the
World Bank engaged Horwath HTL (HHTL) and Surbana Jurong to conduct a market analysis
and demand assessment for the 10 priority destinations, with a focus on Lake Toba, Lombok
and Borobudur.
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FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF 10 PRIORITY TOURISM DESTINATIONS IN INDONESIA
Source: Google Maps, Surbana Jurong
The key objective of the Assessment is to assist the Government of Indonesia in identifying
and prioritizing infrastructure, skill and SME development, planning and other tourism-
related expenditures to accelerate the development of the 10 priority tourism destinations.
The scope comprises of (1) market demand and supply analysis, plus investment analysis and
(2) demand assessment (projections) and investment needs (including infrastructure). The
findings are expected to inform the government’s integrated tourism master plans for these
destinations.
To this end, the following key tasks were undertaken:
Task 1: Understanding governmental decentralization & its effect on decision making
plus preliminary information gathering.
Task 2: Collection and analysis of the government’s statistical data.
Task 3: Survey of international and domestic tourism stakeholders for collection of
public and private sector information.
Task 4: Survey of tour-operators in selected key markets.
Task 5: Secondary research on tourism supply and demand.
Task 6: Analysis of the image of Indonesia and the 10 priority destinations.
Task 7: Future market demand analysis.
Task 8: Investment and infrastructure needs assessment.
Task 9: SMEs and skills assessment and needs.
Appendix I contains a list of interviews undertaken with both the public and private sectors
to gather primary research that was used to supplement secondary research. The list
includes the number of interviews, the organization (where appropriate), the location and
the dates.
This Report is part of a series of reports:
• report for Indonesia, country level;
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• reports for the 3 high priority destinations (Lombok, Borobudur, Lake Toba); and,
• reports for the 7 other priority destinations (Bromo/Tengger/Semeru, Labuan
Bajo/Komodo National Park, Wakatobi, Pulau Seribu/Kota Tua, Morotai, Tanjung
Lesung and Tanjung Kelayang). These reports only provide rough estimates and are
more basic that the ones for the 3 high priority destinations. Good practice in terms of
forecasting could not always be applied, and instead, for instance, assumptions based on
supply pipeline and constraints were used.
Assessment of the Destination and Key Tourism Areas
The 3As terminology (Attraction, Amenities and Accessibility) can help explain how the
supply and demand analysis and needs assessment was carried out for the destination with
respect to the destination boundary and the key tourism areas.
• Attractions: attractions specifically focussed on engaging and drawing visitors to the
destination. The destination is defined by its attractions and their ability to draw visitors.
Within the destination boundary, (existing and future) clusters of attractions with
potential for tourism development and propensity to generate overnight stays and
revenue and/or (existing and future) key accommodation areas are identified and
henceforth called “key tourism areas”.
• Accessibility: methods of reaching the destination via the main gateways (external
accessibility) plus transport links between gateways, attractions and key accommodation
areas all of which support the destination (internal accessibility). For external
accessibility, the focus is on the gateway hubs (such as airports and ports). For internal
accessibility, the Report assesses the transport infrastructure; the existing, the gaps and
the required transportation network that facilitates accessibility within the destination.
• Amenities: support the destination and the attractions such as hotels, restaurants and
entertainment facilities together with basic capacity infrastructure. Within the
destination boundary, and generally within the key tourism areas, the Report assesses:
- the existing basic infrastructure capacity (water supply, power supply,
telecommunication, waste water and waste management, etc.);
- identifies any basic infrastructure capacity gaps;
- analyses demand and supply of existing attractions and amenities;
- provides projections for future attractions and amenities; and provides an
assessment of infrastructure needs of the destination to ensure success of the
attraction and amenities. In some cases, when amenities within the destination
boundary have a direct effect on the attractiveness of the key tourism areas, the
scope of the baseline and investment needs of basic capacity infrastructure is
conducted beyond the key tourism areas.
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BASELINE DEMAND & SUPPLY
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1. DESTINATION CHARACTERISTICS
The following section provides an assessment of the existing and potential attractions within
the destination.
1.1 GEOGRAPHY
Located in East Java, the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru destination consists of the Bromo-
Tengger-Semeru National Park and its surrounding support area. It is part of 4 kabupaten:
Lumajang, Malang, Pasuruan, and Probolinggo.1 The accommodations and tourism resources
in these 4 kabupaten largely support the tourist activities in Bromo-Tengger-Semeru.
Therefore, analysis and statistics regarding these 4 kabupaten will be included in the following
discussions so as to reveal the potential of the destination. Discussion regarding the 3 major
cities (kota) adjacent the 4 kabupaten—namely Kota Malang, Kota Pasuruan, and Kota
Probolinggo—may also be made in the report as these cities are the main entry points to
Bromo-Tengger-Semeru.
Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is volcanic highland of approximately 40 kilometers north-south and
20-30 kilometers east-west, covering an area of 50,276 hectares and an altitudinal range of
1,000 to 3,676 meters.
Within the immense Tengger Caldera lie five volcanoes: Mount Bromo (2,329 meters),
Mount Batok (2,470 meters), Mount Kursi (2,581 meters), Mount Watangan (2,661 meters),
and Mount Widodaren (2,650 meters). Although Mount Bromo is not the highest peak, it is
the most well-known due to its easier accessibility and constant activity. It is one of the most
active volcanoes in the world. Its top was destroyed after an eruption, leaving a
disproportionately large crater of diameter of approximately 600 meters. The name Bromo
is derived from the Javanese pronunciation of Brahma, the Hindu creator god. The volcanoes
are surrounded by the Tengger Sand Sea (a protected nature reserve since 1919) which is a
large area of sand, and all of the volcanoes except for Mount Batok are still active. In addition,
the park is also the location of Java’s highest mountain, Mount Semeru (3,676 meters). It has
been in a constant state of activity since 2010.
The map below (Figure 2) displays the major attractions in Bromo-Tengger-Semeru which
include:
• Mount Bromo
• Mount Batok
• Mount Pananjakan (2,770m - Viewpoint 1): It is a mountaintop viewpoint located
north of the caldera which is accessible by paved road from Tosari and hence popular
with jeeps and even tour buses.
1 In Indonesia, subnational governance includes four levels: (1) province/provinsi, (2) city/kota and regency/kabupaten, (3) sub-
district/kecamatan or district/distrik, and (4) urban community/kelurahan or village/desa.
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• Cemoro Lawang (Viewpoint 2): It is an alternative viewpoint to have a stunning view
of the caldera without the crowds.
• Savana Hill (Whispering Sand): Whispering sand in Mount Bromo is a massive area
of smooth sand that makes a noise like whispering and Savana Hill is a piece of green
grassland surrounded by a high mountain. They are mostly visited by tourists after
enjoying the sunrise and seeing the crater.
• Mount Semeru (for hiking).
FIGURE 2: MAJOR ATTRACTIONS IN BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU
Source: Horwath HTL and Google Map
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FIGURE 3: LOCATIONS OF MAJOR CITIES SURROUNDING BROMO-TENGGER-
SEMERU - KOTA MALANG, KOTA PROBOLINGGO AND KOTA PASURUAN
Source: https://allindonesiatravel.com/
The three major entry points (further discussion on accessibility is in Chapter 4 below) to
Bromo-Tengger-Semeru are Kota Malang, Kota Probolinggo and Kota Pasuruan. Some
visitors will spend one to two nights in these areas whilst visiting the destination. There are
three major routes into the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park:
• The Probolinggo (Ngadisari) Route: This is the most common route used to access the
park as it is the most straightforward. About 6 kilometers west of Probolinggo on the
main coastal highway, turn south at the village of Ketapang. From there the road snakes
up for 40 kilometers through Sukapura to Ngadisari and finally Cemoro Lawang on the
edge of the caldera. Tourists taking this route usually lodge in Sukapura or Cemoro
Lawang (Kab. Probolinggo).
• The Malang (Tumpang) Route: Tourists usually take a microbus from Arjosari bus
station in Malang to Tumpang and then a 4x4 vehicle or a heavy truck from Tumpang
to Ngadas. The route from Ngadas on to the caldera is interesting because it transverses
the Sea of Sand and directly passes Mount Bromo. Tourists taking the Tumpang route
tend to lodge at Ngadas (Kab. Malang) or Ranupani (Kab. Lumajang).
• The Pasuruan (Tosari) Route: From Pasuruan on the main north coast road between
Surabaya and Probolinggo, take the road 45 kilometers south to Tosari via Pasrepan.
There are irregular buses or tourists can hire a car. From Tosari to Wonokitri it is
another 3 kilometers. From Wonokotri up to Bromo it is a really nice route, tourists
can either walk or hire a 4 times 4 vehicle. Accommodations in Tosari or Wonokitri
(both Kab. Pasuruan) are usually used by tourists taking the Tosari route.
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1.2 CLIMATE
Year-round temperatures are refreshingly cool during the day but cold at night as
temperatures near the peak can drop to zero in the dry season and are rarely above 5°C
during the wet season. Average temperatures in the park are between 18°C and 29°C (Figure
4).
Most precipitation falls during the wet season between November and March. During
periods of heavy rain in January and February, most parts of the park are inaccessible due to
flooding. Landslides are also an issue at these times. The best time to visit Bromo is during
the dry season which spans from May to September, when days are hot, dry, and sunny.
Figure 4 shows average yearly temperatures and precipitation.
FIGURE 4: AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL OF MOUNT BROMO
Source: www.meteoblue.com (Note: Calculated values are valid for 671m. Expected temperature difference with the peak of the mountain is around 10 degrees Celsius.)
1.3 NATURAL AND/OR CULTURAL RESOURCES
The Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park is named after its two mountains, Mount Semeru
and Mount Bromo and the Tengger people who inhabit the area. It is one of the aspirations
to develop Bromo-Tengger-Semeru into an “International Geo-eco cultural Park” for its
abundance and precious geological, ecological and cultural resources.
1.3.1 NATURAL RESOURCES - GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
The volcanic complexity of Tengger forms a condition where a new caldera of volcano forms
inside a larger and more ancient caldera. There are five volcanoes inside the Tengger Caldera,
as mentioned. Mount Bromo is easily recognized as the entire top has been blown off and
the crater inside constantly belches white sulphurous smoke. Mount Batok, just next to
Mount Bromo, is the only peak that is no longer active and is covered in casuarinas trees.
Mount Widodaren, located beside Mount Batok, contains the cave Widodaren, which is
considered sacred by local people.
The five volcanoes within the caldera are surrounded by a vast area of sand called the
Tengger Sand Sea. A view of the mountains in the caldera is shown in Figure 6.
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Other mountains around the Tengger Caldera are: Mount Pananjakan (2,770 meters) Mount
Cemoro Lawang (2,227 meters), Mount Lingker (2,278 meters), Mount Pundak Lembu (2,635
meters), etc. The peak of Mount Pananjakan is the most popular place to watch the entire
volcanic complex of Tengger.
Figure 5 shows the locations of tourist sites in the areas surrounding the destination.
FIGURE 5: MAP OF NATURAL, CULTURAL, AND SPECIAL INTEREST TOURIST
ATTRACTIONS IN BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU AND SURROUNDING AREAS
Source: Ministry of Tourism, Bromo-Tengger-Semeru Development Plan
Further south of the national park, there is another volcanic complex called the Semeru
Group. This area contains the highest peak of Java, the Mount Semeru (3,676 meters). Other
mountains within this area are Mount Lanang (2,313 meters), Mount Ayek-Ayek (2,819
meters), Mount Kepolo (3,035 meters), and Mount Malang (2,401 meters). The Semeru
forest area has many rivers that are former lava lines from Mount Semeru. The Semeru group
is considered to be very active, spreading lava, ash, and hot clouds to the surrounding areas.
The lower area is surrounded by fertile rice fields.
FIGURE 6: PANORAMIC VIEW OF MT BROMO AND MT BATOK FROM THE EDGE
OF "SEA OF SANDS"
Source: Online Photo Stock
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1.3.2 NATURAL RESOURCES - ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES
The vegetation in the forested areas of the National Park can be broadly classified into three
groups: sub-montane vegetation below 1,500 meters, montane vegetation from 1,500 to
2,400 meters, and sub-alpine vegetation above 2,400 meters. Towards the peak of Mount
Semeru, extreme conditions prevent any vegetation from growing. On the lower altitude
slopes, tropical rainforest dominates with sub-montane species, such as figs and orchids.
Ascending the mountain, plant life is reduced, with only hardier montane species and
edelweiss dominating the ecosystem up into the sub-alpine zone. In total, there are 1,025
reported species of flora, of which 226 are orchids and 260 are medicinal and ornamental
plants.
On the other hand, the unpredictable volcanic activity, together with challenging high-altitude
conditions, limits the faunal species within the park. Most notably, however, are a large
number of bird species which either reside in or migrate through the area. Down in the
valleys, a few leopard cats are present, though rarely seen. The Java mouse deer, muntjac
deer, marbled cat, and wild pig are amongst the mammals more likely to be glimpsed by
casual visitors. An inventory of fauna has recorded 158 species, consisting of 22 mammal
species (of which 15 are protected), 130 bird species (27 protected), and six species of
reptiles. Figure 7 shows examples of these fauna and flora which can be found in the Bromo-
Tengger-Semeru area and are protected by laws.
Moreover, the Tengger Sand Sea is a special ecosystem. The area is covered in volcanic
sedimentation of sand from Mount Bromo’s activities with the resulting area believed to be
the only known desert-like area in Indonesia. The Tengger Sand Sea has been protected since
1919.
FIGURE 7: EXAMPLES OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA IN BROMO-TENGGER-
SEMERU
Source: Online Photo Stock (From left to right: Macodes petola hat, Liparis rhodocila, Manis javanita)
1.3.3 CULTURAL RESOURCES – TENGGERESE AND HINDUISM
The area inside and around Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is inhabited by the Tengger people, one
of the few significant Hindu communities remaining on the island of Java. The local religion is
a remnant from the Majapahit era and therefore is quite similar to that of Bali, but with more
animist elements. The Tengger people were driven into the hills after the mass arrival of
Muslim Madurese who came to work in Dutch coffee plantations in the 19th century.
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The Tenggerese still live in the park and its environs, numbering more than 500,000, and
practice their animist form of Hinduism. This is most visible at the Poten Temple. The temple
holds the annual Hindu festival of Yadnya Kasada (12th month in the Tenggerese calendar)
which lasts for about one month. On the fourteenth day, the Tenggerese congregate at the
Poten Temple to ask for blessings from Ida Sang Hyang Widi Wasa and the God of Mahameru
(Mount Semeru). Then the crowd proceeds along the crater edges of Mount Bromo where
offerings (fruit, rice, vegetables, flowers, and sacrifices of livestock) are thrown into the
crater. Figure 8 shows the temple.
FIGURE 8: POTEN TEMPLE AND TENGGER SAND SEA
Source: Online photo stock
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2. DESTINATION DEFINITION
2.1 KEY ATTRACTIONS
There are few key leisure attractions to date, with the following ones being the highlights.
2.1.1 BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU NATIONAL PARK
The Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park was one of the first Indonesian national parks to
be officially gazetted in 1982, but its status was only ratified in 1994. Before the park was
officially ratified, some land around the protected area had been managed by the state
forestry company, Perum Perhutani, which permitted certain uses by local people. Most of
its territory is comprised of land which had protected status as a nature reserve or other
protected area before the national park was declared. One of the principal reasons the
national park was established was the spectacular scenery of Mount Bromo and Mount
Semeru and their surroundings. Other important reasons were for watershed protection
and as a buffer zone for volcanic eruptions.
2.1.2 MOUNT BROMO
As Mount Bromo is an active volcano, its volcanic activity is a vital determinant of the tourist
activities in the surrounding areas. According to the Bromo Volcanology and Geological
Disaster Mitigation Centre, Mount Bromo has a five-year cycle in eruptions that last for
months. The most destructive volcanic eruptions in recent years happened in late 2010-early
2011 and late 2015.
The 2010/2011 Eruptions: In late 2010 and early 2011, volcanic ash and incandescent
material was thrown up with a heavy rain of ejected volcanic material falling around the
crater. The impact from the eruptions in December 2010 and January 2011 disrupted normal
activities and the local economy. The potential for long term environmental damage and
health problems amongst the residents in the areas surrounding Mount Bromo was
paramount at that time. Due to high seasonal rainfall in January 2011, the potential for cold
lava and lava flow was elevated due to the deposits of volcanic ash, sand and other ejected
material that had built up. Activity was dominated by tremor vibration, eruption of ash
plumes and ejection of incandescent material. During the worst period of the eruptive
activities, operational caution was recommended for flights into and out of Juanda
International Airport in Surabaya. Further eruptions even led to the cancellation of some
international flights in Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali from airlines, including
Singapore Airlines, Jetstar-ValueAir, Air France-KLM, Virgin Blue and Cathay Pacific, when
concerns were raised regarding a volcanic ash plume, reported to be drifting eastward
toward the air corridors used to access the Ngurah Rai International Airport. The park was
reopened to visitors in April 2011.
The 2015 Eruptions: Mount Bromo had shown signs of increasing volcanic activity in early
November 2015, when the amount of smoke coming out of the crater intensified. By late
November, Mount Bromo began to eject ash into the air. Indonesian Volcano Monitoring
Bureau issued a warning that forbade people from climbing Mount Bromo. Later the warning
was extended to a 1-kilometremeter exclusion zone, and eventually into a wider range which
virtually barred visitors from coming down to the caldera floor. The spread of volcanic
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materials from Mount Bromo in East Java had disrupted flights between Surabaya and Jember,
another city in East Java. Until mid-2016, the alert status of Mount Bromo had remained at
Level 2 and tourists were warned not to move within a 1-kilometer radius of the crater.
Despite the relatively high level of volcanic activity at Mount Bromo, which emitted thick
greyish smoke, the destination was reportedly still safe for tourists.
2.1.3 EVENTS
In recent years, there are some attractive events being organized in the area, such as Jazz
Gunung, which is a popular annual music event held on the outdoor stage at Java Banana
Bromo Lodge (since 2009). It is a national Jazz music festival held annually between June and
August, attracting more than 2,000 people to the area. There are also international sports
events like the annual Bromo Marathon (since 2013), which attracted over 1,200 participants
from over 31 countries in 2016.
2.2 CONCLUSIONS ON DESTINATION DEFINITION
Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is an excellent mountain destination with stunning views and
different levels of hiking treks. In addition to the precious geological and ecological resources,
the cultural values of the native Tengger people and Hinduism can also be potentially
integrated into tourist activities. However, the current accessibility issues (rough road
conditions and long travelling time), insufficient variety of accommodation facilities, and
overcrowding of the popular spots inside the National Park, limit the growth potential of the
destination. The problems above also constrain the length of stay and limit tourists’ activities
mainly to climbing the mountain, and seeing the sunrise and crater. Unexpected natural
disasters such as the recent volcanic eruptions in late 2015 also halted tourist activities for
the whole region and will continue to play a role in the development of the destination.
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3. VISITOR ARRIVAL DEMOGRAPHICS
This chapter presents a high-level demand assessment of Bromo-Tengger-Semeru based on
a thorough review of available data, reports and analysis on the tourism sector for Indonesia,
and interviews with tour-operators and local stakeholders (see Appendix I).
3.1 LEVEL OF CURRENT DEMAND
The indicator used to measure visitation to the destination is the number of entry tickets
recorded by the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park at its 5 main gates.
Arrivals to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru rose from 125,471 in 2011 to 570,140 in 2014 before
falling to 474,011 in 2015 (Figure 9). A series of destructive volcanic eruptions from late 2010
to early 2011 disrupted tourist arrivals for a prolonged period in 2011. Arrivals then
recovered and more than doubled between 2011 and 2012. In 2013-2014, arrivals saw a
significant surge of 100% compared to 2012. This growth was likely due to:
• The organization of attractive events mentioned earlier such as Jazz Gunung starting
from 2009, and Bromo Marathon beginning from 2013;
• A popular Indonesian movie featured Mount Semeru as the background of the story.
After the movie was released in late 2012, many domestic tourists, especially youth,
visited Bromo-Tengger-Semeru.
However, arrivals subsequently declined from 2014 to 2015. The primary reason for this is
the eruption in late 2015; other reasons include overcrowding of popular locations in the
park such as lookouts, and a 300% ticket price increase in May 2014. All these led to a fall in
arrivals of 17 percent to 474,011 in 2015.
FIGURE 9: ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU, 2011-2015
Source: Taman Nasional Bromo-Tengger-Semeru
125,471
275,874
551,644 570,145
474,011
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
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3.2 SEASONALITY OF VISITS
The peak time of the year to visit Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is during the dry season from May
to August when the climate is favorable for hiking. Also, during this period, visitation is higher
as there are school holidays, the Hindu festival of Yadnya Kasada (12th month in the
Tenggerese calendar), the August 17 Independence Day (as it is popular to hike Mount
Semeru on Independence Day), and the Jazz Gunung event. Another popular time to visit
Bromo is during Christmas and New Year. The low season falls in rainy months from
February to April. Figure 10 shows monthly arrivals in 2015. Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is more
crowded during weekends, especially long weekends.
FIGURE 10: MONTHLY ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU, 2015
Source: Taman Nasional Bromo-Tengger-Semeru
According to interviewed hoteliers, seasonal patterns for accommodation demand close to
Bromo-Tengger-Semeru are similar to the demand for the National Park. Demand is also
higher during weekends.
3.3 ORIGIN OF THE VISITORS
International visitors to the National Park represented around 10% of total arrivals until
2014. International arrivals increased in the period 2011 to 2013, from 22,380 to 32,898.
However, following a ticket fee increase in May 2014 from IDR 72,500 to IDR 217,500 (and
IDR 317,500 on weekends and public holidays) international arrivals dropped in 2014 and
2015. Comparing international monthly arrivals in June 2013 (3,072) with the same month in
2014 (1,958, a drop of 36%) and 2015 (1,475, a drop of 25%), suggest a potential negative
impact of the ticket fee increase on arrivals.
Domestic arrivals saw similar patterns: growth rates slowed in 2014 and were negative in
2015 (-17%). The ticket price for domestic travelers also rose from IDR 10,000 to IDR
27,000, which, together with the impact of the volcanic eruption in late 2015, may have
affected visitor numbers.
International visitors now account for less than 5% of total arrivals to Bromo-Tengger-
Semeru National Park, as seen in Figure 11.
61,382
19,700 17,046
24,561
78,976
51,681 51,968
60,598
36,239 32,839
14,999
24,022
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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FIGURE 11: GROWTH IN ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU, 2011-2015
Year Foreign
arrivals
Growth
rate of
internation
al visitor
arrivals
Domestic
arrivals
Growth
rate of
domestic
arrivals
Total
arrivals
Growth
rate of
total
arrivals
2011 22,380 -- 103,091 -- 125,471 --
2012 26,297 18% 249,577 142% 275,874 120%
2013 32,898 25% 518,746 108% 551,644 100%
2014 23,712 -28% 546,433 5% 570,145 3%
2015 17,016 -28% 456,995 -16% 474,011 -17%
Source: Taman Nasional Bromo-Tengger-Semeru
Domestic visitor profile (more than 95% of total visitors)
• According to hoteliers and local travel agencies, the origin of most domestic visitors is
Jakarta and East Java (mainly Surabaya).
• They are mostly aged between 20 and 40 years old.
• Low-to-middle class students and professionals
International visitor profile (less than 5% of total visitors)
• International tourists are generally between 20 and 50 years old.
• They usually prefer to stay in hotels instead of guesthouses for the better facilities and
services.
• The top origin countries are European, including France, the Netherlands, and Belgium.
• Singaporean and Malaysian guests account for 15% of total international guests.
3.4 PURPOSE OF VISIT
Leisure demand
• Leisure demand accounts for over 80 percent of the total room night demand of hotels,
and almost 100 percent in guesthouses close to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru as the majority
of tourists prefer to stay close to the National Park for convenience.
• Most leisure tourists travel in small groups of 4 to 8 people or as couples.
• The average length of stay of these leisure guests is around one day. The usual travelling
pattern is to arrive a day earlier and wake up at around 3 am to hike up a viewpoint for
the sunrise. After sunrise, tourists would generally pay a visit to Mount Bromo. There
are no other tourist spots or activities in the National Park to encourage leisure tourists
to stay longer.
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Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions (MICE) demand
• MICE demand from private companies is not strong near the National Park, mainly due
to the difficulties in group transportation and a lack of larger hotels that can
accommodate large groups of guests. At the moment, only small MICE groups, averaging
50 guests, stay in hotels near the National Park for incentive trips, team building, or some
other events (such as product launches or photo shoots). The average length of stay of
this group is around 2 days.
• There used to be strong government MICE demand—as high as 70% of the total—in
star-rated hotels in Malang. However, recent restrictions on government meeting
budgets have led to a decline in government MICE demand. Most hotels in Malang are
now switching their focus to target corporate and leisure guests.
Business demand
• Business demand only exists in hotels in Malang. However, as Malang is close to Bromo-
Tengger-Semeru (less than a two-hour drive), some business visitors do visit the
National Park after their business trip in Malang.
3.5 LOCATION OF ACCOMMODATION USED AND LENGTH OF STAY
The visit at the Bromo-Tennger-Semeru National Park is a day trip that can start2 :
• from their homes (for local visitors);
• from an accommodation located near the park; or
• from accommodation located far from the park.
Local travels agents declared that visitors generally choose accommodation in more distant
cities due to their better value-for-money facilities (there is no accommodation in the
National Park area):
• Malang: great place for families with better value hotels.
• Probolinggo: one of the main entry gateways to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park.
• Yogyakarta: although the city is further from Bromo than Malang, the trip to Bromo is
cheaper from Yogyakarta than from Malang.
As a result, the destination is often offered as a one-day trip. However, data from qualitative
sources (interviews with local hoteliers and analysis of packages offered by tour operators)
suggest that the average length of stay is typically 1 night.
2 The existing statistical data do not allow to determine the relative proportion of day trippers and visitors who spend at least
one night near the Bromo Tengger Semerru National Park.
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It was therefore considered that a visit corresponds to one night, but based on available data,
it was not possible to determine (1) the type of accommodation chosen or (2) the location
of overnight stay.
3.6 INTEGRATION OF THE DESTINATION IN TOURISM CIRCUITS
Interviewed international tour operators usually offer the destination as part of a circuit. The
packages analyzed usually associate the destination with other destinations in Java, or, less
frequently, with Bali and Sumatra. Figure 12 shows the other destinations often packaged
with Bromo.
For long-haul markets, Bromo is always offered as part of longer visits (more than 2 weeks),
while in nearby markets such as Malaysia and Singapore, tour operators and travel agents
usually offer Bromo as a standalone destination in a shorter stay in Indonesia.
FIGURE 12: PLACES ASSOCIATED WITH BROMO IN PACKAGES OFFERED BY
INTERVIEWED TOUR OPERATORS AND TRAVEL AGENCIES IN SELECTED
INTERNATIONAL MARKETS
Country Sample itineraries
Australia Example 1: Jakarta, Pangdangaran, Yogyakarta, Mt Bromo, Selioliman Nature
Reserve, Kalabaru Pemuturan, Ubud (14D.)
Example 2: Bangkok, Khao Sok, Homestay, Ao Nang, Penang, Kuala Lumpur,
Melaka, Singapore, Jakarta, Pangandaran, Yogyakarta, Seloliman, Mt Bromo,
Kalibaru, Pemuteran, Ubud (28D.)
Example 3: Jakarta, Pangandaran, Yogyakarta, Seloliman, Mt Bromo, Kalibaru,
Pemuteran, Ubud, Sideman, Mt Batur, Lovina, Bedugul, Sanur (22D.)
China Not commercialized
France Example 1: Java (Jombang + Mt Bromo + Jogjakarta), Sumatra (around Lake
Toba: Medan + Brastagi + Samosir) (17D.)
Example 2: Bromo + Jombang + Jogjakarta (12D → 16D.)
Example 3: Java (Jombang + Mt Bromo + Jogjakarta) (12D.)
Germany Example 1: Jakarta, Bandung, Tangkuban Perahu, Sariater, Bandung, Jogjakarta,
Borobudur, Jombang, Malang, Bromo, Kalibaru, Bali, Ubud, Mengwi; Bedugul,
Lovina, Candidasa, Sanur (15D.)
Example 2: Yogyakarta, Prambanan, Merapi, Borobudur, Mount Bromo (22D.)
Japan Not commercialized
Malaysia No circuits identified
Singapore No circuits identified
UK Example 1: Borobudur, Mount Kelud, Malang, Mount Bromo, Ubud, Munduk,
Seminyak (13D.)
Source: Analysis of packages offered by tour operators interviewed by Horwath HTL (36 tour operators)
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3.7 AWARENESS AND IMAGE OF THE DESTINATION AMONG
INTERNATIONAL MARKETS
Bromo benefits from a high awareness among international tourism professionals. Of the 36
tour operators and travel agents interviewed in this study, 23 had heard about Bromo-
Tengger-Semeru (0/63 in China, 3/3 in France, 4/4 in Germany, 0/5 in Japan, 4/4 in Malaysia,
7/7 in Singapore, 4/5 in UK, 1/2 in Australia). The conclusion may be drawn from this sample
that Bromo is fairly well-known by tour operators interviewed for the study, except in Japan
and China.
Only 16 out of the interviewed operators offered packages including Bromo: 0/6 in China,
2/3 in France, 2/4 in Malaysia, 3/5 in UK, 6/7 in Singapore, 3/4 in Germany, 0/5 in Japan, 1/2
in Australia.
According to the tour-operators, Bromo is difficult to sell due to its accessibility and the fact
that it is aimed primarily at visitors in good physical condition. As a result, the destination is
suited to a specific niche market: hiking.
HIGH PRESENCE ON THE INTERNET SHOWS HIGH AWARENESS OF THE
DESTINATION AMONG THE GENERAL PUBLIC AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
Numerous opinions about Bromo as a tourism destination may be found in English on user-
generated content websites, which shows the awareness of the destination among the
general public. For instance, Mount Bromo has 1,557 reviews on Trip Advisor (consulted in
of October 2016, all languages), while Mount Semeru only has 187 reviews. As shown in
Figure 13 below, in terms of total number of reviews, Mount Bromo has more than Mount
Ijen, which is presented by certain tour operators interviewed as easier to access due to its
proximity to Bali.
These results tend to show that Bromo as a tourism destination has good awareness among
the general public. Moreover, the good level of satisfaction is comparable with other famous
volcanos that are frequently visited in Indonesia. Only Ijen Crater, which is often visited just
after Bromo by tourists heading to Bali, has a higher satisfaction index, as fewer people
complain about over-crowded trails there.
3 Number of tour operators interviewed for the study.
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FIGURE 13: NUMBER OF REVIEWS AND SATISFACTION INDEX ON TRIP ADVISOR
FOR THE MOST POPULAR VOLCANOES IN INDONESIA
Source: Analysis of TripAdvisor Website by Horwath HTL in all available languages, 27/10/2016.
3.7.1 BROMO: VISITOR PERCEPTIONS
According to both local and international stakeholders interviewed for this study, and
consistent with the number of reviews on Trip Advisor, the most popular tourism product
at Bromo is the sunrise tour. The two “must see” sites of the destination are Pananjankan
viewpoint, especially at sunrise, and Mount Bromo itself. Others popular sites are:
Teletubbies Hills, Pasir Berbisik, Kampung Tengger (Tengger Village), and Semeru Mountain.
Besides adventurous activities, which are easily linked with Bromo volcano, cultural and
religious activities are also very often cited by the operators and Trip Advisor users alike,
such as Hindu Tengger culture.
Though the majority of reviews on Trip Advisor are positive, the poor reviews that have
been written stress transportation conditions and security issues.
FIGURE 14: DESTINATION REASONS FOR SATISFACTION AND
DISSATISFACTION IN USER-GENERATED CONTENT ON TRIP ADVISOR
Reasons for satisfaction Reasons for dissatisfaction
Landscapes
Sightseeing
Saturation during high season
Transportation
Security Source: Analysis of TripAdvisor Website by Horwath HTL in all available languages, 27/10/2016. www.tripadvisor.fr/Attraction_Review-g303956-d446941-Reviews-Mount_Bromo-Tengger_Caldera_East_Java_Java.html
International tour operators and travel agencies stress the same areas of satisfaction and
dissatisfaction, though they add several reasons for dissatisfaction: the cost of the visit and
the quality/price ratio of hotels. This is shown in Figure 15.
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
MountBromo
Ijen Crater MountBatur
MerapiVolcano
MountRinjani
MountAgung
MountKelimitu
Reviews Satisfaction index
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FIGURE 15: DESTINATION REASONS FOR SATISFACTION AND
DISSATISFACTION ACCORDING TO TOUR OPERATORS AND TRAVEL AGENTS
IN SELECTED MARKETS
Country Reasons for satisfaction Reasons for dissatisfaction
Australia
Natural landscapes
Active Volcano
Culture
Accommodations (prices and
standards).
China Unaware of the destination Unaware of the destination
France Volcano
Security (seismic activity)
Need better guidance
Hotels
Isolated in Java
Germany
National Park
Natural spectacle
Volcanoes
Sand desert
Trekking
Quality of accommodation
Japan Unaware of the destination Unaware of the destination
Malaysia Value
Expensive as a package
Connectivity issues
Security
Logistics
Infrastructures
Singapore Nature
Volcanoes
Safety
Lack of infrastructure
Accommodations
UK Seeing
Climbing Infrastructures
Domestic
Sightseeing
Natural attractions
Cultural value of Tengger Area
Traffic between destination
Cleanliness issue
Crowded place Source: Qualitative interviews with tour operators in selected markets, and analysis of touristic guides, Horwath HTL.
3.8 TOURISM PROMOTION/DESTINATION MARKETING
Destination marketing and promotion is mainly done through the Tourism Authority of East
Java.
Although Bromo-Tengger-Semeru encompasses parts of 4 kabupaten, they have not put
much effort into marketing the destination. One of the reasons explained by the local
Tourism Authority of Malang for this is that Mount Bromo is already well-known to both
domestic and international tourists. Therefore, their focus is not to further promote the
destination, but to develop and market their locality as the gateway to the National Park and
as its own standalone destination.
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4. ACCESSIBILITY HIGHLIGHTS
Roads and airways represent transport modes of access to Bromo for domestic and foreign
visitors. Visitor origins are important for an accessibility assessment as they indicate the
visitor mode of arrival and provide insight into the visitor distribution pattern within the
tourism destination.
By air, Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is accessed via Juanda International Airport in Surabaya or
Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport in Malang; visitors then proceed to the destination by road.
4.1 EXISTING MODE OF TRAVEL AND VISITORS’ MOVEMENT
The international gateway to the park is through Juanda International Airport in Surabaya,
meaning that road connectivity from the airport to the destination is critical. However, at
present few international visitors travel to Bromo, so its importance for tourism will depend
on future demand.
The majority of domestic visitors are from Java as well, likewise indicating the importance of
road connections. However, according to the market study (detailed later), accessibility is a
key challenge.
The tourist distribution for Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is illustrated below (Figure 16).
4.2 ENTRANCE GATES TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU NATIONAL
PARK
The National Park has five gates. Figure 16 shows the distribution of visitors using each gate.
• Cemoro Lawang is the most popular entrance gate, accounting for 43% of total
entrances, as the majority of the visitors come from Probolinggo.
• Tourists coming from Psauruan normally enter the National Park from the
Wonokitri gate.
• On the other hand, trekkers hiking Mount Semeru come from the southern gates
(mainly from Lumajang through Ranupani, and some from Malang through
Tumpang).
• The Kantor Balai gate is less frequently used as it is for government
officials/ministry use only.
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FIGURE 16: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU
THROUGH RESPECTIVE ENTRANCE GATES, 2014
Source: Taman Nasional Bromo-Tengger-Semeru
FIGURE 17: BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU TOURISM DESTINATION AND VISITORS’
MOVEMENT
Source: Google Maps, HHTL, Surbana Jurong
Cemoro Lawang
43%
Ranupani25%
Wonokitri20%
Tumpang12%
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5. HOTEL & LODGING OPTIONS (AMENITIES)
5.1 VOLUME & NUMBER OF ROOMS
The total number of hotels and accommodations as well as number of rooms in the four
kabupaten (Malang, Pasuruan, Probolinggo, and Lumajang) surrounding Bromo-Tengger-
Semeru remained the same during the period 2011 to 2014, averaging at around 700 hotels
and 9,000 rooms. In 2015, however, the number of hotels and rooms soared to almost 1,500
and 12,000 respectively. This can be explained as the result of a continual increase in hotels
and accommodations investment in East Java since 2012 (as most hotel projects take 2-3
years to complete from the year of investment to fully operational), leading to the boom of
hotel openings in 2015, as seen in Figures 18 and 19.
It should be noted that, although there was a decline in visitors to the destination in 2015,
as described in Chapter 3, the development plans of the hotels opened in 2015 were
formulated a few years earlier when the tourist arrivals were on an upward trend.
FIGURE 18: NUMBER OF HOTELS AND ACCOMMODATIONS IN MALANG,
PASURUAN, PROBOLINGGO, AND LUMAJANG, 2011 TO 2015
Source: Provinsi-Jawa-Timur-Dalam-Angka-2013 to 2016
FIGURE 19: NUMBER OF ROOMS IN MALANG, PASURUAN, PROBOLINGGO, AND
LUMAJANG, 2011 TO 2015
Source: Provinsi-Jawa-Timur-Dalam-Angka-2013 to 2016
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Although Pasuruan has the highest number of hotels among the 4 cities, from the interviews
with local travel agents and hotels, not many tourists visiting the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru
stay there overnight. The main reason for this is the lack of tourist activities and facilities
(such as restaurants, travel agents, etc.) in Pasuruan.
It is noted that most tourists prefer to stay in Cemoro Lawang (part of Probolinggo)—where
there are plenty of guesthouses, hotels, tour operators (jeep, bike rental, horse rental), and
small restaurants—which is also close to the viewpoint and other popular tourist spots in
the National Park. For tourists staying further away from the National Park area, there is a
growing trend to stay overnight in Malang as the city is positioning itself as the gateway city
for Bromo-Tengger-Semeru and has the potential to be a tourist draw itself. It has put
increasing efforts into enhancing the tourist facilities in the city, such as developing more and
higher-quality accommodations, restaurants, and travel agencies. Furthermore, as more
Bromo visitors stay there, Malang aims to present its own local culture as a reason for visitors
to stay even longer in the city.
5.2 HOTEL MARKET TIERS
Although there are plenty of accommodations in the four surrounding cities, most of them
are guesthouses or non-star-rated hotels (accounting for 98% of the total accommodation).
According to the latest figures in 2015, there are only 31 star-rated hotels and the majority
of these hotels are 3-star or below. Among the 4 area cities, Malang has the most star-rated
hotels (over 80%), and is the only city with 5-star hotels, as seen in Figure 20.
FIGURE 20: NUMBER OF STAR RATED HOTELS BY CATEGORIES, 2015
Source: Provinsi-Jawa-Timur-Dalam-Angka-2016
5.3 PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES BY TIER
There are no available official statistics regarding the hotels and other accommodations in
the Park in terms of location, room inventory and performances (rates and occupancies
achieved). The below is only quantitative estimates from interviews with hotel and tourism
professionals in the area.
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Guesthouses close to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru (such as in Cemoro Lawang): The
average daily rate (ADR) of guesthouses near the National Park is estimated at IDR 300,000
– 500,000 per room. There is normally a 20% to 30% difference between weekdays and
weekends/holidays (higher). Occupancy of guesthouses is generally 80% to full during
weekends but much lower on weekdays and during the rainy season. Overall guesthouse
occupancy is estimated at approximately 30% to 40%.
Hotels close to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru (such as in Cemoro Lawang): The ADR
of area hotels is between IDR 500,000–700,000, with a 20–30% rate premium on weekends
and holidays. Demand for hotel rooms is high, especially among international guests and high-
spending domestic visitors, as there are a limited number of hotels in the region. Hotel
occupancy rates are higher than that of guesthouses, at around 50% to 60%.
Star-rated hotels in Malang: Although Malang is positioning itself as the gateway city to
Bromo, at present, leisure demand only accounts for around 20–40% of the total room night
demand in star-rated hotels. The remaining room night demand comes from corporate
demand and government meetings, incentives, conventions, and exhibitions (MICE) demand.
Hotel demand is strong in Malang, despite the high levels of room availability, leading to
occupancy levels of over 65–75%. However, ADR is slightly lower for hotels in Malang in
comparison with those closer to Bromo, ranging between IDR 450,000 and 550,000.
5.4 HOTEL FACILITIES & QUALITY
Guesthouses close to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru (such as in Cemoro Lawang):
Guesthouses usually have 2–4 guestrooms, mostly with shared bathrooms and basic local
style accommodations. Room capacity in guesthouses is usually flexible and can normally fit
up to 4 guests. Most provide only accommodations, though some provide breakfast and
other catering services on request. They typically provide homemade local food. They
normally have stable power and water supplies.
They are popular among domestic travelers, especially young people who are looking for
value-for-money accommodations and who are travelling in small groups. International guests
seldom live in these guesthouses mainly due to the language barrier and lack of information.
Hotels close to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru (such as in Cemoro Lawang): The hotels
close to the National Park are usually small- to medium-sized hotels with an average room
count of 30–50. Most hotels feature only an all-day-dining restaurant. They mainly serve local
cuisines with a limited selection of Western dishes. Some restaurants, such as the one in the
Lava View Lodge, feature nightly live music. The Jiwa Jawa Hotel, however, has a restaurant,
meeting rooms, art gallery, and an open stage where the famous Jazz Gunung event takes
place every year. In terms of meeting and other facilities, hotels close to Bromo-Tengger-
Semeru usually have only limited meeting space to accommodate small- to medium-sized
meeting groups, in line with the smaller number of guestrooms they have available.
Hotels in Cemoro Lawang such as Jiwa Jawa Hotel, Lava View Hotel, Hotel
Bromo Permai, etc.: Although they are mostly small non-star-rated hotels, they provide
decent hotel accommodations and food & beverage facilities in close proximity to the popular
spots in the National Park. They are popular among international leisure groups and frequent
independent travelers (FITs), as well as domestic tourists with higher spending power.
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Star-rated hotels in Malang: Star-rated hotels in Malang are mainly medium-sized hotels
with a room count of 120–180. They are fully serviced hotels with a wide range of facilities:
restaurants and bars, meeting rooms, and leisure facilities such as a swimming pool, gym, and
spa. These hotels usually have a better food and beverage selection. In addition to the all-
day restaurant serving both local and Western fare, some provide specialty restaurants or
bars, such as the Skyroom at the Best Western OJ Hotel. These restaurants target both in-
house guests as well as local residents. The hotels were built to mainly target MICE and
corporate demand; they usually feature a wider range of meeting rooms, from smaller ones
for 20 to 40 guests to multi-function rooms that can accommodate up to 200 guests as well
as leisure facilities such as a swimming pool, gym, and spa. However, given the push to
increase tourism in Malang and the accommodation quality gap in areas surrounding the
National Park, leisure guest bookings are increasing.
Star-rated hotels in Malang such as Best Western OJ Hotel, Savanna Hotel,
Santika Hotel, Atria Hotel, etc.: These are full-service, medium-sized, star-rated hotels
with quality guestrooms. They are higher-value-for-money than hotels in the Bromo area.
Leisure travelers, both domestic and international, who are interested to explore the city of
Malang and who do not want to pay the premium for hotels in Bromo area, prefer to stay in
these hotels.
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6. SMES: SUPPORTING TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE
(AMENITIES)
6.1 INDEPENDENT FOOD & BEVERAGE
The most frequently-visited restaurants around Bromo-Tengger-Semeru are close to
Cemoro Lawang. They are mostly small local restaurants with a capacity of 10 to 20 seats.
The average price for a local meal is IDR 30,000–40,000. Below (Figure 21) is the number of
restaurants surrounding the National Park.
FIGURE 21: NUMBER OF RESTAURANTS IN MALANG, PASURUAN,
PROBOLINGGO, AND LUMAJANG, 2015
Source: Provinsi Jawa Timur Dalam Angka-2016
6.2 TRAVEL AGENCIES
FIGURE 22: NUMBER OF TRAVEL COMPANIES AND TRAVEL AGENCIES IN
MALANG, PASURUAN, PROBOLINGGO, AND LUMAJANG, 2015
Source: Provinsi-Jawa-Timur-Dalam-Angka-2016
902
12750 21
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
Malang Pasuruan Probolinggo Lumajang
139
47 44
11
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Malang Pasuruan Probolinggo Lumajang
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Figure 22 above shows the distribution of travel agents in the areas around the National
Park. Most of these agencies offer tour packages to visitors, the most popular of which is a
sunrise tour to Bromo. Many hikers are also interested in hiking tours of Mount Semeru.
Other narrower-interest offerings include visits to Malang, Batu, Mount Ijen, and Sempu
island. Most agencies also offer guide services and vehicle hire. Each travel agency has around
8 to 10 guides. Freelance tour guides are employed during peak season to meet demand.
There are some other tourism service providers in the destination such as providers of
transportation: Jeeps, rental bikes, and horse-riding.
According to interviews, there is insufficient enforcement of regulations (or a lack of
regulations/controls) surrounding tourism activities inside or close to the National Park
where there are often reports of unregistered travel agencies and transport providers
approaching tourists or scamming tourists, overcharging them, or forcing them to buy
additional services.
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7. INVESTMENT ANALYSIS
7.1 FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI)
From the investment statistics on hotels and restaurants in East Java, the number of realized
FDI projects were around 5-6 projects per year in the period 2012–2015. This soared to 17
projects to the second quarter of 2016. However, total investment value dropped from a
high of USD 53 million in 2011 to less than USD 6 million in 2015. It should be noted that
the majority of the FDI in East Java went to Surabaya, the provincial capital, rather than to
Bromo-Tengger-Semeru. Yearly FDI projects and values in East Java (encompassing the 4 key
kabupaten and the most detailed information available) are shown in Figure 23.
FIGURE 23: REALIZED FDI ON HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS IN EAST JAVA, 2010
TO Q2 2016
Year Number of Projects Investment value (‘000 USD)
2010 1 4,450
2011 3 73,592
2012 6 53,130
2013 7 10,682
2014 5 4,723
2015 7 6,379
2016 (up to Q2) 17 5,790
Source: Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal (BKPM)
7.2 DOMESTIC DIRECT INVESTMENT (DDI)
The number of DDI projects in hotels and restaurants projects in East Java (encompassing
the 4 key kabupaten and the most detailed information available) has also grown from 2012–
2016, with a significant bump in 2015 and 2016. The realized investment value was the highest
in 2015 compared to the previous years and this was in line with the big jump in the hotel
supply of the area in 2015 mentioned earlier. This is shown in Figure 24 below.
FIGURE 24: REALISED DDI ON HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS IN EAST JAVA, 2010
TO 2016 Q2
Year Number of Projects Investment value (million Rp.)
2010 N/A N/A
2011 1 33,408
2012 5 146,353
2013 6 22,016
2014 5 24,420
2015 17 390,999
2016 (up to Q2) 27 132,980
Source: Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal (BKPM)
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7.3 ASSET CLASSES & SCALE (EXISTING & PIPELINE)
The existing asset classes for Bromo-Tengger-Semeru are mainly accommodations (hotels,
guesthouses, and home stays), restaurants, and transportation facilities (jeeps and vans). Most
of them are small- to- medium in scale. At the moment, accommodations, especially
guesthouses and home stays, are the most preferred assets due to their relative ease to
develop and lower development costs.
In terms of the pipeline projects, the number of guesthouses and home stays, as well as of
supporting tourist facilities in the National Park and its vicinity, is likely to rise in response
to increased visitor levels. The National Park’s restrictions on development means that the
bulk of this pipeline development will have to be realized in the surrounding cities, with
Malang being the most proactive in improving tourism facilities and accommodation products
to capture a higher percentage of tourists visiting Bromo. However, concrete and official
statistics regarding the pipeline projects are not available.
7.4 KEY PLAYERS/INVESTORS
• Tenggerese community: the local native community lives in the area and is involved
in tourism activities: renting jeeps, horse rides, homestays, restaurants, etc.
• There are no key domestic developers investing in the development of hotels and
restaurant projects in the area. It is understood to be the local community for the
most part.
• The Jiwa Jawa Resort Bromo (formerly Java Banana Lodge) is privately owned by
Bapak Sigit Pramono and forms part of a trio of hotels in Bromo, Ijen and Semarang.
He is also actively involved with Jazz Gunung.
• Local tourism authorities in the 4 kabupaten/kota in the area: Lumajang, Malang,
Pasuruan, and Probolinggo.
• Directorate General of Forest Protection and Natural Conservation (PHKA) which
is part of the Ministry of Forestry - administration of all Indonesian national parks.
7.5 INVESTMENT SENTIMENT: DOMESTIC & FOREIGN INVESTORS
7.5.1 FOREIGN INVESTORS INTERVIEWED4
Foreign investors canvassed on Bromo-Tengger-Semeru were largely uninterested in the
destination, despite its natural beauty, and would need to see improved accessibility and
commitment from the government to develop the Park into a destination with broader
appeal.
4 Investment sentiment gleaned from interviews with 25 potential and existing foreign investors from Australia, China, Japan, Malaysia, and
Singapore. The questions were aimed to better understanding their thoughts on pros and cons of SEZs, the tourism investment climate
in Indonesia, the future of tourism investment and possible investment opportunities in Lombok.
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7.5.2 DOMESTIC INVESTORS INTERVIEWED5
Domestic investors interviewed were mostly neutral on the investment potential of Bromo-
Tengger-Semeru. One investor already had a project near the park, and others noted that
its growing domestic popularity made investment in reasonably-priced but well-managed
accommodations a viable opportunity.
7.6 FINANCE
• Tourism-related businesses in Bromo-Tengger-Semeru and its surroundings can
apply for loans through the local Bank Jatim. It offers financing through two
programmes: Kredit Pundi Kencana and Kredit Laguna.
o Kredit Pundi Kencana is an opportunity for bigger companies in the service
industry, such as hotels and restaurants, to get up to IDR 500 million.
o Kredit Laguna targets SMEs by offering IDR 2 to 50 million in credit.
o The financial tenure is a maximum of 5 years for both programs.
• According to investors in the area, a lot of the SMEs around Bromo-Tengger-Semeru
are self-financed.
7.7 STEPS TO OPENING A BUSINESS
Within the National Park, it is understood that permits and licenses are controlled by the
Ministry of Forestry, which adds a layer of complication. As the National Park is a protected
area, the development of any tourism/accommodation projects needs to be confined to the
rules and regulations set by the Ministry of Forestry to maintain the sustainability of the Park.
In contrast, starting a business in the surrounding 4 regencies, especially a tourism-related
one, is rather easy and efficient. The following shows the typical procedures for starting a
business in Malang, according to interviews with investors in the area:
• The office of Integrated Information Service Agencies (Badan Pelayanan Informasi
Terpadu) provides a simplified process for creating new businesses. The Integrated
One Stop Service Centre (PTSP) aims to smoothen and simplify licensing procedures
for investment projects, removing the need for investors to visit various ministries
or government agencies to obtain necessary permits. Malang is one of the pilot areas
in Indonesia for this integrated process for creating new businesses. According to
interviews in Malang, the business registration process is more efficient under the
new system.
5 Investment sentiment gleaned from interviews with 9 existing Indonesian tourism investors. The investors chosen had interests in various
tourism assets including hotels, restaurants, ground transportation and travel agencies. The questions were aimed at gathering their thoughts on the pros and cons of SEZs, the tourism investment climate in Indonesia, the future of tourism investment and possible
investment in Lombok.
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• To establish itself as a tourism city, Kota Malang is encouraging the development of
tourist facilities in the area by offering support such as consulting and field assistance
to investors.
• Financial incentives for starting tourism-related business are available in Malang,
including tax allowance and exemption of import duties on machinery, goods, and
materials.
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8. SKILLS ASSESSMENT
8.1 WHAT SKILLS EXIST?
There are vocational schools in the 4 surrounding kabupaten. These schools help equip
young people with the basic entry-level hospitality skills. Supervisory skills or management
skills are mostly learned on the job or imported from big cities like Surabaya and Jakarta.
Accommodation: Most guesthouses are small family-run businesses, not professionally
managed. Hotels inside or close to the National Park and in Malang are not growing rapidly
and have a sufficient skilled labor pool to support them (entry, supervisor, and management
levels). Even for the rapid hotel growth in 2015, hotels in the destination and surrounding
areas were still able to get skilled labor from Surabaya.
Food and beverage: There are no large restaurants inside the Park requiring supervisor
or management level skills (except for restaurants in hotels or in cities such as Malang that,
for the most part, serve the local community).
Travel agencies: These agencies report having access to sufficiently-qualified entry,
supervisor, and management level labor.
8.2 WHAT ARE THE SKILLS GAPS?
As identified above, there are few skills gaps currently given the maturity of the market and
its lack of growth.
If Bromo develops further, a larger labor base will be needed, with the SMK providing basic
entry-level skills, such as service, culinary and language skills. Greater effort will be needed,
however, to develop local supervisor/management-level staff, most of whom are presently
sourced from outside the area.
There is untapped potential for Bromo to draw on its rich cultural resources. To best unlock
this potential, it is crucial to equip the local Tengger people with higher level skills to serve
tourists and manage businesses. Training could include:
• Regular service and language training for those who engage in tourism activities;
• Basic business skills training for independent operators of guesthouses and
restaurants to help them to professionalize and make them more market-ready. This
would involve sales, marketing, and technology training;
• Destination management organization (DMO) training could also be offered to local
people to develop cultural villages in the area;
• To minimize the adverse effects caused by increasing arrivals to the National Park
and to ensure sustainable tourism development of the area, it is important to make
environmental conservation training mandatory for everyone engaging in tourism
activities in the Bromo area; and
• Providing environmental science training for guides could enrich the depth of
information delivered to tourists.
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8.3 TRAINING SCHOOLS
As mentioned earlier, each of the four surrounding kabupaten have public vocational high
schools and universities with tourism management programs. Below are examples of this
type of school in Malang:
• SMKN 2 Malang: This school has been in operation for 52 years, offering tourism-
related courses such as such as tourism services, hotel accommodation, and culinary
training. There are over 2,000 students in SMKN 2 and around 50% of them are in
tourism-related courses.
• SMKN 3 Malang: this school has been appointed by the National Professional
Certification Board (BNSP) as the organizer of Education and Skills Competency
Assessor Training (Work Place Training Assessor). It offers courses related to hotel
accommodation and cuisine.
• SMK Cor Jesu Malang: This school has been open for more than 60 years and offers
hospitality and hotel courses.
Hospitality professionals have positive things to say about the quality of graduates from these
vocational schools, especially because they help alleviate the need for the companies to
provide basic operational and language training. But for higher-level management skills, in-
house training or skilled labor from other cities is still needed.
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DESTINATION SWOT & VISION
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9. DESTINATION SWOT
9.1 STRENGTHS
• Abundant natural resources, both geological and ecological, in the National Park.
• Popularity of sunrise views of Bromo among local and international tourists visiting
East Java.
• Rich culture of the Tengger people and Hinduism.
• Success of social events such as Jazz Gunung and the Bromo Marathon.
9.2 WEAKNESSES
• Accessibility difficulties: the National Park is at least 3 hours away by car from the
international airport in Surabaya, which is the gateway for the majority of the
international and domestic tourists arriving by air. Meanwhile, there are only limited
domestic flights from Jakarta and Bali to the closer airport in Malang.
• Road conditions to the National Park are sometimes rough and the travelling time
is long as there is no expressway.
• Insufficient star-rated hotels in the area to attract large numbers of international and
high-spending leisure guests.
• Overcrowding of popular spots in the National Park, such as viewpoints, as most
tourists visit those areas at the same time.
• Poor management of the National Park with (1) insufficient trash collection in
popular areas, and (2) insufficient toilets and signage.
• Lack of investment interest from both domestic and foreign investors canvassed for
this study.
• The additional layer of bureaucracy involving the Ministry of Forestry when applying
for permits/licenses to operate in the National Park.
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9.3 OPPORTUNITIES
• The highway under construction from Surabaya to Malang will shorten the travel
time between the two cities from 2.5–4 hours to around 1.5 hours.
• Potential upgrade of air transport capacity with plans to build an additional terminal
at Surabaya’s airport and a new international airport to be built in Kabupaten Malang.
• Surrounding cities such as Malang are enhancing their tourism attractions to improve
the visitor experience and capacity.
• Plans to encourage the development of cultural villages in the National Park to
showcase the culture of the Tengger people.
• Special docks for cruise ships could be developed at the Port of Tanjung Tembaga in
Probolinggo to target international guests. The Port of Tanjung Tembaga is around
3 hours (87 kilometers) from Mount Bromo and may offer an alternative route in
addition to the air travel modes for international guests.
• Under-utilized tourism potential: not enough support for the Tenggerese to develop
cultural villages for tourism. This is believed to have potential for domestic and
foreign tourism, as the culture provides a backdrop for the story of Bromo-Tengger-
Semeru. This is a story that can be enhanced, leveraged and packaged up for tourism
consumption.
9.4 THREATS
• An unregulated increase in arrivals may pose a threat to the natural environment
and ecology of the National Park.
• The large-scale volcanic eruptions that happened in roughly five-year intervals
disrupt all tourist activities in the area.
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10. DESTINATION VISION STATEMENT
Bromo-Tengger-Semeru offers unique scenery with close proximity to large urban gateways
(Surabaya and Malang) and should be developed into a world-class environmentally-
sustainable destination, focusing on its unique beautiful scenery, flora and fauna, which offer
world-class hiking and nature /culture-based activities.
Ecotourism should be the cornerstone of the destination’s development, which could include
(1) nature-base adventure tourism, and/or (2) community-based programs providing cultural
experiences to tourists. The destination should keep developing organically while avoiding
mass tourism and maintaining the ecological and cultural integrity of the National Park.
10.1 UNIQUE SELLING POINTS
• The Mount Penanjakan sunrise viewpoint and climbing Mount Bromo remain two
musts for tourists; access to these activities should be better managed to prevent
overcrowding or environmental degradation.
• It is essential to propose alternative pedestrian itineraries to Mount Bromo that can
be done independently, without a compulsory guide.
• Bromo has developed a few quality events, i.e. Jazz Gunung and Bromo Marathon,
which have helped to diversity the demand base of the destination. This should be
encouraged and enhanced, boosting the area’s domestic and international reputation.
Culture- and nature-based events are usually relatively small niche events that do
not stress the natural environment.
• The activities in the National Park are constrained by its carrying capacity, therefore
nature tours should develop in a sustainable way.
10.2 PRODUCTS AND ACCOMMODATION TO BE DEVELOPED
To support nature-lovers, hikers and cultural tourists (including those attending events) new
accommodation units should be developed near (or inside) the National Park. It is believed
that the small demand base would be best accommodated by the following types of lodging:
• Homestays or small star-rated hotels (between 10 and 30 rooms for small groups);
• Hotels with mid-tier comfort and pricing but with full service (breakfast, restaurant,
pool, organization of treks);
• The introduction of internationally-branded hotels to provide comfort to foreign
guests and more discerning domestic guests will also help the destination gain
popularity;
• Unique accommodation experiences within the villages of the Tengger people. They
should showcase the traditions and culture of the Tengger people, supplementing
village tours with traditional housing and local experiences; and
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• Designated camping/glamping sites inside the National Park, with sufficient supplies
of fresh water and power, to serve as alternative accommodations providing unique
travel experiences to visitors. This would be particularly appealing to young domestic
visitors who enjoy camping in national parks, on mountains, lakeside, etc. with their
friends.
It is believed that international visitors will remain a very small component of targeted
tourists, and limited to those on the Jakarta–Bali overland route. These intrepid travelers,
traveling through Java from Jakarta–Yogyakarta–Bromo–Kawah Ijen itinerary on the way to
Bali, will also be attracted by the small scale lodging recommended.
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MARKET DEMAND FORECASTS
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11. FUTURE MARKET DEMAND ANALYSIS
This section provides high-level projections for the scale, origin and characteristics of future
visitor demand to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru, based on the destination positioning outlined
above and a quantitative approach.
11.1 QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
Our forecasts are based on the assumption that:
• No major future volcanic eruption will restrict the access to the National Park; and
• The National Park will implement the necessary adjustments touched on in this report
to (1) improve the tourism experience and (2) encourage investment in accommodation
projects.
11.1.1 DOMESTIC VISITORS
Domestic visitors represent the majority of arrivals today, although they have dropped since
2014, due in part to an entry fee increase. Once the impact of the increase in prices is
absorbed, the level of attendance should recover to gradually reach the levels observed in
2014 (the forecast is for 550,000 visitors in 2021). Subsequently, we assume that visitor
growth to the Park will follow national-level trends in tourism demand: CAGR of 1.9%
between 2022 and 2026 and a slightly reduced 1.3% between 2027 and 2041.
11.1.2 INTERNATIONAL VISITORS
The number of foreign visitors to the Park is very low due to issues such as location,
accessibility and quality of accommodation. In fact, it decreased in 2014 and 2015, but mainly
due to one-off factors (volcano eruption and ticket price changes). The impact of these
factors is assumed to dissipate by 2021, when the number of international visitors is
projected to return to 2013 levels (i.e. 33,000).
In the medium term, if the problems of accessibility, accommodation, and general destination
quality are addressed, the national park should improve its attractiveness for international
visitors. On this basis, the forecast is for an increase in international visitors to 50,000 in
2026 and to 111,600 in 2041.
These forecasts are presented in Figure 25.
FIGURE 25: FORECAST OF VISITOR ARRIVALS TO MOUNT BROMO 2015-2041
2015 2021 2026 20412016-
2021
2022-
2026
2027-
2041
Domestic visitors 456,995 550,000 603,500 737,200 3.1% 1.9% 1.3%
Foreign visitors 17,016 33,000 50,000 111,600 11.7% 8.7% 5.5%
Total visitors 474,011 583,000 653,500 848,800 3.5% 2.3% 1.8%
Number of arrivals CAGR in %
Source: Horwath HTL
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11.1.3 IMPACT ON GUEST NIGHTS AND EXPENDITURE
Typically visits to the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park are a day trip that can start
from:
• homes (for local visitors);
• accommodation located near the park; or
• accommodation located far from the park.
The existing statistical data does not allow us to determine the relative proportions of day
trippers versus visitors who spend at least one night near the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru
National Park. For 2015 park visit statistics, it was therefore assumed that every visit
corresponded to one night, without it being possible to determine in what type of
accommodation and in which place this overnight was spent.
The hypothesis of a 1 day-1 night stay was also made for Indonesian visitors.
For foreign visitors, we have considered that the average length of stay could increase slightly
(to 1.2 nights from 2021), as some visitors extend their stays from 1 to 2 nights as the
destination develops.
Figure 26 presents the projected number of guest nights in accommodations and overall
visitor expenditure in Bromo-Tengger-Semeru: total visitors are forecast to generate total
revenue of USD 52.2 million in 2041 (USD 30.6 million in 2021 and 35.9 million in 2026),
which is more than twice the current expenditure of domestic and foreign visitors in 2015.6
Foreign visitors are forecast to contribute 36% of total expenditure in 2041.
FIGURE 26: FORECAST OF VISITOR GUEST NIGHTS AND EXPENDITURE IN
BROMO TENGGER SEMURU, 2015-2041
2015 2021 2026 2041
Guest nights
Domestic visitors 457,000 550,000 603,500 737,200
Foreign visitors 17,000 39,600 60,000 133,900
Total visitors 474,000 589,600 663,500 871,100
Expenditure (in Thousands USD)
Domestic visitors 20,840 25,080 27,510 33,610
Foreign visitors 2,360 5,510 8,350 18,620
Total visitors 23,200 30,590 35,860 52,230
Source: Horwath HTL
6 Based on BPS Exit Survey and BPS Domestic Survey. Average expenditure per day of USD 46 for domestic visitors and
USD 139 for foreign visitors, assumed to be steady in constant USD.
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INVESTMENT NEEDS
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12. AMENITIES: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
12.1 HOTEL PIPELINE & FACILITIES DEVELOPMENT
We are not aware of any concrete pipeline for new hotels in the National Park area.
The above positioning discussion and demand forecasts were based on assumed additional
rooms, product variety, and facilities. The following comments develop this further.
12.2 FORECAST OF FUTURE ACCOMMODATION NEEDS
The forecast for guest nights in commercial accommodation needs is based on the
assumption that most future visitors will use commercial accommodation located near the
park—specifically, that approximately 90% of the additional foreign visitors and 75% of
domestic visitors will stay in commercial accommodation, hotels, guesthouses or camping,
the development of which was recommended above.
Based on a room density factor (number of guests per occupied room) of an estimated 1.5,
the room nights in commercial accommodation will increase by 60,100 in 2021 and 210,200
in 2041.
Based on a reasonable long term stabilized occupancy rate of 50% (given the location and
destination type) the need for additional rooms will be 330 in 2021, 540 in 2026 increasing
to around 1,150 by 2041.
FIGURE 27: NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL ROOMS REQUIRED 2015-2041
12.3 OTHER TOURISM FACILITIES
In addition to the comments in the positioning discussion, the following products and services
should be developed to support increased tourism arrivals:
• New viewpoints with good accessibility to reduce pressure on the popular
Pananjakan viewpoint;
• The development of a museum(s) showcasing the destination’s distinctive natural
resources (geological and ecological) and cultural resources (the Tengger people and
Hinduism);
• Centralized and regulated transportation within the National Park boundaries;
2021 2026 2041
90,090 148,575 315,360
69,750 109,875 210,150
Foreign vis itors 20,340 38,700 105,210
Dens ity rate (clients P OR) 1.5 1.5 1.5
Additional rooms nights (v. 2015) 60,100 99,100 210,200
Occupancy rate 50% 50% 50%
Additional rooms required 330 540 1,150
Additional gues t nights in comm.
accomm. (v. 2015)
Domes tic vis itors
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• Souvenir shops and convenience stores; and
• More events in the vein of Jazz Gunung and the Bromo Marathon to showcase the
beautiful scenery and unique culture of Bromo-Tengger-Semeru.
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13. STAFF REQUIRED & SKILLS NEEDED
13.1 ACCOMMODATION STAFF REQUIRED
The above demand and supply forecasts will have a net positive effect on employment in
Bromo-Tengger-Semeru. Additional services and potential employment growth will occur in
all tourism-related sectors.
13.2 ADDITIONAL STAFF REQUIRED
Figure 27 above highlights the number of additional rooms forecast for Bromo-Tengger-
Semeru. Based on these additional rooms, Figure 28 below provides an estimate of the
number of staff required at entry level, supervisor, and management levels by assumed hotel
positioning. The hotel positioning is split into 5 categories based on actual achieved daily
rates in 2015 across the country, not specific to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru, where insufficient
information is available from which to draw staffing ratio conclusions.
Additional assumptions:
• % Total Rooms: the percentage of total rooms per rate category. For example, if the
figure is 0.42 this means that 42% of total rooms are within this rate category. The
estimates are based on the data collected in the Horwath HTL Indonesia Hotel Industry
Survey of Operations 2016;
• Staff / Room Ratio: staffing levels or full-time equivalents (FTE) per room. For example,
if the figure is 0.53 this means that 0.53 FTE are required per room. The estimates are
based on the data collected in the Horwath HTL Indonesia Hotel Industry Survey of
Operations 2016); and
• The staffing level split or proportion of total staff within each of entry level, supervisor,
and management level are based on estimates from market research:
- Under USD 40 (achieved average daily rate, 2015) is 10% management and 90%
entry level. It is assumed that this category includes homestays, smaller
properties, family-owned, and less professionally-managed properties. These
are assumed to have a slightly different staff split between management (who
are often owner relatives) and entry level, with no supervisor level.
- Over USD 40 (achieved average daily rate, 2015) is 5% management, 10%
supervisor, and 85% entry level. These categories are assumed to typically
include a higher proportion of star-rated hotels, greater professionalization,
larger properties, and thus staff across all 3 levels.
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FIGURE 28: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL STAFF BY HOTEL CATEGORY
Source: Horwath HTL
On this basis, by 2021 it is forecast that an additional 292 staff will be required to meet the
needs of the additional rooms projected. Between 2021 and 2026, a further 478 staff will be
required and between 2026 and 2041, 1,017 will be required.
13.2.1 ADDITIONAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Other supporting sectors that will benefit directly, should tourism arrivals projections and
tourism developments continue to grow and meet expectations, include:
• Food & beverage: in support of tourism.
• Retail: as an extension to tourism, souvenirs, if produced and marketed correctly, could
also employ a large number of local people.
• Tourism guides.
• Transport service staff for taxis, buses, hired cars, etc.
The volume of current staff in such positions is unknown, so we cannot estimated the precise
increase, however it is reasonable to expect staff numbers to at least double given the
forecast for a twofold increase in arrivals.
< USD 40 USD 40 - 80USD 80 -
120
USD 120 -
240> USD 240 Total
Staff / Room Ratio 0.53 0.83 1.15 1.56 2.70
% Total Rooms 0.42 0.31 0.11 0.13 0.03
Additional Rooms:
2021 140 103 37 42 9 330
2026 228 168 60 69 15 540
2041 486 358 128 146 32 1,150
Additional Staff:
2021 74 85 42 66 25 292
Entry Level 67 72 36 56 21 252
Supervisor - 9 4 7 3 22
Management 7 4 2 3 1 18
2026 121 140 69 107 41 478
Entry Level 109 119 59 91 35 413
Supervisor - 14 7 11 4 36
Management 12 7 3 5 2 29
2041 258 297 147 228 87 1,017
Entry Level 232 252 125 194 74 877
Supervisor - 30 15 23 9 77
Management 26 15 7 11 4 63
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14. TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE BASELINE & NEEDS
BASELINE
14.1 ROAD TRANSPORT
14.1.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS
Road Network
The road network in the study boundary consists of roads classified as national, provincial
and kabupaten roads. The total length of these roads in East Java is 47,732.41 km. The
majority of visitors are domestic visitors mainly from Java, hence, the East Java figures are
considered for a broad understanding of road conditions.
Figure 29 shows the length of roads by classification for East Java.
FIGURE 29: ROAD CLASS AND CONDITION AT EAST JAVA
Year Condition National Provincial Kabupaten Total
(1) (2) (3) (4) /Kota* (5) (6)
Length 2,027.01 1,760.91 34,183.46 37.971,38
2012 Good Condition 628.97 1,509.64 27,027.21 29.165,82
Proportion (%) 31.03 85.73 79.07 76,81
Length 2,027.01 1,760.91 37,018.98 40,806.90
2013 Good Condition 1,934.20 1,556.62 26,243.27 29,734.09
Proportion (%) 95.42 88.40 70.89 72,87
Length 2,027.01 1,760.91 41,305.22 45,093.14
2014 Good Condition 2,004.31 1,571.94 24,159.50 27,734.75
Proportion (%) 98.88 89.27 58,49 61,51
Length 2,361.23 1,760.91 43,610.27 47,732.41
2015 Good Condition 2,261.71 1,574.82 25,823.89 29,657.54
Proportion (%) 95.79 89.43 59,21 62.13
Source: Transportation Statistic East Java (BPS) 2016
In 2015, the ratio of paved roads in good condition was 95.79% for national roads, 89.43%
for provincial roads, and 59.21% for kabupaten ones. Hence, many of the kabupaten road
sections need to be improved, especially those near tourism attractions.
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Road Density
In 2015, the ratio of road length per number of registered vehicles in East Java was recorded
as 3.20 km for every 1,000 vehicles, a slight improvement over previous years, shown in
Figure 30. This ratio shows that the level of density of traffic flow in East Java is quite high.
This is due to rapid growth of the number of motor vehicles in comparison to the existing
road development. There is a need for traffic demand management.
FIGURE 30: ROAD CLASS AND CONDITION IN EAST JAVA
Year Length of National, Provincial and
Kabupaten Roads
Number of registered vehicles Ratio
2011 37,971 10,645,817 3.57
2012 37,971 11,529,441 3.29
2013 40,806 12,158,409 3.36
2014 45,093 14,896,934 3.03
2015 47,732 14,808,471 3.20
Source: Department of Public Works, East Java Province
External Road Access
Bromo is 3 hours from Surabaya by car. Cemoro Lawang is the most popular entrance gate,
accounting for 43% of entrances, as the majority of the visitors come via Probolinggo. Travel
time from Surabaya to Probolinggo in normal traffic conditions takes about 2 hours and 20
minutes via the Surabaya-Gempol toll road.
Tourists coming from Pasuruan would normally enter the National Park from the Wonokitri
gate. Travel time from Surabaya to Pasuruan in the normal traffic condition takes about 1
hour 20 minutes by Surabaya-Gempol toll road. On the other hand, trekkers hiking Mount
Semeru enter through the southern gates (mainly from Lumajang through Ranupani, and
some from Malang through Tumpang). Figure 31 shows the road access to the park.
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FIGURE 31: ROAD ACCESS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU
Source: Department of Public Works, East Java Province
Internal Road Access
Depending on distance, usually hotels organize transport to the crater by car or horseback.
For those with a moderate degree of fitness, the hike across the sea of sand and climb to
the rim of the active cone takes about 45 minutes. Roads at Wonokitri and Cemoro Lawang,
near the Bromo crater, are narrow, so much so that at times it is difficult for 2 vehicles from
opposite directions to pass. It would be advisable to widen these roads in the future.
Traffic Volume
In the study boundary, the highest traffic volume is observed in section between Surabaya
and Pasuruan (60,205 vehicles per day); the next-highest volume is the section running
between Pasuruan and Probolinggo (23,162 vehicles per day). Figure 32 below shows the
major road access capacity to Bromo area (Appendix III shows the detailed calculation of
existing road capacity based on the Indonesia Highway Capacity Manual and IRMS database).
BROMO-
TENGGER-
SEMERU
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FIGURE 32: REGIONAL ROAD TRAFFIC TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU
National Road IRI
Length
(km) Carriageway Capacity
PCU/
peak
VCR
1 Surabaya-Pasuruan 5 83 12 6,477 4,033 0.73
2 Pasuruan-Probolinggo 5.5 18.3 11 3,719 5,252 1.18
3 Surabaya - Malang 4.6 134.4 14 6,722 4,016 0.69
Source: Department of Public Works, East Java Province (road capacity calculation by Surbana Jurong)
NOTE: These roads are the national roads (external major roads) providing access to BTS. The road conditions of local roads are added
below.
Traffic volume for local roads to Cemoro Lawang, Wonokitri and Ranupani are not known.
However, based on observation and research, the traffic volume on these roads is very low.
14.1.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE
The road between Surabaya and Probolinggo via Pasuruan are the major roads providing
access to Bromo. Figure 33 below summarizes ratio of traffic volume over road capacity
(VCR) on the key roads, existing road conditions and the adequacy of major road
infrastructure. The road condition of local roads is presented separately.
FIGURE 33: ROAD ACCESS GAPS TO MAJOR TOURISM DESTINATIONS
No National Road Time VCR* Road Conditions
1 Surabaya-Pasuruan 1hr 20 min 0.73 Adequate, shortly will reach its capacity
2 Pasuruan-Probolinggo 1hr 1.18 Inadequate
3 Surabaya - Malang 2hr 30 min 0.69 Adequate
* Ratio of traffic volume over road capacity
No Local Road Time Road Conditions
1 Pasaruan – Wonokitri (45 km)
1hr 30 min Narrow Road (4-6 m width), generally
good condition
2 Probolinggo – Cemoro Luwang (40 km)
1hr 18 min Narrow Road (4-6 m width), average
condition
3 Malang - Tumpang – Ranupani (48 km)
2 hr Narrow Road (4-6 m width), average
condition Source: Field survey and research (Travel time)
Apart from roads, parking, which is very limited, affects access to Bromo. Limited or no
parking at all is available at the viewpoints, some of which are not accessible by car.
14.1.3 FUTURE PLANS FOR ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE
There are plans for toll roads in East Java, as shown in Figure 34. The government emphasizes
the utilization of private funds through public-private partnerships (PPPs) for smoother
transportation and enhancement of the toll road network. Among others, the sections listed
in Figure 35, which are part of the Trans-Java Toll Road, have been given high priority in the
acceleration program adopted by the Ministry of Public Works.
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FIGURE 34: EAST JAVA TOLL ROAD PLAN
Source: Dinas Perhubungan East Java Province
FIGURE 35: STATUS OF TOLL ROAD PLAN
Toll Road Section Length
(km) Status
Kertosono–Mojokerto 41 The first 14 kilometer phase of this toll road connecting Jombang
with Bandar Kedungmulyo opened on October 2014
Mojokerto–Surabaya 37 Part of the toll that has been operating is the 2.3-kilometer
section IA (Waru-Sepanjang, 2011]) as well as the 18.47-kilometer
section IV (Krian-Mojokerto, 2016). While sections IB 4.3 km
(Sepanjang-WRR), II 5.1 km (WRR-Driyorejo), and III 6.1 km
(Driyorejo-Krian) are planned to be fully operational in 2017
Surabaya–Gempol
(Surabaya–Porong)
43 In operation since 1984, discontinued at Porong due to
mud flow. There is a plan for a new 10 kilometres Porong-
Gempol Toll Road
Gempol–Pasuruan 32 Gempol-Pasuruan section I (Gempol-Rembang) lenth13,9 km
initially planned to be operated beginning 2016, but has ongoing
issue of land acquisition.
Planned to be operational in 2019
Gempol–Malang 32 Tendering, Planned to be operational in 2019
Pasuruan- Probolinggo 31 Under Construction, Planned to be operational in 2019
Source: Dinas Perhubungan East Java Province and PWC
The toll road sections Surabaya–Gempol–Malang/Pasuruan-Probolinggo will bring tourists
travelling to Bromo by road from the main air gateway in Surabaya to the park area. The
project will benefit from the reduced travel time.
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14.2 RAILWAY TRANSPORT
14.2.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS
For railway operation in East Java, the province is divided into three railway management
bureaus (DAOP, or Daerah Operasi): DAOP Surabaya, DAOP Madiun, and DAOP Jember
which operates under PT. Kereta Api (Persero).
The railway network connects Surabaya to both Malang and Pasuruan/Probolinggo. This
means that visitors arriving by air to Surabaya could reach the main gateways to the National
Park by rail. Moreover, the railway through Pasuruan and Probolinggo continues to
Banyuwangi on the far eastern tip of Java. As Banyuwangi is the primary crossing point for
travelers moving between Bali and Java overland, this indicates that visitors to the National
Park from Bali could also potentially use the railway for at least part of their journey.
14.2.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING RAILWAY
The current state of track conditions and the existence of many grade crossings and
intrusions into the right of way (ROW) make train operation slow, according to local staff
of PT KAI Daerah Operasi VIII Surabaya interviewed for this report. The rolling stock is also
deteriorating. Due to the aged engines and maintenance equipment, the operating speed is
less than the maximum potential speed. The number of operable trains is also limited. In
addition, the lack of linkage between bus and railway services is inconvenient for users and
residents who wish for high-quality door-to-door transportation.
Thus, the present railway network is not attractive for most travelers, and is not yet an
effective means as alternative transport access to Bromo for visitors originating from
Surabaya to Malang or Probolinggo.
14.2.3 FUTURE PLANS FOR RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE
On Java Island, there is a plan to eventually double-track the entire northern Java trunk line
(Jakarta–Semarang–Surabaya) and southern Java trunk line (Jakarta–Yogyakarta–Solo–
Surabaya).
14.3 AIR TRANSPORT
14.3.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS
There are two main airports used for access to Bromo. These airports are Juanda
International Airport in Surabaya and Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport located close to Malang.
There are international flights serving the destination via Surabaya, making it the air transport
gateway for international visitors.
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Juanda International Airport
Juanda International Airport is located in Kabupaten Sidoarjo, in the southern part of
Surabaya, 20km from the city. Juanda International Airport renewed operations on 15
November 2006, through financial assistance from the Japanese government. The passenger
terminal was relocated from the south side of the runway to the north side, not only to
increase passenger capacity but also to separate the passenger terminal from the mix-use
base terminal of the Indonesian Navy.
The airport has a single 3,000m runway which can receive a B747 class aircraft. Its passenger
terminal has a total area of 77,140 square meters and has a service capacity for 12.5 million
passengers per year. The airport currently serves 11 domestic airways and seven
international airways. The airport currently has flights to 34 cities and five countries.
The annual air passenger trend at Juanda Airport is shown in Figure 36. Juanda Airport cannot
accommodate further passenger demands without facility expansion.
FIGURE 36: AIR TRANSPORT DEMAND
Year
Juanda International Airport
Aircraft Passenger
Int Dom Int Dom
2011 10,145 105,627 1,409,415 12,364,466
2012 10,763 125,407 1,543,001 14,904,895
2013 13,983 125,277 1,822,373 15,861,582
2014 12,796 123,399 1,740,420 15,544,665
2015 12,198 124,853 1,687,053 15,456,858
Source: Angkasa Pura I
Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport
Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport in Malang serves as the domestic airport for Malang and the
Bromo area. The airport has a two-runway system with length 2,300m for civil aircraft which
can receive a B737 class aircraft and 1500m for military operation. Its passenger terminal has
a service capacity of 170,000 passengers per year. The number of flights between Malang and
Jakarta is 63 per week and between Malang and Bali is 28 per week. In 2014, total passenger
volume reached 158,000 with 1281 aircraft movements.
Figure 37 below shows the airport facilities in the two airports.
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FIGURE 37: AIRPORT FACILITIES AT JUANDA AND ABDUL RACHMAN
Facilities Juanda Abdul Rachman Saleh
Runway (Lm X Wm) 3.000 m x 45 m 2.300 m x 40 m
1.500 m x 30 m (military use)
Taxiway (Parallel) N1. 203,75 m x 23 m
N2. 285,75 m x 23 m
N3. 404,5 x 23 m
N4. 220 m x 23 m
N5. 250 m x 23 m
N6. 535,8 m x 23 m
N7. 203,75 m x 23 m
330 m x 23 m
4 x (140 m x 23 m)
1800 x 33 m (parallel taxiway
for military use)
Loading Apron Requirements 10 Wide Body Aircraft 3 Narrow Body Aircraft
34 Narrow Body Aircraft
Terminal Building Capacity 12,500,000 passengers/year 170,000 passengers/year
Source: Aeronautical Information Publication, DGCA and PT. Angkasa Pura I
14.3.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
Juanda Airport
Figure 38 is an image of the facilities at Juanda Airport.
Passenger Handling Capacity
As per existing airport annual capacity, Juanda Airport can handle 12.5 million passengers, so
the airport is operating beyond its intended capacity. This gap in terminal building capacity
needs to be expanded urgently.
Runway Capacity
Juanda Airport is not only a primary airport in Indonesia; it is also an Indonesian Navy facility.
Sharing the single runway with the navy remains a matter of concern even after the passenger
terminal and the navy terminal have been separated. Since it shares its lone runway and
airspace with the navy, the capacity of civil aviation is limited. According to Indonesia Airport
Slot Management, the existing runway capacity can only handle 26 aircraft movement per
hour. At current demand, in peak hours, 27 aircraft movements need to be handled.
The current flight headway (interval between flights) in Juanda is 1 minute and 20 seconds
during peak hours, meaning that runway capacity is nearing threshold. Aside from
commercial flights, there are about 20 military flights per day. Capacity issues are
exacerbated by the speed discrepancy between military planes (low speed) and commercial
planes (high speed). This discrepancy constantly leads to full time slots, thereby limiting the
number of additional commercial planes that can land. Thus, additional commercial flights
cannot be implemented.
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FIGURE 38: JUANDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
Source: ICAO Esri ArcGIS Database
Summary of Existing Infrastructure at Juanda Airport
Considering the existing air passenger demand of 15.4 million passengers and aircraft
movements of 137,051 aircrafts per year (27 aircraft movements in peak hour), the
adequacy of existing airport infrastructure at Juanda International Airport is summarized in
Figure 39:
FIGURE 39: EXISTING GAPS IN AIRPORT FACILITIES AT JUANDA AIRPORT
Facilities Juanda Assessment
Runway (Lm X Wm) 3,000m x 45m Inadequate to meet existing aircraft
movement
Parallel Taxiway North taxiway
South taxiway
Adequate to meet existing aircraft
movement
Loading Apron
Requirements
21 aircrafts stand needed in peak hour
Capacity: 44 aircrafts stands
Adequate to meet existing aircraft
movement
Terminal Building
Capacity
12.5 million Inadequate to meet existing air
passenger demand Source: Aeronautical Information Publication, Angkasa Pura I, Surbana Jurong Analysis
Juanda Airport infrastructure capacity needs to be improved in terms of both terminal
buildings and runway capacity.
Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport
Figure 40 is an image of the facilities at Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport in Malang.
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Terminal Building Capacity
Existing facilities at the airport can handle 170,000 annual passengers; as of 2014, existing
demand was 158,000. Therefore, it is highly probable that the facilities will reach full capacity.
There are plans to expand Abdul Rachman Airport, which should enable the facilities to
handle increased air passenger demand in future.
Runway Capacity
The estimated capacity of existing single runway is approximately 16 movements (Refer to
Appendix II).
FIGURE 40: ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT
Source: ICAO Esri ArcGIS Database
Summary
Considering the existing air passenger demand and aircraft movements (3 aircraft
movements in peak hour), the adequacy of existing airport infrastructure at Abdul
Rachman Airport is summarized in Figure 41:
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FIGURE 41: EXISTING GAPS IN AIRPORT FACILITIES AT ABDUL RACHMAN
SALEH AIRPORT
Facilities Abdul Rachman Assessment
Runway (Lm X Wm) 2,250m x 30m Adequate to meet existing aircraft
movement
Parallel Taxiway None Not required
Loading Apron
Requirements
3 aircrafts in peak hour
Capacity: 3 aircrafts stands
Adequate to meet existing aircraft
movement
Terminal Building
Capacity
170,000 Adequate to meet existing air
passenger demand
Source: Aeronautical Information Publication, DGCA, Surbana Jurong Analysis
14.3.3 FUTURE PLANS FOR AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
Juanda Airport
There is a plan for future expansion of Juanda Airport to cater the future demand, shown in
Figure 42. This includes construction of a new terminal (Terminal 3) and a second runway,
which is targeted to be operational in 2019. The second runway will serve 25-26 flights per
hour. It will be 3500 meters long to meet the air traffic demands and safety. The airport
operator also plans to make this the main runway in the future. As per Figure 42, a third
runway is also planned as part of Airport expansion plan. When completed, the upgraded
airport is expected to have a capacity of 75 million annual passengers.
FIGURE 42: FUTURE PLAN OF JUANDA AIRPORT
Source:Angkasa Pura I
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Rachman Saleh Airport
The government is planning to upgrade the runway to accommodate larger planes and
potentially upgrade it to an international airport. According to the Airport Master Plan
(Ministry Decree KP 283 Year 2015), the following projects are proposed for Abdul Rachman
Saleh Airport (seen in Figure 43):
• Construction of new terminal facilities including an apron (4 spots for B737, 1 spots for
A-300).
• Construction of a new terminal building at 18,200 m2 with a passenger handling capacity
of 1128 passengers during peak hours or 1.8 million per year.
• Runway extension to 3000 x 45 m.
FIGURE 43: ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT MASTER PLAN
Source: Directorate General Civil Aviation, Ministry of Transport
The proposed project is expected to improve Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport’s capability to
accommodate narrow body aircraft for medium-haul flights and increase terminal capacity.
The safety level will be improved to some extent at the same time because of the installation
of ILS (Instrument Landing System) facilities.
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14.4 SEA TRANSPORT
14.4.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS
The relevant port for accessing Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is located at Probolinggo,
approximately 35 km from the National Park. This port received around 30 cruise calls with
around 32,000 passengers in 2015. Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is commonly featured as part of
the program for cruises arriving at Probolinggo.
Existing port facilities are shown in Figure 44 and described in Figure 45. The 0.6 mile long
access channel between the offshore anchorage and the port basin is maintained to a depth
of -4 MLWs (mean low water springs) for a width of 50m.
FIGURE 44: NEW TANJUNG TEMBAGA PORT LAYOUT
Source: Google Earth Map
FIGURE 45: NEW TANJUNG TEMBAGA PORT FACILITIES
Port Dock area Length (m) Width (m) Depth of the Pool
(MLWS)
A West Talut Tegak Dock 364 4 -2,5
B East Talut Tegak Dock 640 4 -2,5
C Outer Dock 337 1 -2,5
D East Talut Tegak Dock 20 6 -2,5
Source: Pelindo III
14.4.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING SEAPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
The existing port infrastructure is suitable for a small class cruise ship with a gross tonnage
(GT) of 88,500 that can carry roughly 2,100 passengers.
14.4.3 FUTURE PLAN FOR SEAPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
PT Pelindo has plans to build a dedicated cruise terminal at Probolinggo. However, the need
for this new cruise terminal will be subject to future demand.
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TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT NEEDS
14.5 MARKET SHARE OF VISITORS
According to the market study, the share of domestic visitors will remain dominant in future.
Out of 583,000 visitors in 2021, around 94% are estimated to be domestic. However, the
share of foreign visitors will increase in the future. Out of 848,800 visitors in 2041, around
13% are estimated to be foreign visitors.
14.5.1 MODE OF ARRIVAL
The mode of arrival and visitor movement pattern is expected to remain similar to the
current trends. Land transport will play the most important role for Bromo. Most of the
visitors are expected to come from Surabaya and access Bromo through Cemoro Lawang
via Probolinggo. Hence, the road connectivity between Surabaya, Probolingo and Cemoro
Lawang is important.
The majority of foreign visitors and some of the domestic visitors are expected to access
Bromo by air in the future. Thus, Juanda International Airport at Surabaya is an important
gateway for most of the international visitors. Some visitors are also expected to arrive at
Malang Airport and access Bromo through Tumpang Gate. Hence, road connectivity
between Malang and Tumpang Gate will be important. Other road connections, like between
Pasuruan to Wonokitri Gate and the access route to Ranupani Gate will also play an
important role.
14.6 ROAD TRANSPORT NEEDS
14.6.1 ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
External Roads
Considering the current traffic volume along the national road to the Bromo-Tengger-
Semeru area, following are the key conclusions drawn:
• Surabaya-Pasuruan Road is currently adequate in terms of capacity. However,
capacity will need to be improved in the future. The toll road for Surabaya-Gempol
has been discontinued at Porong due to a mud flow. However, there is a plan for a
new 10 kilometer Porong-Gempol Toll Road. This segment of toll road needs to be
regularly maintained and improved. It recommended to extend this toll road to
Pasuruan in order to further improve the capacity and travel time to access Bromo-
Tengger-Semeru. The proposed toll road should at least have a capacity of 7000
PCU per hour to sufficiently meet future demand.
• Pasuruan–Probolinggo Road is currently inadequate and requires capacity
improvement. The new Pasuruan-Probolinggo toll road is currently under
construction and its capacity is estimated to meet to the increased traffic volume in
short term.
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• Gempol-Malang Road is currently adequate in terms of capacity. However,
capacity will need to be improved in future due to increased traffic volume. The
Gempol-Malang toll road is understood to be the committed project and will be
adequate to serve the increased traffic volume in the immediate future.
In summary, the aforementioned toll roads are largely committed and when completed,
will improve the accessibility of the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru area from surrounding
regions.
Secondary Roads
The current traffic volume in the secondary access roads to the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru
park is quite low and is anticipated to remain low in future as well. Hence, the road capacity
of all the roads including Pasaruan-Wonokitri, Probolinggo-Cemoro Luwang, Malang –
Tumpang and Ranupani will be adequate for the immediate term, though they will require
upgradation in the long term. However, at present the road widths of these local roads to
access the core tourism area needs to be standardized to 6m, in order to provide adequate
space for two vehicles to run in opposite directions. All the above mentioned secondary
access roads need to be well maintained in terms of pavement conditions, targeting for IRI
< 4.
14.7 RAILWAY TRANSPORT
14.7.1 RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
The railway network in the region connects Surabaya to Malang (2 to 3 hr travel time) and
Probolinggo (2 hour travel time) on separate lines. There are government plans to improve
the capacity. Although railways play an important role as alternative mode of transport;
investment in railway facilities cannot be justified from tourism point of view as the number
of visitors currently using this mode of transport is negligible.
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14.8 AIR TRANSPORT NEEDS
14.8.1 FUTURE AIR PASSENGER DEMAND7
JUANDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
• Air passenger movements at Juanda International Airport are estimated to reach 21
million in 2021 and about 35.4 million by 2041.
• The yearly aircraft movements are estimated to reach 177,287 aircrafts in 2021 and
313,020 aircraft by 2041.
ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT
It is understood that there are government plans to upgrade the runway to accommodate
larger planes and to potentially upgrade to an international airport. Expansion of the airport
will have the potential of an overlapping airspace with Juanda Airport. These alternatives
need to be evaluated not only from an economic or financial viewpoint, but also from various
aspects such as accessibility by land transport and environmental impact evaluation. Hence,
more detailed feasibility studies need to be conducted to upgrade the airport to an
international airport.
• Air passenger movements at Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport are estimated to reach
182,162 in 2021 and about 271,927 by 2041.
• Annual aircraft movements are estimated to reach 1,469 aircrafts in 2021 and 2,493
aircrafts by 2041.
14.8.2 AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
JUANDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
Juanda International Airport is operating beyond its infrastructure capacity. In 2021 and 2041,
air passenger demand is estimated to increase further. The main airport facilities will need
to be improved according to the estimated passenger and aircraft demand in 2021 and 2041
as shown in Figure 46.
7 The Future Air Passenger Demand and Aircraft Movement are estimated on a broad basis to assess the airport infrastructure
needs for tourism development. A separate detailed specific Airport Study needs to be conducted to look into the specific air passenger and
aircraft demand for individual airports.
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FIGURE 46: JUANDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT – INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
Existing
(2015)
Airport Plan
(2019)
Short Term
(2021)
Long Term
(2041)
Air Passenger
Demand 15.4 million NA 21 million 35.4 million
Aircraft
landing and
Take Off
Demand
137,051 aircrafts
per year
22 peak hour
movement
NA
177,287 aircrafts
per year
33 peak hour
movement
313,020
aircrafts per
year
58 peak hour
movement
Runway (Lm
X Wm)
3,000m x 45m
Estimated
Capacity: 26
movements per
hour
Existing Capacity:
Adequate
Second Runway
3500m L
Estimated
Capacity: 25-26
movements per
hour
Adequate with
Airport Master
Plan
Adequate with
Airport
Master Plan
Parallel
Taxiway Yes Yes Yes Yes
Loading
Apron
Requirements
21 aircraft in peak
hour
Capacity: 44
aircrafts stands
N/A N/A N/A
Terminal
Building
12.5 million annual
passengers
Existing Capacity
Inadequate
75 million annual
passengers Adequate with
Airport Plan
Adequate with
Airport Plan
There is a plan for Juanda International Airport to expand terminal and runway capacity to
accommodate 75 million passengers. The plan is needed and should be implemented by
phases. However, considering the airport is a regional facility, it is not justified to make
investments on this airport solely from tourism point of view for this destination.
ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT
In 2021, current airport infrastructure will be adequate to accommodate forecasted
passenger demand. Certain airport facilities that will need to be improved according to the
estimated passenger and aircraft demand in 2021 and 2041 are shown in Figure 47.
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FIGURE 47: ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT – INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
Existing
(2015)
Airport
Improvement
Plan
Short Term
(2021)
Long Term
(2041)
Air Passenger
Demand 158,819 NA 182,162 271,927
Aircraft
landing and
Take Off
Demand
1281 aircrafts per
year
3 peak hour
movement
NA
1469 aircrafts per
year
3 peak hour
movement
2193 aircrafts
per year
5 peak hour
movement
Runway (Lm
X Wm)
2,250m x 30m
Estimated
Capacity: 16
movements per
hour
Existing Capacity:
Adequate
Runway extension
to 3000 x 45 m
Existing Capacity:
Adequate
Existing Capacity:
Adequate
Existing
Capacity
Adequate
Parallel
Taxiway None None None None
Loading
Apron
Requirements
3 aircraft in peak
hour
Capacity: 3
aircrafts stands
Ultimate Phase
Capacity: 5 stands
3 stands needed
for aircrafts in
peak hour
Adequate
5 aircrafts
stands needed
in peak hour
Adequate
Terminal
Building
170,000 annual
passengers
Adequate
1.8 million annual
passengers
Adequate with
Airport Master
Plan
Adequate with
Airport
Master Plan
The existing airport capacity will be adequate in the short term; however, in the long term
the Airport Master Plan will need to be implemented.
14.9 SEA TRANSPORT NEEDS
14.9.1 SEA TRANSPORT INVESTMENT NEEDS
Cruise passengers are estimated to increase from 32,000 in 2015 to 75,000 passenger in
2021 and 149,000 passengers in 2041. The existing port infrastructure is suitable for a small
class cruise ship with 88,500 Gross Tonnage (GT) that can carry roughly 2,100 passengers.
Considering the limited demand for cruises, investments in cruise infrastructure will not be
the priority for this destination.
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15. BASIC CAPACITY INFRASTRUCTURE (AMENITIES)
BASELINE
15.1 BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES
Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park is the key tourism attraction in this destination
boundary. The Park spreads across 4 kabupaten. However, the attractions and
accommodations fall in 4 core tourism kabupaten, 1 kota and 3 kecamatan, as shown in
Figure 48 below. Hence, the infrastructure assessment focuses on these core areas.
FIGURE 48: BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU TOURISM DESTINATION AND KEY
ATTRACTIONS
Source: Google Maps, HHTL, Surbana Jurong
15.2 WATER SUPPLY
15.2.1 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY CONDITIONS
Local water utility (PDAM) water supply services reach 33.47% of households in Kabupaten
Pasuruan, 38.91% of households in Kabupaten Probolinggo, 11.30% of households in
Kabupaten Lumajang, 15.20% of households in Kabupaten Malang, and 76.08% of households
in Kota Malang. Water network coverage varies among the core kecamatan. PDAM water
supply services reach 93.33% of households in Kecamatan Tosari (Kabupaten Pasuruan),
100% of households in Kecamatan Sukapura (Kabupaten Probolinggo), and 10.04% of
households in Kecamatan Pasrujambe (Kabupaten Lumajang). In areas outside the PDAMs’
service areas, local residents use river water and groundwater as their main sources of water
supply.
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15.2.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING WASTE SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE
Exiting coverage of PDAM water supply is tabulated below in Figure 49:
FIGURE 49: EXISTING COVERAGE OF PDAM WATER SUPPLY
Core Tourism Area PDAM Coverage
(% of households served)
Kabupaten Pasuruan 33.47
Kecamatan Tosari 93.33
Kabupaten Probolinggo 38.91
Kecamatan Sukapura 100
Kabupaten Lumajang 11.30
Kecamatan Pasrujambe 10.04
Kabupaten Malang 15.20
Kota Malang 76.08 Source: BPS Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Lumajang, and Profil Kesehatan Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Lumajang
The majority of hotels near the National Park are located in Kecamatan Sukapura (Kabupaten
Probolinggo), where the Cemoro Lawang gate is located. There is no coverage gap there.
However, water shortages do occur during peak tourist season. Hoteliers purchase water
from outside of the vicinity during water shortage.
15.2.3 FUTURE PLANS FOR WATER SUPPLY
There is no concrete plan to mitigate the water supply gap during peak season in Bromo.
Improvement of coverage is required at Kecamatan Pasrujambe, as existing water supply
infrastructure there is not satisfactory.
15.3 WASTEWATER AND SANITATION
15.3.1 EXISTING WASTEWATER AND SANITATION CONDITIONS
According to STBM (Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat), 48.55% of the households in
Kabupaten Pasuruan, 59.31% of the households in Kabupaten Probolinggo, 66% of the
households in Kabupaten Lumajang, 80.11% of the households in Kabupaten Malang, and
83.86% of the households in Kota Malang have access to adequate sanitation. As for the core
tourism areas, accessibility to adequate sanitation facilities varies among kecamatan. 81.27%
of the households in Kecamatan Tosari (Kabupaten Pasuruan), 99.74% of the households in
Kecamatan Sukapura (Kabupaten Probolinggo), and 44.56% of the households in Kecamatan
Pasrujambe (Kabupaten Lumajang) have access to adequate sanitation. STBM’s definition of
adequate sanitation is sanitation facilities which are able to:
• Avoid water contamination
• Avoid contact between human and feces
• Avoid contact between insects/animals and feces
• No unpleasant smell
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• Easy to clean
The core tourism kecamatan have high accessibility to proper wastewater management
facilities. However, there is no integrated or off-site wastewater management system. Most
of the villages and hotels use individual septic tanks.
15.3.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING WASTEWATER AND SANITATION
INFRASTRUCTURE
Existing sanitation coverage is tabulated below in Figure 50:
FIGURE 50: EXISTING COVERAGE OF ADEQUATE SANITATION
Core Tourism Area
Adequate Sanitation (% of households
equipped with/ has access to adequate
sanitation)
Kabupaten Pasuruan 48.55
Kecamatan Tosari 81.27
Kabupaten Probolinggo 59.31
Kecamatan Sukapura 99.74
Kabupaten Lumajang 66
Kecamatan Pasrujambe 44.56
Kabupaten Malang 80.11
Kota Malang 83.86 Source: Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat
Wastewater and sanitation management quality varies in the Bromo area. The core tourism
kecamatan have greater access to proper wastewater management facilities. One major
concern regarding sanitation in Bromo is the availability of standard public toilets at the actual
tourist attractions, such as the viewpoints. There are insufficient public toilets in these areas
at the moment.
15.4 DRAINAGE
15.4.1 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING DRAINAGE AND FLOODING ISSUE
Most of the areas in the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park (including Kabupaten
Pasuruan, Kabupaten Lumajang, and Kabupaten Malang) are categorized as high-risk flood
zone, seen in Figure 51. Flood risk is low in Kabupaten Probolinggo and Kota Malang.
Flooding events that occur in hilly areas of the National Park could trigger landslide. Thus,
illegal logging and deforestation must be controlled.
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FIGURE 51: FLOOD DISASTER RISK INDEX MAP
Source: Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB), 2010
15.5 SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE
15.5.1 EXISTING SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL CONDITIONS
Generally, solid waste is collected manually and transported to a TPS (Tempat Pembuangan
Sementara, or Temporary Disposal Site). TPSs are located at residential and community
centers. From the TPS, waste is transported to a TPST (Tempat Pengolahan Sampah
Terpadu, or Integrated Waste Processing). Most TPSTs are located near the market and
managed by a kecamatan/district agency. Segregation of waste takes place in the TPST.
Remaining waste is then transported to the TPA (Tempat Pembuangan Akhir, or Final
Disposal Area). Procedure of solid waste collection and disposal is shown in Figure 52.
FIGURE 52: PROCEDURE OF SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL
Source: RTRW, Rencana Tataruang Wilayah
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The solid waste management system is insufficient in the core tourism kabupaten for the
Bromo-Tengger-Semeru destination. Coverage of sustainable solid waste management
(collected and disposed at designated TPA) is 12% at Kabupaten Pasuruan, negligible at
Kabupaten Probolinggo, 18.62% at Kabupaten Lumajang, 40% in Kabupaten Malang, and
96.09% in Kota Malang.
15.5.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXITING SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE
Existing coverage of sustainable solid waste management (collected and disposed at
designated TPA) is tabulated in Figure 53 below:
FIGURE 53: EXISTING COVERAGE OF SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Core Tourism Area
Sustainable Solid Waste Management
(% of solid waste generated collected and
disposed at designated TPA)
Kabupaten Pasuruan 12
Kabupaten Probolinggo 1.82
Kabupaten Lumajang 18.62
Kabupaten Malang 40
Kota Malang 96.09 Source: Dinas Kebersihan Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Lumajang
There is a large gap in solid waste disposal and management in Bromo, except Kota Malang.
There is a need to establish a sufficient waste disposal system to ensure the environment is
protected if tourist arrivals increase. Ultimately, all solid waste generated should be collected
and disposed at a dedicated sanitary landfill site.
15.6 POWER SUPPLY
15.6.1 EXISTING POWER SUPPLY CONDITIONS
PLN’s (the state power company) power supply network reaches 82.12% of the households
in Kabupaten Pasuruan, 81.14% of the households in Kabupaten Probolinggo, 62.73% of the
households in Kabupaten Lumajang, 91.93% of the households in Kabupaten Malang, and
almost 100% of the households in Kota Malang. As for the core tourism kecamatan, PLN’s
power supply network reaches 94.24% of Kecamatan Tosari, 51.07% of Kecamatan Sukapura,
and 48.08% of Kecamatan Pasrujambe.
Power in East Java is generated and distributed from 26 power plants, and distributed through
500 kV and 150 kV. Total capacity of power plants in East Java is 9,125 MW, and the system
is shown in Figure 54.
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FIGURE 54: POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN EAST JAVA
Source: The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016
15.6.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING POWER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE
Existing coverage of power supply network is tabulated in Figure 55 below:
FIGURE 55: EXISTING COVERAGE OF POWER SUPPLY NETWORK
Core Tourism Area PLN Coverage
(% of households served)
Kabupaten Pasuruan 82.12
Kecamatan Tosari 94.24
Kabupaten Probolinggo 81.14
Kecamatan Sukapura 51.07
Kabupaten Lumajang 62.73
Kecamatan Pasrujambe 48.08
Kabupaten Malang 91.93
Kota Malang 100
Source: BPS Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Lumajang, and Profil Kesehatan Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Lumajang
Power supply coverage is relatively less in Kecamatan Sukapura and Kecamatan Pasrujambe.
The hotels there would have an alternative power supply arranged for tourists. However,
there remains an overall need to improve power supply to the core tourism kecamatan.
15.7 TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE
15.7.1 EXISTING ASSESSMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE
There are no major problems with the existing coverage of telecommunication facilities in
Bromo. Coverage is satisfactory at the Cemoro Lawang area where most of the hotels are
located. Coverage of telecommunication facilities should be upgraded and expended to cater
for the expected increase of visitors.
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15.8 SUMMARY OF EXISTING BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Summary of existing coverage and gap of basic infrastructures in Bromo are tabulated below
in Figure 56.
FIGURE 56: SUMMARY OF EXISTING BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENT
Infrastructure Existing
Coverage
Existing
Gap Remarks
Water Supply
(households served
by PDAM)
Kab. Pasuruan 33.47% 66.53% Coverage varies among core
tourism kabupaten and
kecamatan. Full accessibility at
Kec. Sukapura where most of
the hotels are located
Kec. Tosari 93.33% 6.67%
Kab.
Probolinggo
38.91% 61.09%
Kec. Sukapura 100% 0%
Kab. Lumajang 11.30% 88.70%
Kec.
Pasrujambe
10.04% 89.96%
Kab. Malang 15.20% 84.80%
Kota Malang 76.08% 23.92%
Wastewater and
Sanitation
(households
equipped/ has access
to adequate
sanitation)
Kab. Pasuruan 48.55% 51.45% Coverage varies among core
tourism kabupaten and
kecamatan. Almost full
accessibility at Kec. Sukapura
where most of the hotels are
located
Kec. Tosari 81.27% 18.73%
Kab.
Probolinggo
59.31% 40.69%
Kec. Sukapura 99.74% 0.26%
Kab. Lumajang 66% 34%
Kec.
Pasrujambe
44.56% 55.44%
Kab. Malang 80.11% 19.80%
Kota Malang 83.86% 16.14%
Drainage
Kabupaten Pasuruan, Lumajang, and Malang
categorized as high risk flood zone
Kabupaten Probolinggo and Kota Malang
categorized as low risk flood zone
Illegal logging and deforestation
shall be controlled
Solid Waste
(solid waste
generated collected
and disposed at
designated TPA)
Kab. Pasuruan 12% 88% Existing gap (especially at
Kabupaten Probolinggo) has to
be closed at the soonest Kab.
Probolinggo
Negligible 100%
Kab. Lumajang 18.62% 81.38%
Kab. Malang 40% 60%
Kota Malang 96.09% 3.91%
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Infrastructure Existing
Coverage
Existing
Gap Remarks
Power Supply
(households served
by PLN)
Kab. Pasuruan 82.12% 17.88% No major issue with regards to
power supply
Upgrading and improvement
works are required at core
tourism kecamatan
Kec. Tosari 94.24% 5.76%
Kab.
Probolinggo
81.14% 18.86%
Kec. Sukapura 51.07% 48.96%
Kab. Lumajang 62.73% 37.27%
Kec.
Pasrujambe
48.08% 51.92%
Kab. Malang 91.93% 8.07%
Kota Malang 100% 0%
Telecommunication
No major issue with regards to coverage of
telecommunication infrastructure
Upgrading and improvement
works are required to cater
for increase of visitor
Solid waste management facilities are poor and insufficient in Bromo, particularly in
Kabupaten Probolinggo. Pollution caused by garbage will affect the image of Bromo as a
popular hiking site in Indonesia. Different approaches should be studied to minimize the solid
waste generated by the hikers.
Coverage of water supply at the core tourism areas is satisfactory. The development focus
should be to mitigate water shortages during peak season. Installation of water storage
facilities is recommended to meet water usage demand during peak season.
Coverage of adequate sanitation varies among the core tourism areas. Existing gaps should
be closed as soon as possible, especially in Kecamatan Tosari and Kecamatan Pasrujambe.
There is no major issue concerning power supply in Bromo. To maximize the available
capacity, it is important that action be taken to reduce power loss which is relatively high in
Indonesia overall.
There is no major issue with regards to the telecommunication facilities in Bromo. It is
recommended that the existing coverage shall be expanded at the core tourism kecamatan.
Illegal logging and deforestation shall be controlled as these are one of the factors causing
flood in Bromo.
BASIC CAPACITY INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT NEEDS
15.9 FORECAST POPULATION & VISITOR ARRIVALS
Basic infrastructure analyses are carried out for the short and long term with reference to
the projected population and visitor arrivals, as shown in Figures 57 to 58.
The population growth for the key kabupaten is based on the growth rate produced by BPS
at the provincial level.
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FIGURE 57: FORECAST OF POPULATION
Key Tourism Kab. 2015 2021 2041
Kab. Pasuruan 1,581,787 1,596,169 1,598,050
Kab. Probolinggo 1,132,443 1,142,740 1,144,086
Kab. Lumajang 1,030,187 1,039,554 1,040,779
Kab. Malang 2,544,315 2,567,449 2,570,475
Kota Malang 851,298 859,038 860,051
Source: HHTL
Visitors staying in commercial accommodation are assumed to be distributed among
kabupaten/kota in the same manner as in 2015:
FIGURE 58: FORECAST OF COMMERCIAL ROOMS REQUIRED
Key Tourism Kab. 2015 2021 2041
Kab. Pasuruan 717 816 1,206
Kab. Probolinggo 144 164 242
Kab. Lumajang 25 29 43
Kab. Malang 248 283 418
Kota Malang 156 177 262
Total 1,290 1,468 2,170
Source: HHTL. Guest per room = 2.0 for 2015, 4.0 for 2021 and 2041
Basic infrastructure demand projections are generated based on the projected population in
the key tourism kabupaten and kota, and the number of visitor arrivals staying in commercial
accommodation.
15.10 WATER SUPPLY
15.10.1 FUTURE DEMAND
With reference to the projected population and visitor arrivals and water consumption rates
(as shown in Figure 59), water demand forecasts are tabulated in Figures 59 to 60. Note that
these projections represent maximum requirements assuming that all piped water supply
would be provided by PDAM. In reality many non-PDAM local piped water supply networks
exist, often community operated, that deliver sustainable water supply.
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FIGURE 59: WATER DEMAND PROJECTION (L/S)
2015
2021 2041 Demand
Served by
PDAM
Not Served
by PDAM
Domestic
Kab. Pasuruan 1,831 613 1,218 2,217 2,220
Kab. Probolinggo 1,311 510 801 1,587 1,589
Kab. Lumajang 1,192 135 1,058 1,444 1,446
Kab. Malang 2,945 448 2,497 3,566 3,570
Kota Malang 985 750 236 1,193 1,195
Tourism &
Visitor
(Commercial
Accomm.)
Kab. Pasuruan 3 1 2 9 14
Kab. Probolinggo 1 0 0 2 3
Kab. Lumajang 0 0 0 0 0
Kab. Malang 1 0 1 3 5
Kota Malang 1 1 0 2 3
Total 8,270 2,457 5,813 10,024 10,044
Source: Surbana Jurong
Figure 59 above showcases estimated water demand (L/s) by different categories of
consumers in 2015 (with amount of water served and not served by PDAM). Projected
water demand by different categories of consumers in 2021 and 2041 are also presented. A
summary of the existing and projected water demand for each of the key tourism kabupaten
and kota are tabulated in Figure 60; while the ratio of estimated water demand to support
tourism activities with respect to overall demand is shown in Figure 61.
FIGURE 60: SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND PROJECTION (L/S)
2015 2021 2041
Kab. Pasuruan 1,834 2,226 2,233
Kab. Probolinggo 1,311 1,589 1,592
Kab. Lumajang 1,192 1,444 1,446
Kab. Malang 2,946 3,569 3,575
Kota Malang 986 1,195 1,198
Total 8,270 10,024 10,044
Source: Surbana Jurong
FIGURE 61: ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND RATIO
2015 2021 2041
Domestic 8,264 10,007 10,019
Visitor 6 17 25
% of visitor / total 0.07% 0.17% 0.25%
Source: Surbana Jurong
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Key Assumptions:
The average water demand for the study area is estimated by using unit water demand per
capita for local residents and visitors. The SNI 3-7065-2005 standard has been used, meaning
that the population and visitors should have access to sustainable piped water supply which
is defined as having a house connection and 24 hours water supply at 120l/cap/day for
domestic users and 250l/cap/day for visitors staying overnight. The adopted water
consumption rate in lpcd (litres per capita per day) for residents and visitors are tabulated
in Figure 62. The projected water demand is then converted to L/s (litres per second). The
unit rates of water consumption for different usages are expected to increase by 20% - 25%
in 2021 due to an upturn in living standards and water accessibility, and then remain constant
until 2041, assuming sufficient water conservation approaches and awareness among
residents.
FIGURE 62: WATER CONSUMPTION RATE
Type of Usage Unit Rate (lpcd)
2015 2021 2041
Domestic 100 120 120
Visitor VFR 85 105 105
Commercial Accommodation 200 250 250
Based on the above considerations, total existing water demand is forecast to be 1,834 L/s
for Kab. Pasuruan, 1,312 L/s for Kab. Probolinggo, 1,192 L/s for Kab. Lumajang, 2,946 L/s for
Kab. Malang, and 986 L/s for Kota Malang. From total demand, only about 29.71% are
provided by piped water supply. Water demand in 2021 and 2041 is estimated to be about
2,226 L/s and 2,234 L/s in Kab. Pasuruan, 1,589 L/s and 1,592 L/s in Kab. Probolinggo, 1,444
L/s and 1,446 L/s in Kab. Lumajang, 3,569 L/s and 3,575 L/s in Kab. Malang, and 1,195 L/s and
1,198 L/s in Kota Malang. Water demand for tourism activities is less than 1% of the overall
water demand.
15.10.2 WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
The following key projects for water supply infrastructure are recommended:
Short Term Recommendations (2021)
• 100% piped water coverage at key tourism Kecamatan (Kec. Tosari, Sukapura, and
Pasrujambe);
• Expansion of existing water supply networks and construction of new networks to meet
the above-mentioned targets;
• Expansion of existing water treatment plants to utilize available water sources; and
• Effective and necessary efforts should be put in place to reduce water loss to 20%
Long Term Recommendations (2041)
• Construction of new water treatment plant(s) to produce potable water from the
existing and identified water sources;
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• Expansion of existing water supply networks and the construction of networks to serve
the potential growth of population and visitor arrivals; and
• Effective and necessary efforts should be made to reduce water loss to 10%.
15.11 WASTEWATER AND SANITATION
15.11.1 FUTURE DEMAND
With reference to the projected population and visitor arrivals, the forecast for sewage
generation is tabulated in Figures 63 to 64. Sewage generation is assumed at 80% of water
supplied. Note that current coverage of adequate sanitation in this analysis relates to STBM
standards. Actual current sustainable sanitation coverage is lower because STBM quality
standards are inferior to national standard SPM Permen PU 01/PRT/M/2014.
FIGURE 63: SEWAGE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/S)*
2015
2021 2041 Demand
Adequate
Sanitation
Inadequate
Sanitation
Domestic
Kab. Pasuruan 1,465 711 754 1,774 1,776
Kab. Probolinggo 1,049 622 427 1,270 1,271
Kab. Lumajang 954 630 324 1,155 1,156
Kab. Malang 2,356 1,887 469 2,853 2,856
Kota Malang 788 661 127 954 956
Tourism & Visitor
(Commercial
Accomm.)
Kab. Pasuruan 3 3 - 8 11
Kab. Probolinggo 1 1 - 2 2
Kab. Lumajang 0 0 - 0 0
Kab. Malang 1 1 - 3 4
Kota Malang 1 1 - 2 2
Total 6,616 4,516 2,100 8,019 8,035
Source: Surbana Jurong * Sewage generation = 80% water consumed
Figure 63 above showcases estimated sewage generation (L/s) by different categories of
consumers in 2015 (with the amount of adequate and inadequate sanitation as per STBM
standards). Projected sewage generation by different categories of consumers in 2021 and
2041 are also presented. The summary of existing and projected sewage generation for each
of the key tourism kabupaten and kota are tabulated in Figure 64 while the ratio of estimated
sewage generation from tourism activities with respect to overall generation is shown in
Figure 65.
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FIGURE 64: SUMMARY OF SEWAGE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/S)
2015 2021 2041
Kab. Pasuruan 1,467 1,781 1,787
Kab. Probolinggo 1,049 1,271 1,273
Kab. Lumajang 954 1,155 1,157
Kab. Malang 2,357 2,855 2,860
Kota Malang 789 956 958
Total 6,616 8,019 8,035
Source: Surbana Jurong
FIGURE 65: ESTIMATED SEWAGE GENERATION RATIO
2015 2021 2041
Domestic 6,611 8,006 8,015
Visitor 5 14 20
% of visitor / total 0.07% 0.17% 0.25%
Source: Surbana Jurong
The total current sewage generation is estimated to be 1,468 L/s for Kab. Pasuruan, 1,050
L/s for Kab. Probolinggo, 954 L/s for Kab. Lumajang, 2,357 L/s for Kab. Malang and 789 L/s
for Kota Malang. From the total generated sewage 68.26% is discharged and managed by
STBM standard sanitation facilities. Sewage generation in 2021 and 2041 is forecast to be
about 1,782 L/s and 1,787 L/s for Kab. Pasuruan, 1,272 L/s and 1,273 L/s for Kab. Probolinggo,
1,155 L/s and 1,156 L/s for Kab. Lumajang, 2,856 L/s and 2,860 L/s for Kab. Malang, and 956
L/s and 958 L/s for Kota Malang. Sewage generation from visitors is less than 1% of overall
sewage generation.
15.11.2 WASTEWATER AND SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
The following key projects for wastewater and sanitation infrastructure are recommended
for the short term (2021):
• 100% coverage of sustainable sanitation at key tourism Kecamatan (Kec. Tosari,
Sukapura, and Pasrujambe);
• In accordance with the national service standards for public works and spatial planning
(SPM Permen PU 01/PRT/M/2014) sustainable sanitation is defined as having access to a
private or a communal (MCK) toilet connected to a septic tank or to a piped sewer
system with downstream treatment facilities. If population density is higher than 300
inhabitants/ha, an off-site sewer system is required with centralized wastewater
treatment plant. Waste water treatment facilities must meet specified technical and
effluent quality standards.
• Installation of sufficient numbers of septic tanks in residential areas;
• Small scale wastewater treatment plants are recommended at the hotels/ resorts; and
• Public toilet and sanitation facilities should be provided at tourism sites.
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Recommendations for the long term (2041) are as below:
• 100% coverage of sustainable sanitation at key tourism kabupaten;
• Development of integrated sewage treatment facilities, including sewage treatment plants
and sewerage networks.
15.12 DRAINAGE
15.12.1 DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
Most of the areas in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (including Kabupaten
Pasuruan, Kabupaten Lumajang and Kabupaten Malang) are categorized as High risk flood
zone. Maintenance and upgrading of the existing drainage systems is necessary as more
tourists are expected. Illegal logging and deforestation should be controlled.
15.13 SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE
15.13.1 FUTURE DEMAND
With reference to the projected population and visitor arrivals, and the rate of solid waste
generation (as shown in Figure 69), the forecast for solid waste generation is tabulated in
Figures 66 to 67:
FIGURE 66: SOLID WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/DAY)
2015
2021 2041 Demand
Sustainable
Management
Unsustainable
Management
Domestic
Kab. Pasuruan 3,559,021 427,082 3,131,938 3,591,381 4,314,736
Kab. Probolinggo 2,547,997 46,374 2,501,623 2,571,164 3,089,033
Kab. Lumajang 2,317,921 431,597 1,886,324 2,338,996 2,810,104
Kab. Malang 5,724,709 2,289,884 3,434,825 5,776,760 6,940,282
Kota Malang 1,915,421 1,840,528 74,893 1,932,836 2,322,137
Tourism & Visitor
(Commercial
Accommodation)
Kab. Pasuruan 5018 602 4416 11424 20254
Kab. Probolinggo 1006 18 987 2290 4059
Kab. Lumajang 178 33 145 405 719
Kab. Malang 1739 696 1043 3959 7019
Kota Malang 1089 1047 43 2480 4398
Total 16,074,098 5,037,860 11,036,238 16,231,697 19,512,742
Source: Surbana Jurong
Figure 66 above showcases estimated solid waste generation (L/day) by different categories
of consumers in 2015 (with amount of sustainable and unsustainable management).
Projected solid waste generation by different categories of consumers in 2021 and 2041 is
also presented. The summary of existing and projected sewage generation for each of the
key tourism kabupaten is presented in Figure 67, while the ratio of estimated sewage
generation from tourism activities with respect to overall generation is shown in Figure 68.
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FIGURE 67: SUMMARY OF SEWAGE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/DAY)
2015 2021 2041
Kab. Pasuruan 3,564,039 3,602,805 4,334,991
Kab. Probolinggo 2,549,002 2,573,454 3,093,093
Kab. Lumajang 2,318,099 2,339,402 2,810,822
Kab. Malang 5,726,448 5,780,719 6,947,302
Kota Malang 1,916,510 1,935,317 2,326,535
Total 16,074,098 16,231,697 19,512,742
Source: Surbana Jurong
FIGURE 68: ESTIMATED SOLID WASTE GENERATION RATIO
2015 2021 2041
Domestic 16,065,068 16,211,138 19,476,293
Visitor 9,030 20,559 36,450
% of visitor / total 0.06% 0.13% 0.19%
Source: Surbana Jurong
15.13.2 KEY ASSUMPTIONS:
The average solid waste generation for the study area is estimated by using solid waste
generation unit rates per capita for local residents and visitors. The adopted rate in L/c/d
(litres per capita per day) for residents and visitors is tabulated in Figure 69. It is forecast
that there will be no changes in the unit rate of solid waste generation over the short term
(2021), but it will increase by 20% in the longer term (2041).
FIGURE 69: RATE OF SOLID WASTE GENERATION8
Type of Usage Unit Rate (L/capita/day)
2015 2021 2041
Domestic 2.25 2.25 2.7
Visitor VFR 1.6 1.6 1.92
Commercial Accommodation 3.5 3.5 4.2
Our analysis shows that total solid waste generation in 2015 is forecast to be 3,564,039 L/day
in Kab. Pasuruan, 2,549,003 L/day in Kab. Probolinggo, 2,318,099 L/day in Kab. Lumajang,
5,726,448 L/day in Kab. Malang, and 1,916,510 L/day in Kota Malang. From the total solid
waste generated, only about 31.34% is collected and disposed at the designated TPAs. Solid
waste generation in 2021 and 2041 is estimated to be about 3,602,805 L/day and 4,334,990
L/day in Kab. Pasuruan, 2,573,454 L/day and 3,093,092 L/day in Kab. Probolinggo, 2,339,401
L/day and 2,810,823 L/day in Kab. Lumajang, 5,780,719 L/day and 6,947,301 L/day in Kab.
Malang, and 1,935,316 L/day and 2,326,535 L/day in Kota Malang. Solid waste generated from
tourism activities is less than 1% of the overall generation.
8 Reference: Standard for Setting of Town Environmental Sanitation Facilities, China and Ministry of the Environment and Water
Resources, Singapore, Kosuke. K, Tomohiro. T. Revisiting Estimates of Municipal Solid Wastes Generation per Capita and Their
Reliability, 2015.
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15.13.3 SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
Sustainable solid waste management services shall be made available in all key tourism areas.
According to the national service standards for public works and spatial planning (SPM
Permen PU 01/PRT/M/2014), sustainable solid waste management is defined as having access
to a solid waste collection services of at least twice a week and transport of waste collected
to a transfer station or a processing unit. Solid waste management operations must be in
accordance with national technical standards for management of solid waste facilities
(Permen PU 03-2013) and for urban waste management techniques (SNI 19-2454-2002).
Sustainable solid waste facilities should be made available at residential areas, markets and
visitor attractions. Organized collection, transportation and disposal systems are necessary,
particularly in the key tourism areas.
As such, the following solid waste infrastructure projects are recommended for the short
term (2021):
• 100% sustainable solid waste management sanitation at key tourism Kecamatan (Kec.
Tosari, Sukapura, and Pasrujambe);
• Allocation of sufficient numbers of Temporary Disposal Sites (TPS);
• Increase in the capacity of trash trucks and in the frequency of collection is needed;
• Education and enforcement is needed to create awareness among residents of the
importance of solid waste management and to forbid them from disposing rubbish into
water bodies; and
• Expansion of existing Final Disposal Sites (if there is room for expansion) and allocation
of new Final Disposal Sites (to adopt sanitary landfill methods).
Recommendations for the long term (2041) are as below:
• Solid waste collection and disposal facilities should be increased and expanded
accordingly;
• Allocation of more Integrated Waste Processing Sites (TPST) will be needed so that solid
waste is sorted and segregated before being transported to Final Disposal Sites (TPA).
This can reduce the amount of waste delivered and is a more sustainable and
environmental friendly approach; and
• Development of sanitary landfill site(s) with sufficient capacity. Location of the landfill
sites should be studied, taking into consideration the distance from the residential and
tourism attractions, and environmental sensitivity. Landfill sites can fill up quickly if waste
is not reduced and reusable waste is not collected, separated and recycled. There is also
the risk of groundwater contamination if waste is not sealed correctly or if the liner
system of the landfill site is damaged. Hence, landfill sites protect community health only
if they are well managed.
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15.14 POWER SUPPLY
15.14.1 FUTURE DEMAND
With reference to the projected population and visitor arrivals, and the power consumption
rate (as shown in Figure 73), the forecast for power demand is tabulated in Figures 70 to 71:
FIGURE 70: POWER DEMAND PROJECTION (MWH)
2015
2021 2041 Demand
Served by
PLN
Not Served
by PLN
Domestic
Kab. Pasuruan 1,581,787 1,299,027 282,760 3,990,423 7,590,740
Kab. Probolinggo 1,132,443 918,835 213,608 2,856,849 5,434,411
Kab. Lumajang 1,030,187 646,244 383,943 2,598,885 4,943,701
Kab. Malang 2,544,315 2,338,989 205,326 6,418,622 12,209,756
Kota Malang 851,298 851,298 - 2,147,596 4,085,241
Tourism & Visitor
(Commercial
Accommodation)
Kab. Pasuruan 2,867 2,355 513 4,080 7,234
Kab. Probolinggo 575 466 108 818 1,450
Kab. Lumajang 102 64 38 145 257
Kab. Malang 994 913 80 1,414 2,507
Kota Malang 623 623 - 886 1,571
Total 7,145,190 6,058,814 1,086,376 18,019,718 34,276,866
Source: Surbana Jurong
Figure 70 above shows estimated power demand (Mwh) by different categories of consumers
in 2015 (with amount of power served and not served by PLN). Projected power demand
by different categories of consumers in 2021 and 2041 is also presented. The summary of
existing and projected power demand for each of the key tourism kabupaten and Kota is
presented in Figure 71, while the ratio of estimated power demand to support tourism
activities with respect to overall demand is shown in Figure 72.
FIGURE 71: SUMMARY OF POWER DEMAND PROJECTION (MWH)
2015 2021 2041
Kab. Pasuruan 1,584,654 3,994,503 7,597,974
Kab. Probolinggo 1,133,018 2,857,667 5,435,860
Kab. Lumajang 1,030,289 2,599,029 4,943,957
Kab. Malang 2,545,309 6,420,036 12,212,263
Kota Malang 851,921 2,148,482 4,086,812
Total 7,145,190 18,019,718 34,276,866
Source: Surbana Jurong
FIGURE 72: ESTIMATED POWER DEMAND RATIO
2015 2021 2041
Domestic 7,140,030 18,012,375 34,263,848
Visitor 5,160 7,342 13,018
% of visitor / total 0.07% 0.04% 0.04%
Source: Surbana Jurong
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Key Assumptions:
The adopted rate Kwh (Kilowatt hours) for residents and visitors is tabulated in Figure 73.
It is estimated that the unit rate of power consumption will increase in both the short term
(2021) and long term (2041).
FIGURE 73: POWER CONSUMPTION RATE9
Type of Usage Unit Rate (Kwh)
2015 2021 2041
Domestic (per person), including VFR 1,000 2,500 4,750
Visitor Commercial Accommodation
(per room) 4,000 5,000 6,000
Based on the above considerations, total existing power demand is forecast to be 1,584,654
Mwh for Kab. Pasuruan, 1,133,018 Mwh for Kab. Probolinggo, 1,030,289 Mwh for Kab.
Lumajang, 2,545,309 Mwh for Kab. Malang, and 851,921 Mwh for Kota Malang. Out of the
total demand, about 84.80% is fulfilled by the PLN power network. Power demand in 2021
and 2041 is estimated to be about 3,994,503 Mwh and 7,597,974 Mwh at Kab. Pasuruan,
2,857,667 Mwh and 5,435,861 Mwh at Kab. Probolinggo, 2,599,030 Mwh and 4,943,958 Mwh
at Kab. Lumajang, 6,420,036 Mwh and 12,212,263 Mwh at Kab. Malang, 2,148,482 Mwh and
4,086,812 Mwh at Kota Malang. Power demand for tourism activities is less than 1% of the
overall demand.
15.14.2 POWER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
There is no major concern with regards to power supply to support the tourism activities
due to the relatively low demand of visitors as compared to that of residents.
The following key power supply infrastructure projects are recommended for the short term
(2021):
• 100% coverage of PLN power supply at key tourism Kecamatan (Kec. Tosari, Sukapura,
and Pasrujambe);
• Expansion of existing power transmission and distribution networks and construction of
new networks to meet the above mentioned target.
Recommendations for the long term (2041) are as below:
• Expansion of existing power plants (if there is room for expansion) and construction of
new power plants to generate sufficient power; and
• Expansion of existing power supply networks and construction of new networks to
transmit and distribute generated power from PLN’s power plant to support potential
growth of power demand.
9 Reference: National Energy Council, Republic of Indonesia. Bin Su, Hotel Design and Energy Consumption, 2012.
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15.15 TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE
15.15.1 TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
The expansion of existing telecommunication coverage is required to support the additional
growth in population and visitor arrivals. This is important to ensure sufficient connectivity
in case of emergencies, and to enable visitors to share their travel experiences. Collaboration
between the authorities and the telecom companies is needed to improve the
telecommunication infrastructure. Projected population and visitor arrivals should be made
known to the telecom companies so that upgrading and expansion of telecommunication
facilities can be planned in advance.
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KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
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16. WHAT WILL TRIGGER INVESTMENT?
Investment responds to actual increases or anticipated future increases in demand. To
mobilize private investment, investors need to be convinced that the anticipated future
increases in demand will materialize and that the process of investment will be satisfactory.
In the following sections, we will provide:
• recommendations for improvements in the regulatory environment and destination
management;
• recommendations for products and services that are suitable for development and
management by SMEs; and
• recommendations for tourism-driven infrastructure investments, both transport and
basic capacity.
16.1 RECOMMENDATIONS ON DESTINATION ENHANCEMENTS
The following destination enhancements will help foster investment in Bromo-Tengger-
Semeru and help the destination to realize its estimated potential visitor demand:
• A National Park Plan for the development of tourism facilities that enlarge tourism
capacity. This should include zoning for various business types, lending legitimacy and
transparency to the destination; and
• Continued improvement of tourist facilities in the gateway cities such as Lumajang,
Malang, Pasuruan, and Probolinggo, and enhanced accessibility from these cities to
the National Park.
16.2 LEGAL & REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT ENHANCEMENTS
The following legal and regulatory environment enhancements will also help foster investor
confidence and drive both domestic and foreign investment in Bromo-Tengger-Semeru:
• Stricter control on tourist activities inside and around the National Park by suppressing
illegal travel agencies. At the moment, neither the National Park nor tourism authorities
of the surrounding kabupaten are regulating the situation, which causes frustration for
tourists.
• Oversight and inspections of the existing tourism providers to ensure they have the
requisite licenses to operate, follow environmental practices, and have sufficient training
to provide professional services.
• Environmental regulations must be enacted and enforced to ensure the fragile ecosystem
is safeguarded.
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16.3 SME DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS
For forecasts to be met, there must be a significant increase in businesses serving the tourism
sector, many of which will be SMEs. They will deliver services supporting the larger
investments. To encourage sufficient SME development to meet the demand, the
government may need to mobilize assistance specifically targeted at SMEs.
SMEs are integral to the success of a destination, as they play a significant role in creating
local employment and engaging local people in the tourism industry, and contributing to long-
term and sustainable economic development.
16.3.1 SME: PRODUCTS & SERVICES
The following products and services, in line with the vision for future growth, provide
opportunities for SMEs to develop in the destination.
• Most SMEs providing accommodations and transportation facilities are focusing on
increasing the quantity of their products to meet the increasing arrivals, instead of
enhancing the quality of their services. For the long term sustainable success of the
destination, a stronger emphasis must be placed on service quality.
• Restaurants and accommodation products targeting the wider needs and
preferences of international and domestic guests must be developed.
• Tourist information centers at the entrance gates of the National Park.
• A website containing all useful information about the destination with links to book
transportation, accommodation, tours, event tickets, etc.
• Cultural performances by the local Tengger people.
• Multilingual guides.
16.3.2 SME DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS
To encourage SMEs to seek new business growth opportunities, many assistance programs
and changes from the government are required, including:
• Encouragement and support for the building of guesthouses and homestays in and
around the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru area. This includes further training to make the
operators market-ready once operating and better able to compete.
• Encourage the locals to establish cultural villages for tourism development.
• Provide training programs to tour guides, homestays, and other tourism
entrepreneurs.
• Offer technical help and financial support to set up an online platform in which the
SMEs providing tourist services can showcase their products.
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• Provide training to develop the young generation of the Tengger people as cultural
ambassadors.
16.4 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
INVESTMENT
The key recommendations on investment needs for transport infrastructure to support
tourism are presented below.
16.4.1 ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE
• Surabaya-Pasuruan Road is currently adequate in terms of capacity. However,
capacity will need to be improved in the future. The toll road for Surabaya-Gempol
has been discontinued at Porong due to a mud flow. However, there is a plan for a
new 10 kilometer Porong-Gempol Toll Road. This segment of toll road needs to be
regularly maintained and improved. It recommended to extend this toll road to
Pasuruan in order to further improve the capacity and travel time to access Bromo-
Tengger-Semeru. The proposed toll road should have a capacity of at least 7000
PCU per hour to sufficiently meet future demand.
• Pasuruan–Probolinggo Road is currently inadequate and requires capacity
improvement. The new Pasuruan-Probolinggo toll road is currently under
construction and its capacity is estimated to meet to the projected increase in traffic
volume in the short term.
• Gempol-Malang Road is currently adequate in terms of capacity. However,
capacity will need to be improved in the future due to increased traffic volume. The
Gempol-Malang toll road is understood to be the committed project and will be
adequate to serve the increased traffic volume in the immediate future.
Secondary Roads
The current traffic volume in the secondary access roads to the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru
park is quite low and is anticipated to remain low in the future as well. Hence, the capacity
of all the roads including Pasaruan-Wonokitri, Probolinggo-Cemoro Luwang, Malang –
Tumpang and Ranupani will be adequate for the immediate term, though they will require
upgradation in the longer term. However, at present the road widths of these local roads to
access the core tourism area needs to be standardized to 6m, in order to provide adequate
space for two vehicles to run in opposite directions. All the above mentioned secondary
access roads need to be well maintained in terms of pavement conditions targeting for IRI <
4.
16.4.2 AIR TRANSPORT
Juanda International Airport is operating beyond its infrastructure capacity and the airport
plan will be needed to improve the airport capacity. Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport will have
adequate capacity to meet short term demand. However, in the long term, the Airport
Master Plan will need to be implemented.
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16.4.3 SEA TRANSPORT
Very few visitors are anticipated to access Bromo by cruise. The existing port infrastructure
is suitable for a small class cruise ship that can carry roughly 2,100 passengers. Considering
the limited demand for cruises, investments in cruise infrastructure will not be the priority
for this destination.
16.5 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE
INVESTMENTS
Basic infrastructure such as water supply, wastewater and sanitation, and solid waste
management is important to protect against unhygienic conditions, which could pose health
hazards that also impact tourism development potential. Therefore, ensuring hygienic
conditions and a clean environment is a prerequisite for tourism development. Coverage of
basic service delivery in Bromo differs between various kabupatens and kecamatans, and
improvement and upgrading works are required.
• About 60% of the population at the key tourism kabupatens has access to adequate
sanitation, and less than 20% of solid waste generated from the key tourism kabupatens
is collected and properly disposed. Conditions of wastewater and sanitation facilities are
better at key tourism kecamatans, except Kec. Pasrujambe. Access to adequate
sanitation at Kec. Tosari and Kec. Sukapura exceeds 80%, while it is only 45% in Kec.
Pasrujambe. The existing gaps have to be closed to promote a healthy living environment.
Hence, investments will be needed for improvements in wastewater, sanitation, and solid
waste management.
• Generally, coverage of piped water supply is low in Bromo, although key tourism
kecamatans are relatively better served. Water supply at Bromo is not self-sustaining
during peak tourism seasons. Hotels operators are willing and able to pay for high quality
service provision from the nearby vicinity. This requires careful and integrated spatial
and investment planning in close collaboration with private developers and local
communities. Investments are needed to source new raw water sources, including the
associated treatment facilities and piping system, especially at Kec. Pasrujambe.
• Flood risk is low in Kab. Probolinggo and flooding events that occur in hilly areas of the
national park could trigger landslide. Other than upgrading of drainage system, illegal
logging and deforestation should be controlled.
• Other basic infrastructures, such as for power and telecommunications, need
improvement but are not hampering further tourism development.
16.6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPATIAL PLANS
16.6.1 EXISTING SPATIAL PLANS AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
To ensure sustainable urban growth and tourism development, it is important to have
detailed spatial plans and development guidelines for tourist attractions areas where
development pressures are increasing at a rapid pace.
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Indonesia has an established system for spatial planning and most of the destinations have a
Spatial Plan for the kabupaten, province or city level. As per the National Spatial Planning Act
(Law No. 26/2007 amends Law No. 24/1992), the provincial governments and district
governments (kabupaten and kota) are authorized to implement spatial planning. The
Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) and the Rencana Detail Tata Ruang (RDTR) are the
two major Spatial Plans prepared at the regional level (province and kabupaten) and local
level (kabupaten or Special Areas within kabupaten and kota), respectively.
In general, RTRW serves as the concept level Spatial Plan providing broad directions for
provinces or kabupaten; and the RDTR serves as the detailed level Spatial Plan indicating
detailed land uses such as residential uses by density, commercial uses, mixed uses,
government uses, industrial uses, social facilities, etc., for the kota or other designated areas
within the kabupaten.
The RTRW is managed by the provincial or kabupaten level Bappeda. It has been observed
that the RTRW is prepared for the time horizon of 20 years. It is important to review the
Master Plan considering the changing socio-economic conditions and infrastructure needs,
including new tourism targets and plans. As discussed in the previous sections on Transport
Infrastructure and Basic Services Infrastructure, there are several individual sector plans
being prepared by the respective authorities, some of which are critical, while others are not
needed. Based on the infrastructure needs assessment, the critical plans need to be
incorporated into the revised RTRW. This will remove duplication and provide unified
planning direction to the respective implementing agencies to execute development
programmes towards the common vision and goals.
This section assesses the availability of spatial plans and regulations to ensure that the tourism
assets are protected. The main tourism asset for Bromo-Tengger-Semeru tourism
destination is its cultural and natural environment; as such it is critical to have regulation to
ensure protection of the cultural and eco-sensitive areas in all potential tourist attractions.
Following is the overview of plans in place for Bromo-Tengger-Semeru.
Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) Provincial Master Plan 2011-2031
• Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park has a Spatial Concept Plan under the RTRW
Provincial Master Plan, which is currently being reviewed. The RTRW of Bromo-
Tengger-Semeru National Park indicates 7 broad land uses for its area. These include
core protected area, forest area, area for rehabilitation, area for development, area for
traditional uses, area for special uses and area for religious uses.
• The RTRW is being reviewed considering the recent development trends in some
locations. At the same time, it is also looking at the possibility of identifying areas for
developing tourism infrastructure.
• Badan Otorita Bromo (Integrated Authority for Bromo) is being formed to oversee the
development of tourism in Bromo crater and the surrounding area. Once formed, the
authority will need to develop an integrated plan in anticipation of increased tourist
arrivals in Bromo.
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• The Bromo Integrated Development Authority (BIDA) boundaries will cover areas
outside the national park boundary to support the tourism activities around Bromo. The
boundary will include areas where tourism facilities, such as hotel and home-stays, are
available today, and where they would potentially be available in the future, such as
Cemoro Lawang in Probolingo, Wonokitri in Pasuruan and Klakah in Malang Regency. It
is anticipated that the integrated plan will be able to balance tourism development with
environmental protection in Bromo.
16.6.2 GAPS & NEEDS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN SPATIAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK
Figure 74 summarizes key gaps and improvements needed in the spatial planning framework
for Bromo-Tengger-Semeru.
FIGURE 74: GAPS IN SPATIAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK, BROMO TENGGER
SMERU
Existing Plans Assessment Gaps /Needs for Improvement
Broad Spatial Concept Plans
- RTRW Provincial
Master Plan
- The RTRW Province
Master Plan is currently
being reviewed.
- RTRW for BTS National Park
needs to be reviewed based on
the tourism demand,
rationalized infrastructure needs, and detailed socio-
economic assessments.
Detailed Spatial Master Plans
- No approved RDTR for
BTSNP and surrounding
area.
- The areas around BTSNP
are not expected to be
too urbanized.
- There will be no need for
detailed Master Plan (RDTR)
for BTSNP Area. RDTR will be
needed for other supporting
accommodation areas including
Cemoro Lawang (Kecamatan
Sukapura), Wonokitri
(Kecamatan Tosari), and
Kecamatan Pasrujambe.
• RTRW Provincial Master Plan was prepared for the planning horizon of 2011–2031 and
provides broad direction for spatial development. It is currently being reviewed and it is
important for it to be updated in line with tourism demand and related infrastructure
needs of the BTS tourism destination, and other socio-economic considerations. The
reviewed RTRW will help to establish common goals for all implementing agencies to
execute their respective sector development plans.
• Since very little urbanization is expected in areas around BTSNP, the RTRW providing
broad directions for spatial planning will be adequate for most of the BTSNP and
surrounding areas. However, RDTR is needed for Cemoro Lawang (Kecamatan
Sukapura), Wonokitri (Kecamatan Tosari), and Kecamatan Pasrujambe. These areas are
located outside the National Park, and are expected to grow into resort villages.
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APPENDIX I: SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED
The methodology for evaluating the tourism potential of Bromo-Tengger-Semeru presented
in this report has been developed using both primary fieldwork research and existing
statistics. Quantitative data were provided by different government offices, while interviews
provided qualitative information for the research. The source of primary and secondary data
are referenced in the report and listed in the section below. However, in some cases the
information presented is a product of experience and observation prior to and during the
fieldwork, and as such it is not specifically attributed by source.
INTERVIEWS
Interviews were conducted with various government offices at central as well as provincial
& kabupaten level. The interviews helped to gain a better understanding of tourism
development and the investment process in Indonesia and Bromo-Tengger-Semeru.
• Central Government
- Badan Pusat Statistik
- BKPM, Jakarta
- Profil Kesehatan of each Kabupaten
- Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN)
- Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat (STBM)
- Bappenas
- Kementerian Pariwisata (International marketing, domestic marketing, investment,
transport liaison, marketing communications)
- Kawasan Economi Khusus, Jakarta
• Bromo, Tengger, Semeru (Provincial & Kabupaten)
- Tourism Authorities of Kab. Malang and kab. Probolinggo
- Malang Regency Development Planning Agency (Bappeda)
- Pasuruan Regency Development Planning Agency (Bappeda)
- Probolinggo Regency Tourism Department
- National Park Authority Bromo-Tengger-Semeru
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• Investment sentiment is gleaned from interviews with existing and potential tourism
investors. The investors chosen had interests in various tourism-related assets including
hotels, restaurants, ground transportation and travel agencies. The questions were aimed
at gathering their thoughts on the pros and cons of SEZs, the tourism investment climate
in Indonesia, the future of tourism investment and possible investment in Bromo,
Tengger, Semeru. A total of 6 potential and existing domestic investors were
interviewed, as well as 25 international investors from the current key arrivals source
markets of Australia, China, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore.
• Tour operators/travel agents:
- Local: Bromo and Jakarta (including Helios Transport, Bromo Holiday); and
- Foreign (total of 41): from the current key arrivals source markets of Australia,
China, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore as well as France, Germany and the United
Kingdom.
• Hotels including Jiwa Jawa Resort, Menterai homestay, Savana Hotel & Convention, Best
Western OJ.
STATISTICS
Quantitative data obtained from existing reports and surveys provide numerical information
and allow statistical analysis of Indonesia’s and Bromo-Tengger-Semeru’s tourism demand.
• BPS Accommodation Survey for the east Java Province, with results available at Regency
Level
• BPS Domestic Survey, with results available only at Province Level
• BPS Exist survey with results available only at Province Level
• BPS Census on population
• Statistics of Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park
• Pelindo III Cruise statistics
• Reviews on TripAdvisor Website
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APPENDIX II: AIRPORT RUNWAY CAPACITY ANALYISIS
Runway Capacity
Since Abdul Rachman airport does not have a parallel taxiway similar to Halim Airport in
Jakarta, landing aircrafts need to run up to the end of the runway, turn at the turn pad and
taxi along the runway up to the exit taxiway. Similarly, departing aircrafts will taxi along the
runway, turn at the turn pad and start for take-off. Since departing and landing aircrafts
occupy the runway for a long time, the runway capacity decreases.
As shown in figure, the runway occupancy time by landing and departing aircrafts is calculated
at approximately 460 seconds. As a result, assuming that the situation in which a departing
aircraft follows a landing aircraft is continuous, the hourly runway capacity is calculated at
approximately 16 movements.
Single Runway Occupancy Time
Source: Survey from Halim Airport Runway Occupancy Time (JICA, 2012)
The estimated capacity of the existing single runway is approximately 16 movements. As the
estimated annual passengers handled are less than 1 million, the Abdul Rachman airport can
be categorized as a small airport.
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APPENDIX III: ROAD CAPACITY ANALYISIS 2015
Section Road Length Carriageway Type Co Fcw FCsp FCsf FCcs C ADT PCU Peak VCR
1 FROM SURABAYA - PASURUAN
010 BTS. KOTA SURABAYA - WARU 0.81 19.90 6/2 D 11400 1 1 0.89 1.04 10,552 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.16
010 JLN. DEMAK (SURABAYA) 2.49 9.92 2/2 UD 3100 1.25 1 0.89 1.04 3,587 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.46
010 JLN. KALIBUTUH (SURABAYA) 0.83 18.00 6/2 D 11400 1 1 0.89 1.04 10,552 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.16
010 JLN. ARJUNO (SURABAYA) 1.44 11.06 6/2 D 11400 1 1 0.92 1.04 10,908 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.15
010 JLN. PASAR K EMBANG (SURABAYA) 0.75 11.30 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.23
010 JLN. DIPONEGORO (SURABAYA) 2.7 11.24 4/2 D 7600 1.34 1 0.89 1.04 9,426 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.18
010 JLN. WONOKROMO (SURABAYA) 1.16 11.64 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.23
010 JLN. LAYANG WONOKROMO (SURABAYA) 0.59 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.56
010 JLN. AHMAD YANI (SURABAYA) 4.85 21.00 6/2 D 11400 1 1 0.92 1.04 10,908 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.15
010 JLN. LAYANG WARU 0.53 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.56
012 WARU - BTS. KOTA SIDOARJO 5.82 9.24 2/2 UD 3100 1.25 1 0.92 1.04 3,708 60,205 89,774 8,977 2.42
012 JLN. RM. MANGUN DIPROJO (SIDOARJO) 2.74 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 60,205 89,774 8,977 1.23
012 JLN. JENGGOLO (SIDOARJO) 1.34 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 60,205 89,774 8,977 1.23
012 JLN. A. YANI (SIDOARJO) 0.91 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 60,205 89,774 8,977 1.23
012 JLN. GAJAH MADA (SIDOARJO) 0.95 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 60,205 89,774 8,977 1.23
012 JLN. MOJOPAHIT (SIDOARJO) 1.19 14.00 4/2 D 6800 0.92 1 0.92 1.04 5,986 60,205 89,774 8,977 1.50
014 JLN. LAYANG SIDOARJO 0.62 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 60,205 89,774 8,977 1.23
015 BTS. KOTA SIDOARJO - GEMPOL 7.27 12.84 4/2 D 3100 1.34 1 0.89 1.04 3,845 9,205 13,416 1,342 0.35
015 JLN. GATOT SUBROTO (SIDOARJO) 0.35 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 9,205 13,416 1,342 0.18
015 JLN. SUNANDAR P. SUDARMO (SIDOARJO) 1.18 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1.04 1 0.92 1.04 7,563 9,205 13,416 1,342 0.18
015 JLN. CANDI (SIDOARJO) 1.31 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1.04 1 0.92 1.04 7,563 9,205 13,416 1,342 0.18
016 GEMPOL - BTS. KOTA BANGIL 22.66 9.52 2/2 UD 3100 1.25 1 0.92 1.04 3,708 36,359 44,807 4,481 1.21
016 JLN. PATTIMURA (BANGIL) 1.53 11.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 36,359 44,807 4,481 0.62
016 JLN. A. YANI (BANGIL) 0.53 13.00 4/2 UD 6800 0.92 1 0.92 1.04 5,986 36,359 44,807 4,481 0.75
016 JLN. UNTUNG SUROPATI (BANGIL) 0.56 12.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 36,359 44,807 4,481 0.62
016 JLN. JAKSA AGUNG SUPRAPTO (BANGIL) 0.39 10.00 2/2 UD 7600 1.29 1 0.92 1.04 9,380 36,359 44,807 4,481 0.48
016 JLN. DR. SUTOMO (BANGIL) 0.57 13.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 36,359 44,807 4,481 0.62
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Section Road Length Carriageway Type Co Fcw FCsp FCsf FCcs C ADT PCU Peak VCR
016 JLN. KARTINI (BANGIL) 1.14 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 36,359 44,807 4,481 0.62
016 JLN. GAJAH MADA (BANGIL) 0.36 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.98 1.04 3,160 36,359 44,807 4,481 1.42
016 JLN. DIPONEGORO (BANGIL) 0.37 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 36,359 44,807 4,481 1.51
017 BTS. KOTA BANGIL - BTS. KOTA PASURUAN 8.37 13.56 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 24,223 31,984 3,198 0.44
017 JLN. SOEKARNO-HATTA (PASURUAN) 2.9 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 24,223 31,984 3,198 0.44
018 JLN. KRAMPYANGAN - BAKALAN (PASURUAN) 0.89 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 24,223 31,984 3,198 1.08
018 JLN. HOS. COKROAMINOTO (PASURUAN) 2.29 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 24,223 31,984 3,198 1.08
018 JLN. OTTO ISKANDARDINATA (PASURUAN) 0.64 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 1 1.04 3,224 24,223 31,984 3,198 0.99
2 FROM PASURUAN - PROBOLINGGO
019 BTS. KAB. PASURUAN - PILANG (BTS. KOTA P 11.85 7.11 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 1 1.04 3,224 23,162 38,156 3,816 1.18
020 JLN. SOEKARNO-HATTA (PILANG - PROBOLINGG 3.45 9.00 2/2 UD 3100 1.25 1 0.92 1.04 3,708 22,528 36,712 3,671 0.99
020 JLN. P. SUDIRMAN (PILANG - PROBOLINGGO) 3.01 17.00 6/2 D 11400 1 1 0.92 1.04 10,908 22,528 36,712 3,671 0.34
3 FROM GEMPOL - MALANG
094 GEMPOL - PANDAAN 12.27 13.98 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 28,923 34,408 3,441 0.47
095 JLN. LINGKAR PANDAAN BY PASS 1.95 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 28,923 34,408 3,441 0.47
096 PANDAAN - PURWOSARI 15.14 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 17,631 24,748 2,475 0.34
097 PURWOSARI - PURWODADI 3.78 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 16,027 21,253 2,125 0.29
098 PURWODADI - BTS. KAB. MALANG 3.4 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 65,880 65,882 6,588 0.91
099 BTS. KAB. PASURUAN - KARANGLO 12.53 12.40 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 20,425 25,248 2,525 0.35
100 KARANGLO - BTS. KOTA MALANG 0.64 16.00 6/2 D 11400 1 1 0.92 1.04 10,908 38,006 49,899 4,990 0.46
100 JLN. A. YANI (MALANG) 0.99 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 38,006 49,899 4,990 0.69
101 JLN. LAYANG LAWANG 0.72 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 38,006 49,899 4,990 0.69
4 FROM PROBOLINGGO - LUMAJANG
103 BTS. KOTA PROBOLINGGO - BTS. KAB. LUMAJA 13.39 7.10 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 5,944 9,810 981 0.33
103 JLN. BROMO (PROBOLINGGO) 10.78 7.65 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 5,944 9,810 981 0.33
103 JLN. IR. SUTAMI (PROBOLINGGO) 2.51 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 5,944 9,810 981 0.33
103 JLN. HAMKA (PROBOLINGGO) 5.03 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 5,944 9,810 981 0.33
103 JLN. HASAN GENGGONG (PROBOLINGGO) 4.72 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 5,944 9,810 981 0.33
104 BTS. KAB. PROBOLINGGO - GROBOGAN 12.82 7.63 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 5,954 9,820 982 0.33
105 GROBOGAN - WONOREJO 7.42 6.39 2/2 UD 3100 0.87 1 0.92 1.04 2,580 8,001 12,624 1,262 0.49
063 JLN. IMAM BONJOL (LUMAJANG) 0.4 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 3,561 7,347 735 0.25
063 JLN. BRIGJEN SLAMET RIADI (LUMAJANG) 1.51 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 3,561 7,347 735 0.25
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Section Road Length Carriageway Type Co Fcw FCsp FCsf FCcs C ADT PCU Peak VCR
063 JLN. JEND. GATOT SUBROTO (LUMAJANG) 1.81 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 3,561 7,347 735 0.25
063 JLN. SUNANDAR P. SUDARMO (LUMAJANG) 1.18 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 3,561 7,347 735 0.25
063 JLN. SOEKARNO-HATTA (LUMAJANG-WONOREJO) 2.92 11.60 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 10,492 17,488 1,749 0.24
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