DEMAND SUPPLY, MARKET DEMAND AND INVESTMENT NEEDS...

BROMO, TENGGER, SEMERU (EAST JAVA)

BASELINE DEMAND & SUPPLY, MARKET DEMAND

FORECASTS, AND INVESTMENT NEEDS

MARKET ANALYIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENTS TO

SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED

TOURISM DESTINATIONS ACROSS INDONESIA

WORLD BANK SELECTION # 1223583 (2016-2017)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PREPARED BY:

FOR:

WITH SUPPORT FROM:

This work is a product of external contributions supervised by The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions

expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the

governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The

boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the

part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

This publication has been funded by the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Australian Government through the Department

of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Swiss Confederation through the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO).

The views expressed in this publication are the author’s alone and are not necessarily the views of the Kingdom of the

Netherlands, Australian Government and the Swiss Confederation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

BASELINE DEMAND & SUPPLY 4

1. DESTINATION CHARACTERISTICS 5

1.1 GEOGRAPHY 5

1.2 CLIMATE 8

1.3 NATURAL AND/OR CULTURAL RESOURCES 8

2. DESTINATION DEFINITION 12

2.1 KEY ATTRACTIONS 12

2.2 CONCLUSIONS ON DESTINATION DEFINITION 13

3. VISITOR ARRIVAL DEMOGRAPHICS 14

3.1 LEVEL OF CURRENT DEMAND 14

3.2 SEASONALITY OF VISITS 15

3.3 ORIGIN OF THE VISITORS 15

3.4 PURPOSE OF VISIT 16

3.5 LOCATION OF ACCOMMODATION USED AND LENGTH OF STAY 17

3.6 INTEGRATION OF THE DESTINATION IN TOURISM CIRCUITS 18

3.7 AWARENESS AND IMAGE OF THE DESTINATION AMONG INTERNATIONAL MARKETS 19

3.8 TOURISM PROMOTION/DESTINATION MARKETING 21

4. ACCESSIBILITY HIGHLIGHTS 22

4.1 EXISTING MODE OF TRAVEL AND VISITORS’ MOVEMENT 22

4.2 ENTRANCE GATES TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU NATIONAL PARK 22

5. HOTEL & LODGING OPTIONS (AMENITIES) 24

5.1 VOLUME & NUMBER OF ROOMS 24

5.2 HOTEL MARKET TIERS 25

5.3 PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES BY TIER 25

5.4 HOTEL FACILITIES & QUALITY 26

6. SMES: SUPPORTING TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE (AMENITIES) 28

6.1 INDEPENDENT FOOD & BEVERAGE 28

6.2 TRAVEL AGENCIES 28

7. INVESTMENT ANALYSIS 30

7.1 FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) 30

7.2 DOMESTIC DIRECT INVESTMENT (DDI) 30

7.3 ASSET CLASSES & SCALE (EXISTING & PIPELINE) 31

7.4 KEY PLAYERS/INVESTORS 31

7.5 INVESTMENT SENTIMENT: DOMESTIC & FOREIGN INVESTORS 31

7.6 FINANCE 32

7.7 STEPS TO OPENING A BUSINESS 32

8. SKILLS ASSESSMENT 34

8.1 WHAT SKILLS EXIST? 34

8.2 WHAT ARE THE SKILLS GAPS? 34

8.3 TRAINING SCHOOLS 35

DESTINATION SWOT & VISION 36

9. DESTINATION SWOT 37

9.1 STRENGTHS 37

9.2 WEAKNESSES 37

9.3 OPPORTUNITIES 38

9.4 THREATS 38

10. DESTINATION VISION STATEMENT 39

10.1 UNIQUE SELLING POINTS 39

10.2 PRODUCTS AND ACCOMMODATION TO BE DEVELOPED 39

MARKET DEMAND FORECASTS 41

11. FUTURE MARKET DEMAND ANALYSIS 42

11.1 QUANTITATIVE APPROACH 42

INVESTMENT NEEDS 44

12. AMENITIES: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 45

12.1 HOTEL PIPELINE & FACILITIES DEVELOPMENT 45

12.2 FORECAST OF FUTURE ACCOMMODATION NEEDS 45

12.3 OTHER TOURISM FACILITIES 45

13. STAFF REQUIRED & SKILLS NEEDED 47

13.1 ACCOMMODATION STAFF REQUIRED 47

13.2 ADDITIONAL STAFF REQUIRED 47

14. TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE BASELINE & NEEDS 49

BASELINE 49

14.1 ROAD TRANSPORT 49

14.2 RAILWAY TRANSPORT 54

14.3 AIR TRANSPORT 54

14.4 SEA TRANSPORT 61

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT NEEDS 62

14.5 MARKET SHARE OF VISITORS 62

14.6 ROAD TRANSPORT NEEDS 62

14.7 RAILWAY TRANSPORT 63

14.8 AIR TRANSPORT NEEDS 64

14.9 SEA TRANSPORT NEEDS 66

15. BASIC CAPACITY INFRASTRUCTURE (AMENITIES) 67

BASELINE 67

15.1 BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES 67

15.2 WATER SUPPLY 67

15.3 WASTEWATER AND SANITATION 68

15.4 DRAINAGE 69

15.5 SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE 70

15.6 POWER SUPPLY 71

15.7 TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE 72

15.8 SUMMARY OF EXISTING BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE 73

BASIC CAPACITY INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT NEEDS 74

15.9 FORECAST POPULATION & VISITOR ARRIVALS 74

15.10 WATER SUPPLY 75

15.11 WASTEWATER AND SANITATION 78

15.12 DRAINAGE 80

15.13 SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE 80

15.14 POWER SUPPLY 83

15.15 TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE 85

KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 86

16. WHAT WILL TRIGGER INVESTMENT? 87

16.1 RECOMMENDATIONS ON DESTINATION ENHANCEMENTS 87

16.2 LEGAL & REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT ENHANCEMENTS 87

16.3 SME DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS 88

16.4 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT 89

16.5 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS 90

16.6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPATIAL PLANS 90

APPENDIX I: SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED 93

APPENDIX II: AIRPORT RUNWAY CAPACITY ANALYISIS 95

APPENDIX III: ROAD CAPACITY ANALYISIS 2015 96

TABLE OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF 10 PRIORITY TOURISM DESTINATIONS IN INDONESIA 2

FIGURE 2: MAJOR ATTRACTIONS IN BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU 6

FIGURE 3: LOCATIONS OF MAJOR CITIES SURROUNDING BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU - KOTA

MALANG, KOTA PROBOLINGGO AND KOTA PASURUAN 7

FIGURE 4: AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL OF MOUNT BROMO 8

FIGURE 5: MAP OF NATURAL, CULTURAL, AND SPECIAL INTEREST TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN

BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU AND SURROUNDING AREAS 9

FIGURE 6: PANORAMIC VIEW OF MT BROMO AND MT BATOK FROM THE EDGE OF "SEA OF

SANDS" 9

FIGURE 7: EXAMPLES OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA IN BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU 10

FIGURE 8: POTEN TEMPLE AND TENGGER SAND SEA 11

FIGURE 9: ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU, 2011-2015 14

FIGURE 10: MONTHLY ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU, 2015 15

FIGURE 11: GROWTH IN ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU, 2011-2015 16

FIGURE 12: PLACES ASSOCIATED WITH BROMO IN PACKAGES OFFERED BY INTERVIEWED

TOUR OPERATORS AND TRAVEL AGENCIES IN SELECTED INTERNATIONAL MARKETS 18

FIGURE 13: NUMBER OF REVIEWS AND SATISFACTION INDEX ON TRIP ADVISOR FOR THE

MOST POPULAR VOLCANOES IN INDONESIA 20

FIGURE 14: DESTINATION REASONS FOR SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION IN USER-

GENERATED CONTENT ON TRIP ADVISOR 20

FIGURE 15: DESTINATION REASONS FOR SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION ACCORDING

TO TOUR OPERATORS AND TRAVEL AGENTS IN SELECTED MARKETS 21

FIGURE 16: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU THROUGH

RESPECTIVE ENTRANCE GATES, 2014 23

FIGURE 17: BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU TOURISM DESTINATION AND VISITORS’ MOVEMENT

23

FIGURE 18: NUMBER OF HOTELS AND ACCOMMODATIONS IN MALANG, PASURUAN,

PROBOLINGGO, AND LUMAJANG, 2011 TO 2015 24

FIGURE 19: NUMBER OF ROOMS IN MALANG, PASURUAN, PROBOLINGGO, AND LUMAJANG,

2011 TO 2015 24

FIGURE 20: NUMBER OF STAR RATED HOTELS BY CATEGORIES, 2015 25

FIGURE 21: NUMBER OF RESTAURANTS IN MALANG, PASURUAN, PROBOLINGGO, AND

LUMAJANG, 2015 28

FIGURE 22: NUMBER OF TRAVEL COMPANIES AND TRAVEL AGENCIES IN MALANG,

PASURUAN, PROBOLINGGO, AND LUMAJANG, 2015 28

FIGURE 23: REALIZED FDI ON HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS IN EAST JAVA, 2010 TO Q2 2016

30

FIGURE 24: REALISED DDI ON HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS IN EAST JAVA, 2010 TO 2016 Q2

30

FIGURE 25: FORECAST OF VISITOR ARRIVALS TO MOUNT BROMO 2015-2041 42

FIGURE 26: FORECAST OF VISITOR GUEST NIGHTS AND EXPENDITURE IN BROMO TENGGER

SEMURU, 2015-2041 43

FIGURE 27: NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL ROOMS REQUIRED 2015-2041 45

FIGURE 28: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL STAFF BY HOTEL CATEGORY 48

FIGURE 29: ROAD CLASS AND CONDITION AT EAST JAVA 49

FIGURE 30: ROAD CLASS AND CONDITION IN EAST JAVA 50

FIGURE 31: ROAD ACCESS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU 51

FIGURE 32: REGIONAL ROAD TRAFFIC TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU 52

FIGURE 33: ROAD ACCESS GAPS TO MAJOR TOURISM DESTINATIONS 52

FIGURE 34: EAST JAVA TOLL ROAD PLAN 53

FIGURE 35: STATUS OF TOLL ROAD PLAN 53

FIGURE 36: AIR TRANSPORT DEMAND 55

FIGURE 37: AIRPORT FACILITIES AT JUANDA AND ABDUL RACHMAN 56

FIGURE 38: JUANDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 57

FIGURE 39: EXISTING GAPS IN AIRPORT FACILITIES AT JUANDA AIRPORT 57

FIGURE 40: ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT 58

FIGURE 41: EXISTING GAPS IN AIRPORT FACILITIES AT ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT

59

FIGURE 42: FUTURE PLAN OF JUANDA AIRPORT 59

FIGURE 43: ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT MASTER PLAN 60

FIGURE 44: NEW TANJUNG TEMBAGA PORT LAYOUT 61

FIGURE 45: NEW TANJUNG TEMBAGA PORT FACILITIES 61

FIGURE 46: JUANDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT – INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS 65

FIGURE 47: ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT – INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS 66

FIGURE 48: BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU TOURISM DESTINATION AND KEY ATTRACTIONS 67

FIGURE 49: EXISTING COVERAGE OF PDAM WATER SUPPLY 68

FIGURE 50: EXISTING COVERAGE OF ADEQUATE SANITATION 69

FIGURE 51: FLOOD DISASTER RISK INDEX MAP 70

FIGURE 52: PROCEDURE OF SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL 70

FIGURE 53: EXISTING COVERAGE OF SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 71

FIGURE 54: POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN EAST JAVA 72

FIGURE 55: EXISTING COVERAGE OF POWER SUPPLY NETWORK 72

FIGURE 56: SUMMARY OF EXISTING BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENT 73

FIGURE 57: FORECAST OF POPULATION 75

FIGURE 58: FORECAST OF COMMERCIAL ROOMS REQUIRED 75

FIGURE 59: WATER DEMAND PROJECTION (L/S) 76

FIGURE 60: SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND PROJECTION (L/S) 76

FIGURE 61: ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND RATIO 76

FIGURE 62: WATER CONSUMPTION RATE 77

FIGURE 63: SEWAGE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/S)* 78

FIGURE 64: SUMMARY OF SEWAGE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/S) 79

FIGURE 65: ESTIMATED SEWAGE GENERATION RATIO 79

FIGURE 66: SOLID WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/DAY) 80

FIGURE 67: SUMMARY OF SEWAGE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/DAY) 81

FIGURE 68: ESTIMATED SOLID WASTE GENERATION RATIO 81

FIGURE 69: RATE OF SOLID WASTE GENERATION 81

FIGURE 70: POWER DEMAND PROJECTION (MWH) 83

FIGURE 71: SUMMARY OF POWER DEMAND PROJECTION (MWH) 83

FIGURE 72: ESTIMATED POWER DEMAND RATIO 83

FIGURE 73: POWER CONSUMPTION RATE 84

FIGURE 74: GAPS IN SPATIAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK, BROMO TENGGER SMERU 92

BROMO, TENGGER, SEMERU: MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT: SELECTION # 1223583

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INTRODUCTION

The Government of Indonesia in the National Medium-Term Development Plan (Rencana

Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional, RPJMN) 2015 to 2019, has set a number of

objectives to increase the role of tourism in the Indonesian economy. Between 2015 and

2019, its goals together with the Ministry of Tourism’s goals are to increase:

• international visitors from 9 million to 20 million;

• domestic visits from 250 million to 275 million;

• the tourism contribution to GDP from 4 percent to 8 percent;

• tourism foreign exchange revenues from IDR120 trillion to IDR240 trillion;

• Indonesia’s Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index ranking from 70th to 30th place;

and

• tourism sector employment from 11 million to 13 million workers.

To achieve these goals President Joko Widodo urged his cabinet to accelerate the

development of 10 priority tourism destinations (Figure 1):

• Borobudur (Jogjakarta, Solo, Semarang: Central Java)

• Lake Toba (North Sumatra)

• Mandalika (Lombok)

• Bromo, Tengger, Semeru (East Java)

• Labuan Bajo (Flores)

• Wakatobi (South East Sulawesi)

• Pulau Seribu / Kota Tua (DKI Jakarta)

• Morotai (North Maluku)

• Tanjung Lesung (Banten)

• Tanjung Kelayang (Bangka Belitung)

The 3 destinations in bold are considered high priority destinations with additional effort

being expended to encourage and develop tourism.

The World Bank has been requested by the Government of Indonesia to support, through

financing, advisory support, and analytics, the Government’s efforts to accelerate tourism

development in the 10 priority destinations. As part of this support, in August 2016 the

World Bank engaged Horwath HTL (HHTL) and Surbana Jurong to conduct a market analysis

and demand assessment for the 10 priority destinations, with a focus on Lake Toba, Lombok

and Borobudur.


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FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF 10 PRIORITY TOURISM DESTINATIONS IN INDONESIA

Source: Google Maps, Surbana Jurong

The key objective of the Assessment is to assist the Government of Indonesia in identifying

and prioritizing infrastructure, skill and SME development, planning and other tourism-

related expenditures to accelerate the development of the 10 priority tourism destinations.

The scope comprises of (1) market demand and supply analysis, plus investment analysis and

(2) demand assessment (projections) and investment needs (including infrastructure). The

findings are expected to inform the government’s integrated tourism master plans for these

destinations.

To this end, the following key tasks were undertaken:

Task 1: Understanding governmental decentralization & its effect on decision making

plus preliminary information gathering.

Task 2: Collection and analysis of the government’s statistical data.

Task 3: Survey of international and domestic tourism stakeholders for collection of

public and private sector information.

Task 4: Survey of tour-operators in selected key markets.

Task 5: Secondary research on tourism supply and demand.

Task 6: Analysis of the image of Indonesia and the 10 priority destinations.

Task 7: Future market demand analysis.

Task 8: Investment and infrastructure needs assessment.

Task 9: SMEs and skills assessment and needs.

Appendix I contains a list of interviews undertaken with both the public and private sectors

to gather primary research that was used to supplement secondary research. The list

includes the number of interviews, the organization (where appropriate), the location and

the dates.

This Report is part of a series of reports:

• report for Indonesia, country level;


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• reports for the 3 high priority destinations (Lombok, Borobudur, Lake Toba); and,

• reports for the 7 other priority destinations (Bromo/Tengger/Semeru, Labuan

Bajo/Komodo National Park, Wakatobi, Pulau Seribu/Kota Tua, Morotai, Tanjung

Lesung and Tanjung Kelayang). These reports only provide rough estimates and are

more basic that the ones for the 3 high priority destinations. Good practice in terms of

forecasting could not always be applied, and instead, for instance, assumptions based on

supply pipeline and constraints were used.

Assessment of the Destination and Key Tourism Areas

The 3As terminology (Attraction, Amenities and Accessibility) can help explain how the

supply and demand analysis and needs assessment was carried out for the destination with

respect to the destination boundary and the key tourism areas.

• Attractions: attractions specifically focussed on engaging and drawing visitors to the

destination. The destination is defined by its attractions and their ability to draw visitors.

Within the destination boundary, (existing and future) clusters of attractions with

potential for tourism development and propensity to generate overnight stays and

revenue and/or (existing and future) key accommodation areas are identified and

henceforth called “key tourism areas”.

• Accessibility: methods of reaching the destination via the main gateways (external

accessibility) plus transport links between gateways, attractions and key accommodation

areas all of which support the destination (internal accessibility). For external

accessibility, the focus is on the gateway hubs (such as airports and ports). For internal

accessibility, the Report assesses the transport infrastructure; the existing, the gaps and

the required transportation network that facilitates accessibility within the destination.

• Amenities: support the destination and the attractions such as hotels, restaurants and

entertainment facilities together with basic capacity infrastructure. Within the

destination boundary, and generally within the key tourism areas, the Report assesses:

- the existing basic infrastructure capacity (water supply, power supply,

telecommunication, waste water and waste management, etc.);

- identifies any basic infrastructure capacity gaps;

- analyses demand and supply of existing attractions and amenities;

- provides projections for future attractions and amenities; and provides an

assessment of infrastructure needs of the destination to ensure success of the

attraction and amenities. In some cases, when amenities within the destination

boundary have a direct effect on the attractiveness of the key tourism areas, the

scope of the baseline and investment needs of basic capacity infrastructure is

conducted beyond the key tourism areas.


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BASELINE DEMAND & SUPPLY


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1. DESTINATION CHARACTERISTICS

The following section provides an assessment of the existing and potential attractions within

the destination.

1.1 GEOGRAPHY

Located in East Java, the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru destination consists of the Bromo-

Tengger-Semeru National Park and its surrounding support area. It is part of 4 kabupaten:

Lumajang, Malang, Pasuruan, and Probolinggo.1 The accommodations and tourism resources

in these 4 kabupaten largely support the tourist activities in Bromo-Tengger-Semeru.

Therefore, analysis and statistics regarding these 4 kabupaten will be included in the following

discussions so as to reveal the potential of the destination. Discussion regarding the 3 major

cities (kota) adjacent the 4 kabupaten—namely Kota Malang, Kota Pasuruan, and Kota

Probolinggo—may also be made in the report as these cities are the main entry points to

Bromo-Tengger-Semeru.

Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is volcanic highland of approximately 40 kilometers north-south and

20-30 kilometers east-west, covering an area of 50,276 hectares and an altitudinal range of

1,000 to 3,676 meters.

Within the immense Tengger Caldera lie five volcanoes: Mount Bromo (2,329 meters),

Mount Batok (2,470 meters), Mount Kursi (2,581 meters), Mount Watangan (2,661 meters),

and Mount Widodaren (2,650 meters). Although Mount Bromo is not the highest peak, it is

the most well-known due to its easier accessibility and constant activity. It is one of the most

active volcanoes in the world. Its top was destroyed after an eruption, leaving a

disproportionately large crater of diameter of approximately 600 meters. The name Bromo

is derived from the Javanese pronunciation of Brahma, the Hindu creator god. The volcanoes

are surrounded by the Tengger Sand Sea (a protected nature reserve since 1919) which is a

large area of sand, and all of the volcanoes except for Mount Batok are still active. In addition,

the park is also the location of Java’s highest mountain, Mount Semeru (3,676 meters). It has

been in a constant state of activity since 2010.

The map below (Figure 2) displays the major attractions in Bromo-Tengger-Semeru which

include:

• Mount Bromo

• Mount Batok

• Mount Pananjakan (2,770m - Viewpoint 1): It is a mountaintop viewpoint located

north of the caldera which is accessible by paved road from Tosari and hence popular

with jeeps and even tour buses.

1 In Indonesia, subnational governance includes four levels: (1) province/provinsi, (2) city/kota and regency/kabupaten, (3) sub-

district/kecamatan or district/distrik, and (4) urban community/kelurahan or village/desa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu


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• Cemoro Lawang (Viewpoint 2): It is an alternative viewpoint to have a stunning view

of the caldera without the crowds.

• Savana Hill (Whispering Sand): Whispering sand in Mount Bromo is a massive area

of smooth sand that makes a noise like whispering and Savana Hill is a piece of green

grassland surrounded by a high mountain. They are mostly visited by tourists after

enjoying the sunrise and seeing the crater.

• Mount Semeru (for hiking).

FIGURE 2: MAJOR ATTRACTIONS IN BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU

Source: Horwath HTL and Google Map


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FIGURE 3: LOCATIONS OF MAJOR CITIES SURROUNDING BROMO-TENGGER-

SEMERU - KOTA MALANG, KOTA PROBOLINGGO AND KOTA PASURUAN

Source: https://allindonesiatravel.com/

The three major entry points (further discussion on accessibility is in Chapter 4 below) to

Bromo-Tengger-Semeru are Kota Malang, Kota Probolinggo and Kota Pasuruan. Some

visitors will spend one to two nights in these areas whilst visiting the destination. There are

three major routes into the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park:

• The Probolinggo (Ngadisari) Route: This is the most common route used to access the

park as it is the most straightforward. About 6 kilometers west of Probolinggo on the

main coastal highway, turn south at the village of Ketapang. From there the road snakes

up for 40 kilometers through Sukapura to Ngadisari and finally Cemoro Lawang on the

edge of the caldera. Tourists taking this route usually lodge in Sukapura or Cemoro

Lawang (Kab. Probolinggo).

• The Malang (Tumpang) Route: Tourists usually take a microbus from Arjosari bus

station in Malang to Tumpang and then a 4x4 vehicle or a heavy truck from Tumpang

to Ngadas. The route from Ngadas on to the caldera is interesting because it transverses

the Sea of Sand and directly passes Mount Bromo. Tourists taking the Tumpang route

tend to lodge at Ngadas (Kab. Malang) or Ranupani (Kab. Lumajang).

• The Pasuruan (Tosari) Route: From Pasuruan on the main north coast road between

Surabaya and Probolinggo, take the road 45 kilometers south to Tosari via Pasrepan.

There are irregular buses or tourists can hire a car. From Tosari to Wonokitri it is

another 3 kilometers. From Wonokotri up to Bromo it is a really nice route, tourists

can either walk or hire a 4 times 4 vehicle. Accommodations in Tosari or Wonokitri

(both Kab. Pasuruan) are usually used by tourists taking the Tosari route.

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1.2 CLIMATE

Year-round temperatures are refreshingly cool during the day but cold at night as

temperatures near the peak can drop to zero in the dry season and are rarely above 5°C

during the wet season. Average temperatures in the park are between 18°C and 29°C (Figure

4).

Most precipitation falls during the wet season between November and March. During

periods of heavy rain in January and February, most parts of the park are inaccessible due to

flooding. Landslides are also an issue at these times. The best time to visit Bromo is during

the dry season which spans from May to September, when days are hot, dry, and sunny.

Figure 4 shows average yearly temperatures and precipitation.

FIGURE 4: AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL OF MOUNT BROMO

Source: www.meteoblue.com (Note: Calculated values are valid for 671m. Expected temperature difference with the peak of the mountain is around 10 degrees Celsius.)

1.3 NATURAL AND/OR CULTURAL RESOURCES

The Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park is named after its two mountains, Mount Semeru

and Mount Bromo and the Tengger people who inhabit the area. It is one of the aspirations

to develop Bromo-Tengger-Semeru into an “International Geo-eco cultural Park” for its

abundance and precious geological, ecological and cultural resources.

1.3.1 NATURAL RESOURCES - GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

The volcanic complexity of Tengger forms a condition where a new caldera of volcano forms

inside a larger and more ancient caldera. There are five volcanoes inside the Tengger Caldera,

as mentioned. Mount Bromo is easily recognized as the entire top has been blown off and

the crater inside constantly belches white sulphurous smoke. Mount Batok, just next to

Mount Bromo, is the only peak that is no longer active and is covered in casuarinas trees.

Mount Widodaren, located beside Mount Batok, contains the cave Widodaren, which is

considered sacred by local people.

The five volcanoes within the caldera are surrounded by a vast area of sand called the

Tengger Sand Sea. A view of the mountains in the caldera is shown in Figure 6.

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Other mountains around the Tengger Caldera are: Mount Pananjakan (2,770 meters) Mount

Cemoro Lawang (2,227 meters), Mount Lingker (2,278 meters), Mount Pundak Lembu (2,635

meters), etc. The peak of Mount Pananjakan is the most popular place to watch the entire

volcanic complex of Tengger.

Figure 5 shows the locations of tourist sites in the areas surrounding the destination.

FIGURE 5: MAP OF NATURAL, CULTURAL, AND SPECIAL INTEREST TOURIST

ATTRACTIONS IN BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU AND SURROUNDING AREAS

Source: Ministry of Tourism, Bromo-Tengger-Semeru Development Plan

Further south of the national park, there is another volcanic complex called the Semeru

Group. This area contains the highest peak of Java, the Mount Semeru (3,676 meters). Other

mountains within this area are Mount Lanang (2,313 meters), Mount Ayek-Ayek (2,819

meters), Mount Kepolo (3,035 meters), and Mount Malang (2,401 meters). The Semeru

forest area has many rivers that are former lava lines from Mount Semeru. The Semeru group

is considered to be very active, spreading lava, ash, and hot clouds to the surrounding areas.

The lower area is surrounded by fertile rice fields.

FIGURE 6: PANORAMIC VIEW OF MT BROMO AND MT BATOK FROM THE EDGE

OF "SEA OF SANDS"

Source: Online Photo Stock

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1.3.2 NATURAL RESOURCES - ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES

The vegetation in the forested areas of the National Park can be broadly classified into three

groups: sub-montane vegetation below 1,500 meters, montane vegetation from 1,500 to

2,400 meters, and sub-alpine vegetation above 2,400 meters. Towards the peak of Mount

Semeru, extreme conditions prevent any vegetation from growing. On the lower altitude

slopes, tropical rainforest dominates with sub-montane species, such as figs and orchids.

Ascending the mountain, plant life is reduced, with only hardier montane species and

edelweiss dominating the ecosystem up into the sub-alpine zone. In total, there are 1,025

reported species of flora, of which 226 are orchids and 260 are medicinal and ornamental

plants.

On the other hand, the unpredictable volcanic activity, together with challenging high-altitude

conditions, limits the faunal species within the park. Most notably, however, are a large

number of bird species which either reside in or migrate through the area. Down in the

valleys, a few leopard cats are present, though rarely seen. The Java mouse deer, muntjac

deer, marbled cat, and wild pig are amongst the mammals more likely to be glimpsed by

casual visitors. An inventory of fauna has recorded 158 species, consisting of 22 mammal

species (of which 15 are protected), 130 bird species (27 protected), and six species of

reptiles. Figure 7 shows examples of these fauna and flora which can be found in the Bromo-

Tengger-Semeru area and are protected by laws.

Moreover, the Tengger Sand Sea is a special ecosystem. The area is covered in volcanic

sedimentation of sand from Mount Bromo’s activities with the resulting area believed to be

the only known desert-like area in Indonesia. The Tengger Sand Sea has been protected since

1919.

FIGURE 7: EXAMPLES OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA IN BROMO-TENGGER-

SEMERU

Source: Online Photo Stock (From left to right: Macodes petola hat, Liparis rhodocila, Manis javanita)

1.3.3 CULTURAL RESOURCES – TENGGERESE AND HINDUISM

The area inside and around Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is inhabited by the Tengger people, one

of the few significant Hindu communities remaining on the island of Java. The local religion is

a remnant from the Majapahit era and therefore is quite similar to that of Bali, but with more

animist elements. The Tengger people were driven into the hills after the mass arrival of

Muslim Madurese who came to work in Dutch coffee plantations in the 19th century.


Page 11

The Tenggerese still live in the park and its environs, numbering more than 500,000, and

practice their animist form of Hinduism. This is most visible at the Poten Temple. The temple

holds the annual Hindu festival of Yadnya Kasada (12th month in the Tenggerese calendar)

which lasts for about one month. On the fourteenth day, the Tenggerese congregate at the

Poten Temple to ask for blessings from Ida Sang Hyang Widi Wasa and the God of Mahameru

(Mount Semeru). Then the crowd proceeds along the crater edges of Mount Bromo where

offerings (fruit, rice, vegetables, flowers, and sacrifices of livestock) are thrown into the

crater. Figure 8 shows the temple.

FIGURE 8: POTEN TEMPLE AND TENGGER SAND SEA

Source: Online photo stock


Page 12

2. DESTINATION DEFINITION

2.1 KEY ATTRACTIONS

There are few key leisure attractions to date, with the following ones being the highlights.

2.1.1 BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU NATIONAL PARK

The Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park was one of the first Indonesian national parks to

be officially gazetted in 1982, but its status was only ratified in 1994. Before the park was

officially ratified, some land around the protected area had been managed by the state

forestry company, Perum Perhutani, which permitted certain uses by local people. Most of

its territory is comprised of land which had protected status as a nature reserve or other

protected area before the national park was declared. One of the principal reasons the

national park was established was the spectacular scenery of Mount Bromo and Mount

Semeru and their surroundings. Other important reasons were for watershed protection

and as a buffer zone for volcanic eruptions.

2.1.2 MOUNT BROMO

As Mount Bromo is an active volcano, its volcanic activity is a vital determinant of the tourist

activities in the surrounding areas. According to the Bromo Volcanology and Geological

Disaster Mitigation Centre, Mount Bromo has a five-year cycle in eruptions that last for

months. The most destructive volcanic eruptions in recent years happened in late 2010-early

2011 and late 2015.

The 2010/2011 Eruptions: In late 2010 and early 2011, volcanic ash and incandescent

material was thrown up with a heavy rain of ejected volcanic material falling around the

crater. The impact from the eruptions in December 2010 and January 2011 disrupted normal

activities and the local economy. The potential for long term environmental damage and

health problems amongst the residents in the areas surrounding Mount Bromo was

paramount at that time. Due to high seasonal rainfall in January 2011, the potential for cold

lava and lava flow was elevated due to the deposits of volcanic ash, sand and other ejected

material that had built up. Activity was dominated by tremor vibration, eruption of ash

plumes and ejection of incandescent material. During the worst period of the eruptive

activities, operational caution was recommended for flights into and out of Juanda

International Airport in Surabaya. Further eruptions even led to the cancellation of some

international flights in Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali from airlines, including

Singapore Airlines, Jetstar-ValueAir, Air France-KLM, Virgin Blue and Cathay Pacific, when

concerns were raised regarding a volcanic ash plume, reported to be drifting eastward

toward the air corridors used to access the Ngurah Rai International Airport. The park was

reopened to visitors in April 2011.

The 2015 Eruptions: Mount Bromo had shown signs of increasing volcanic activity in early

November 2015, when the amount of smoke coming out of the crater intensified. By late

November, Mount Bromo began to eject ash into the air. Indonesian Volcano Monitoring

Bureau issued a warning that forbade people from climbing Mount Bromo. Later the warning

was extended to a 1-kilometremeter exclusion zone, and eventually into a wider range which

virtually barred visitors from coming down to the caldera floor. The spread of volcanic


Page 13

materials from Mount Bromo in East Java had disrupted flights between Surabaya and Jember,

another city in East Java. Until mid-2016, the alert status of Mount Bromo had remained at

Level 2 and tourists were warned not to move within a 1-kilometer radius of the crater.

Despite the relatively high level of volcanic activity at Mount Bromo, which emitted thick

greyish smoke, the destination was reportedly still safe for tourists.

2.1.3 EVENTS

In recent years, there are some attractive events being organized in the area, such as Jazz

Gunung, which is a popular annual music event held on the outdoor stage at Java Banana

Bromo Lodge (since 2009). It is a national Jazz music festival held annually between June and

August, attracting more than 2,000 people to the area. There are also international sports

events like the annual Bromo Marathon (since 2013), which attracted over 1,200 participants

from over 31 countries in 2016.

2.2 CONCLUSIONS ON DESTINATION DEFINITION

Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is an excellent mountain destination with stunning views and

different levels of hiking treks. In addition to the precious geological and ecological resources,

the cultural values of the native Tengger people and Hinduism can also be potentially

integrated into tourist activities. However, the current accessibility issues (rough road

conditions and long travelling time), insufficient variety of accommodation facilities, and

overcrowding of the popular spots inside the National Park, limit the growth potential of the

destination. The problems above also constrain the length of stay and limit tourists’ activities

mainly to climbing the mountain, and seeing the sunrise and crater. Unexpected natural

disasters such as the recent volcanic eruptions in late 2015 also halted tourist activities for

the whole region and will continue to play a role in the development of the destination.

PIAKS

Highlight


Page 14

3. VISITOR ARRIVAL DEMOGRAPHICS

This chapter presents a high-level demand assessment of Bromo-Tengger-Semeru based on

a thorough review of available data, reports and analysis on the tourism sector for Indonesia,

and interviews with tour-operators and local stakeholders (see Appendix I).

3.1 LEVEL OF CURRENT DEMAND

The indicator used to measure visitation to the destination is the number of entry tickets

recorded by the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park at its 5 main gates.

Arrivals to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru rose from 125,471 in 2011 to 570,140 in 2014 before

falling to 474,011 in 2015 (Figure 9). A series of destructive volcanic eruptions from late 2010

to early 2011 disrupted tourist arrivals for a prolonged period in 2011. Arrivals then

recovered and more than doubled between 2011 and 2012. In 2013-2014, arrivals saw a

significant surge of 100% compared to 2012. This growth was likely due to:

• The organization of attractive events mentioned earlier such as Jazz Gunung starting

from 2009, and Bromo Marathon beginning from 2013;

• A popular Indonesian movie featured Mount Semeru as the background of the story.

After the movie was released in late 2012, many domestic tourists, especially youth,

visited Bromo-Tengger-Semeru.

However, arrivals subsequently declined from 2014 to 2015. The primary reason for this is

the eruption in late 2015; other reasons include overcrowding of popular locations in the

park such as lookouts, and a 300% ticket price increase in May 2014. All these led to a fall in

arrivals of 17 percent to 474,011 in 2015.

FIGURE 9: ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU, 2011-2015

Source: Taman Nasional Bromo-Tengger-Semeru

125,471

275,874

551,644 570,145

474,011

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015


Page 15

3.2 SEASONALITY OF VISITS

The peak time of the year to visit Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is during the dry season from May

to August when the climate is favorable for hiking. Also, during this period, visitation is higher

as there are school holidays, the Hindu festival of Yadnya Kasada (12th month in the

Tenggerese calendar), the August 17 Independence Day (as it is popular to hike Mount

Semeru on Independence Day), and the Jazz Gunung event. Another popular time to visit

Bromo is during Christmas and New Year. The low season falls in rainy months from

February to April. Figure 10 shows monthly arrivals in 2015. Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is more

crowded during weekends, especially long weekends.

FIGURE 10: MONTHLY ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU, 2015


According to interviewed hoteliers, seasonal patterns for accommodation demand close to

Bromo-Tengger-Semeru are similar to the demand for the National Park. Demand is also

higher during weekends.

3.3 ORIGIN OF THE VISITORS

International visitors to the National Park represented around 10% of total arrivals until

2014. International arrivals increased in the period 2011 to 2013, from 22,380 to 32,898.

However, following a ticket fee increase in May 2014 from IDR 72,500 to IDR 217,500 (and

IDR 317,500 on weekends and public holidays) international arrivals dropped in 2014 and

2015. Comparing international monthly arrivals in June 2013 (3,072) with the same month in

2014 (1,958, a drop of 36%) and 2015 (1,475, a drop of 25%), suggest a potential negative

impact of the ticket fee increase on arrivals.

Domestic arrivals saw similar patterns: growth rates slowed in 2014 and were negative in

2015 (-17%). The ticket price for domestic travelers also rose from IDR 10,000 to IDR

27,000, which, together with the impact of the volcanic eruption in late 2015, may have

affected visitor numbers.

International visitors now account for less than 5% of total arrivals to Bromo-Tengger-

Semeru National Park, as seen in Figure 11.

61,382

19,700 17,046

24,561

78,976

51,681 51,968

60,598

36,239 32,839

14,999

24,022

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec


Page 16

FIGURE 11: GROWTH IN ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU, 2011-2015

Year Foreign

arrivals

Growth

rate of

internation

al visitor

arrivals

Domestic

arrivals

Growth

rate of

domestic

arrivals

Total

arrivals

Growth

rate of

total

arrivals

2011 22,380 -- 103,091 -- 125,471 --

2012 26,297 18% 249,577 142% 275,874 120%

2013 32,898 25% 518,746 108% 551,644 100%

2014 23,712 -28% 546,433 5% 570,145 3%

2015 17,016 -28% 456,995 -16% 474,011 -17%


Domestic visitor profile (more than 95% of total visitors)

• According to hoteliers and local travel agencies, the origin of most domestic visitors is

Jakarta and East Java (mainly Surabaya).

• They are mostly aged between 20 and 40 years old.

• Low-to-middle class students and professionals

International visitor profile (less than 5% of total visitors)

• International tourists are generally between 20 and 50 years old.

• They usually prefer to stay in hotels instead of guesthouses for the better facilities and

services.

• The top origin countries are European, including France, the Netherlands, and Belgium.

• Singaporean and Malaysian guests account for 15% of total international guests.

3.4 PURPOSE OF VISIT

Leisure demand

• Leisure demand accounts for over 80 percent of the total room night demand of hotels,

and almost 100 percent in guesthouses close to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru as the majority

of tourists prefer to stay close to the National Park for convenience.

• Most leisure tourists travel in small groups of 4 to 8 people or as couples.

• The average length of stay of these leisure guests is around one day. The usual travelling

pattern is to arrive a day earlier and wake up at around 3 am to hike up a viewpoint for

the sunrise. After sunrise, tourists would generally pay a visit to Mount Bromo. There

are no other tourist spots or activities in the National Park to encourage leisure tourists

to stay longer.


Page 17

Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions (MICE) demand

• MICE demand from private companies is not strong near the National Park, mainly due

to the difficulties in group transportation and a lack of larger hotels that can

accommodate large groups of guests. At the moment, only small MICE groups, averaging

50 guests, stay in hotels near the National Park for incentive trips, team building, or some

other events (such as product launches or photo shoots). The average length of stay of

this group is around 2 days.

• There used to be strong government MICE demand—as high as 70% of the total—in

star-rated hotels in Malang. However, recent restrictions on government meeting

budgets have led to a decline in government MICE demand. Most hotels in Malang are

now switching their focus to target corporate and leisure guests.

Business demand

• Business demand only exists in hotels in Malang. However, as Malang is close to Bromo-

Tengger-Semeru (less than a two-hour drive), some business visitors do visit the

National Park after their business trip in Malang.

3.5 LOCATION OF ACCOMMODATION USED AND LENGTH OF STAY

The visit at the Bromo-Tennger-Semeru National Park is a day trip that can start2 :

• from their homes (for local visitors);

• from an accommodation located near the park; or

• from accommodation located far from the park.

Local travels agents declared that visitors generally choose accommodation in more distant

cities due to their better value-for-money facilities (there is no accommodation in the

National Park area):

• Malang: great place for families with better value hotels.

• Probolinggo: one of the main entry gateways to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park.

• Yogyakarta: although the city is further from Bromo than Malang, the trip to Bromo is

cheaper from Yogyakarta than from Malang.

As a result, the destination is often offered as a one-day trip. However, data from qualitative

sources (interviews with local hoteliers and analysis of packages offered by tour operators)

suggest that the average length of stay is typically 1 night.

2 The existing statistical data do not allow to determine the relative proportion of day trippers and visitors who spend at least

one night near the Bromo Tengger Semerru National Park.


Page 18

It was therefore considered that a visit corresponds to one night, but based on available data,

it was not possible to determine (1) the type of accommodation chosen or (2) the location

of overnight stay.

3.6 INTEGRATION OF THE DESTINATION IN TOURISM CIRCUITS

Interviewed international tour operators usually offer the destination as part of a circuit. The

packages analyzed usually associate the destination with other destinations in Java, or, less

frequently, with Bali and Sumatra. Figure 12 shows the other destinations often packaged

with Bromo.

For long-haul markets, Bromo is always offered as part of longer visits (more than 2 weeks),

while in nearby markets such as Malaysia and Singapore, tour operators and travel agents

usually offer Bromo as a standalone destination in a shorter stay in Indonesia.

FIGURE 12: PLACES ASSOCIATED WITH BROMO IN PACKAGES OFFERED BY

INTERVIEWED TOUR OPERATORS AND TRAVEL AGENCIES IN SELECTED

INTERNATIONAL MARKETS

Country Sample itineraries

Australia Example 1: Jakarta, Pangdangaran, Yogyakarta, Mt Bromo, Selioliman Nature

Reserve, Kalabaru Pemuturan, Ubud (14D.)

Example 2: Bangkok, Khao Sok, Homestay, Ao Nang, Penang, Kuala Lumpur,

Melaka, Singapore, Jakarta, Pangandaran, Yogyakarta, Seloliman, Mt Bromo,

Kalibaru, Pemuteran, Ubud (28D.)

Example 3: Jakarta, Pangandaran, Yogyakarta, Seloliman, Mt Bromo, Kalibaru,

Pemuteran, Ubud, Sideman, Mt Batur, Lovina, Bedugul, Sanur (22D.)

China Not commercialized

France Example 1: Java (Jombang + Mt Bromo + Jogjakarta), Sumatra (around Lake

Toba: Medan + Brastagi + Samosir) (17D.)

Example 2: Bromo + Jombang + Jogjakarta (12D → 16D.)

Example 3: Java (Jombang + Mt Bromo + Jogjakarta) (12D.)

Germany Example 1: Jakarta, Bandung, Tangkuban Perahu, Sariater, Bandung, Jogjakarta,

Borobudur, Jombang, Malang, Bromo, Kalibaru, Bali, Ubud, Mengwi; Bedugul,

Lovina, Candidasa, Sanur (15D.)

Example 2: Yogyakarta, Prambanan, Merapi, Borobudur, Mount Bromo (22D.)

Japan Not commercialized

Malaysia No circuits identified

Singapore No circuits identified

UK Example 1: Borobudur, Mount Kelud, Malang, Mount Bromo, Ubud, Munduk,

Seminyak (13D.)

Source: Analysis of packages offered by tour operators interviewed by Horwath HTL (36 tour operators)


Page 19

3.7 AWARENESS AND IMAGE OF THE DESTINATION AMONG

INTERNATIONAL MARKETS

Bromo benefits from a high awareness among international tourism professionals. Of the 36

tour operators and travel agents interviewed in this study, 23 had heard about Bromo-

Tengger-Semeru (0/63 in China, 3/3 in France, 4/4 in Germany, 0/5 in Japan, 4/4 in Malaysia,

7/7 in Singapore, 4/5 in UK, 1/2 in Australia). The conclusion may be drawn from this sample

that Bromo is fairly well-known by tour operators interviewed for the study, except in Japan

and China.

Only 16 out of the interviewed operators offered packages including Bromo: 0/6 in China,

2/3 in France, 2/4 in Malaysia, 3/5 in UK, 6/7 in Singapore, 3/4 in Germany, 0/5 in Japan, 1/2

in Australia.

According to the tour-operators, Bromo is difficult to sell due to its accessibility and the fact

that it is aimed primarily at visitors in good physical condition. As a result, the destination is

suited to a specific niche market: hiking.

HIGH PRESENCE ON THE INTERNET SHOWS HIGH AWARENESS OF THE

DESTINATION AMONG THE GENERAL PUBLIC AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

Numerous opinions about Bromo as a tourism destination may be found in English on user-

generated content websites, which shows the awareness of the destination among the

general public. For instance, Mount Bromo has 1,557 reviews on Trip Advisor (consulted in

of October 2016, all languages), while Mount Semeru only has 187 reviews. As shown in

Figure 13 below, in terms of total number of reviews, Mount Bromo has more than Mount

Ijen, which is presented by certain tour operators interviewed as easier to access due to its

proximity to Bali.

These results tend to show that Bromo as a tourism destination has good awareness among

the general public. Moreover, the good level of satisfaction is comparable with other famous

volcanos that are frequently visited in Indonesia. Only Ijen Crater, which is often visited just

after Bromo by tourists heading to Bali, has a higher satisfaction index, as fewer people

complain about over-crowded trails there.

3 Number of tour operators interviewed for the study.


Page 20

FIGURE 13: NUMBER OF REVIEWS AND SATISFACTION INDEX ON TRIP ADVISOR

FOR THE MOST POPULAR VOLCANOES IN INDONESIA

Source: Analysis of TripAdvisor Website by Horwath HTL in all available languages, 27/10/2016.

3.7.1 BROMO: VISITOR PERCEPTIONS

According to both local and international stakeholders interviewed for this study, and

consistent with the number of reviews on Trip Advisor, the most popular tourism product

at Bromo is the sunrise tour. The two “must see” sites of the destination are Pananjankan

viewpoint, especially at sunrise, and Mount Bromo itself. Others popular sites are:

Teletubbies Hills, Pasir Berbisik, Kampung Tengger (Tengger Village), and Semeru Mountain.

Besides adventurous activities, which are easily linked with Bromo volcano, cultural and

religious activities are also very often cited by the operators and Trip Advisor users alike,

such as Hindu Tengger culture.

Though the majority of reviews on Trip Advisor are positive, the poor reviews that have

been written stress transportation conditions and security issues.

FIGURE 14: DESTINATION REASONS FOR SATISFACTION AND

DISSATISFACTION IN USER-GENERATED CONTENT ON TRIP ADVISOR

Reasons for satisfaction Reasons for dissatisfaction

Landscapes

Sightseeing

Saturation during high season

Transportation

Security Source: Analysis of TripAdvisor Website by Horwath HTL in all available languages, 27/10/2016. www.tripadvisor.fr/Attraction_Review-g303956-d446941-Reviews-Mount_Bromo-Tengger_Caldera_East_Java_Java.html

International tour operators and travel agencies stress the same areas of satisfaction and

dissatisfaction, though they add several reasons for dissatisfaction: the cost of the visit and

the quality/price ratio of hotels. This is shown in Figure 15.

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

MountBromo

Ijen Crater MountBatur

MerapiVolcano

MountRinjani

MountAgung

MountKelimitu

Reviews Satisfaction index

http://www.tripadvisor.fr/Attraction_Review-g303956-d446941-Reviews-Mount_Bromo-Tengger_Caldera_East_Java_Java.html

http://www.tripadvisor.fr/Attraction_Review-g303956-d446941-Reviews-Mount_Bromo-Tengger_Caldera_East_Java_Java.html


Page 21

FIGURE 15: DESTINATION REASONS FOR SATISFACTION AND

DISSATISFACTION ACCORDING TO TOUR OPERATORS AND TRAVEL AGENTS

IN SELECTED MARKETS

Country Reasons for satisfaction Reasons for dissatisfaction

Australia

Natural landscapes

Active Volcano

Culture

Accommodations (prices and

standards).

China Unaware of the destination Unaware of the destination

France Volcano

Security (seismic activity)

Need better guidance

Hotels

Isolated in Java

Germany

National Park

Natural spectacle

Volcanoes

Sand desert

Trekking

Quality of accommodation

Japan Unaware of the destination Unaware of the destination

Malaysia Value

Expensive as a package

Connectivity issues

Security

Logistics

Infrastructures

Singapore Nature

Volcanoes

Safety

Lack of infrastructure

Accommodations

UK Seeing

Climbing Infrastructures

Domestic

Sightseeing

Natural attractions

Cultural value of Tengger Area

Traffic between destination

Cleanliness issue

Crowded place Source: Qualitative interviews with tour operators in selected markets, and analysis of touristic guides, Horwath HTL.

3.8 TOURISM PROMOTION/DESTINATION MARKETING

Destination marketing and promotion is mainly done through the Tourism Authority of East

Java.

Although Bromo-Tengger-Semeru encompasses parts of 4 kabupaten, they have not put

much effort into marketing the destination. One of the reasons explained by the local

Tourism Authority of Malang for this is that Mount Bromo is already well-known to both

domestic and international tourists. Therefore, their focus is not to further promote the

destination, but to develop and market their locality as the gateway to the National Park and

as its own standalone destination.


Page 22

4. ACCESSIBILITY HIGHLIGHTS

Roads and airways represent transport modes of access to Bromo for domestic and foreign

visitors. Visitor origins are important for an accessibility assessment as they indicate the

visitor mode of arrival and provide insight into the visitor distribution pattern within the

tourism destination.

By air, Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is accessed via Juanda International Airport in Surabaya or

Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport in Malang; visitors then proceed to the destination by road.

4.1 EXISTING MODE OF TRAVEL AND VISITORS’ MOVEMENT

The international gateway to the park is through Juanda International Airport in Surabaya,

meaning that road connectivity from the airport to the destination is critical. However, at

present few international visitors travel to Bromo, so its importance for tourism will depend

on future demand.

The majority of domestic visitors are from Java as well, likewise indicating the importance of

road connections. However, according to the market study (detailed later), accessibility is a

key challenge.

The tourist distribution for Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is illustrated below (Figure 16).

4.2 ENTRANCE GATES TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU NATIONAL

PARK

The National Park has five gates. Figure 16 shows the distribution of visitors using each gate.

• Cemoro Lawang is the most popular entrance gate, accounting for 43% of total

entrances, as the majority of the visitors come from Probolinggo.

• Tourists coming from Psauruan normally enter the National Park from the

Wonokitri gate.

• On the other hand, trekkers hiking Mount Semeru come from the southern gates

(mainly from Lumajang through Ranupani, and some from Malang through

Tumpang).

• The Kantor Balai gate is less frequently used as it is for government

officials/ministry use only.


Page 23

FIGURE 16: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVALS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU

THROUGH RESPECTIVE ENTRANCE GATES, 2014


FIGURE 17: BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU TOURISM DESTINATION AND VISITORS’

MOVEMENT

Source: Google Maps, HHTL, Surbana Jurong

Cemoro Lawang

43%

Ranupani25%

Wonokitri20%

Tumpang12%


Page 24

5. HOTEL & LODGING OPTIONS (AMENITIES)

5.1 VOLUME & NUMBER OF ROOMS

The total number of hotels and accommodations as well as number of rooms in the four

kabupaten (Malang, Pasuruan, Probolinggo, and Lumajang) surrounding Bromo-Tengger-

Semeru remained the same during the period 2011 to 2014, averaging at around 700 hotels

and 9,000 rooms. In 2015, however, the number of hotels and rooms soared to almost 1,500

and 12,000 respectively. This can be explained as the result of a continual increase in hotels

and accommodations investment in East Java since 2012 (as most hotel projects take 2-3

years to complete from the year of investment to fully operational), leading to the boom of

hotel openings in 2015, as seen in Figures 18 and 19.

It should be noted that, although there was a decline in visitors to the destination in 2015,

as described in Chapter 3, the development plans of the hotels opened in 2015 were

formulated a few years earlier when the tourist arrivals were on an upward trend.

FIGURE 18: NUMBER OF HOTELS AND ACCOMMODATIONS IN MALANG,

PASURUAN, PROBOLINGGO, AND LUMAJANG, 2011 TO 2015

Source: Provinsi-Jawa-Timur-Dalam-Angka-2013 to 2016

FIGURE 19: NUMBER OF ROOMS IN MALANG, PASURUAN, PROBOLINGGO, AND

LUMAJANG, 2011 TO 2015

Source: Provinsi-Jawa-Timur-Dalam-Angka-2013 to 2016


Page 25

Although Pasuruan has the highest number of hotels among the 4 cities, from the interviews

with local travel agents and hotels, not many tourists visiting the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru

stay there overnight. The main reason for this is the lack of tourist activities and facilities

(such as restaurants, travel agents, etc.) in Pasuruan.

It is noted that most tourists prefer to stay in Cemoro Lawang (part of Probolinggo)—where

there are plenty of guesthouses, hotels, tour operators (jeep, bike rental, horse rental), and

small restaurants—which is also close to the viewpoint and other popular tourist spots in

the National Park. For tourists staying further away from the National Park area, there is a

growing trend to stay overnight in Malang as the city is positioning itself as the gateway city

for Bromo-Tengger-Semeru and has the potential to be a tourist draw itself. It has put

increasing efforts into enhancing the tourist facilities in the city, such as developing more and

higher-quality accommodations, restaurants, and travel agencies. Furthermore, as more

Bromo visitors stay there, Malang aims to present its own local culture as a reason for visitors

to stay even longer in the city.

5.2 HOTEL MARKET TIERS

Although there are plenty of accommodations in the four surrounding cities, most of them

are guesthouses or non-star-rated hotels (accounting for 98% of the total accommodation).

According to the latest figures in 2015, there are only 31 star-rated hotels and the majority

of these hotels are 3-star or below. Among the 4 area cities, Malang has the most star-rated

hotels (over 80%), and is the only city with 5-star hotels, as seen in Figure 20.

FIGURE 20: NUMBER OF STAR RATED HOTELS BY CATEGORIES, 2015

Source: Provinsi-Jawa-Timur-Dalam-Angka-2016

5.3 PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES BY TIER

There are no available official statistics regarding the hotels and other accommodations in

the Park in terms of location, room inventory and performances (rates and occupancies

achieved). The below is only quantitative estimates from interviews with hotel and tourism

professionals in the area.


Page 26

Guesthouses close to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru (such as in Cemoro Lawang): The

average daily rate (ADR) of guesthouses near the National Park is estimated at IDR 300,000

– 500,000 per room. There is normally a 20% to 30% difference between weekdays and

weekends/holidays (higher). Occupancy of guesthouses is generally 80% to full during

weekends but much lower on weekdays and during the rainy season. Overall guesthouse

occupancy is estimated at approximately 30% to 40%.

Hotels close to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru (such as in Cemoro Lawang): The ADR

of area hotels is between IDR 500,000–700,000, with a 20–30% rate premium on weekends

and holidays. Demand for hotel rooms is high, especially among international guests and high-

spending domestic visitors, as there are a limited number of hotels in the region. Hotel

occupancy rates are higher than that of guesthouses, at around 50% to 60%.

Star-rated hotels in Malang: Although Malang is positioning itself as the gateway city to

Bromo, at present, leisure demand only accounts for around 20–40% of the total room night

demand in star-rated hotels. The remaining room night demand comes from corporate

demand and government meetings, incentives, conventions, and exhibitions (MICE) demand.

Hotel demand is strong in Malang, despite the high levels of room availability, leading to

occupancy levels of over 65–75%. However, ADR is slightly lower for hotels in Malang in

comparison with those closer to Bromo, ranging between IDR 450,000 and 550,000.

5.4 HOTEL FACILITIES & QUALITY

Guesthouses close to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru (such as in Cemoro Lawang):

Guesthouses usually have 2–4 guestrooms, mostly with shared bathrooms and basic local

style accommodations. Room capacity in guesthouses is usually flexible and can normally fit

up to 4 guests. Most provide only accommodations, though some provide breakfast and

other catering services on request. They typically provide homemade local food. They

normally have stable power and water supplies.

They are popular among domestic travelers, especially young people who are looking for

value-for-money accommodations and who are travelling in small groups. International guests

seldom live in these guesthouses mainly due to the language barrier and lack of information.

Hotels close to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru (such as in Cemoro Lawang): The hotels

close to the National Park are usually small- to medium-sized hotels with an average room

count of 30–50. Most hotels feature only an all-day-dining restaurant. They mainly serve local

cuisines with a limited selection of Western dishes. Some restaurants, such as the one in the

Lava View Lodge, feature nightly live music. The Jiwa Jawa Hotel, however, has a restaurant,

meeting rooms, art gallery, and an open stage where the famous Jazz Gunung event takes

place every year. In terms of meeting and other facilities, hotels close to Bromo-Tengger-

Semeru usually have only limited meeting space to accommodate small- to medium-sized

meeting groups, in line with the smaller number of guestrooms they have available.

Hotels in Cemoro Lawang such as Jiwa Jawa Hotel, Lava View Hotel, Hotel

Bromo Permai, etc.: Although they are mostly small non-star-rated hotels, they provide

decent hotel accommodations and food & beverage facilities in close proximity to the popular

spots in the National Park. They are popular among international leisure groups and frequent

independent travelers (FITs), as well as domestic tourists with higher spending power.


Page 27

Star-rated hotels in Malang: Star-rated hotels in Malang are mainly medium-sized hotels

with a room count of 120–180. They are fully serviced hotels with a wide range of facilities:

restaurants and bars, meeting rooms, and leisure facilities such as a swimming pool, gym, and

spa. These hotels usually have a better food and beverage selection. In addition to the all-

day restaurant serving both local and Western fare, some provide specialty restaurants or

bars, such as the Skyroom at the Best Western OJ Hotel. These restaurants target both in-

house guests as well as local residents. The hotels were built to mainly target MICE and

corporate demand; they usually feature a wider range of meeting rooms, from smaller ones

for 20 to 40 guests to multi-function rooms that can accommodate up to 200 guests as well

as leisure facilities such as a swimming pool, gym, and spa. However, given the push to

increase tourism in Malang and the accommodation quality gap in areas surrounding the

National Park, leisure guest bookings are increasing.

Star-rated hotels in Malang such as Best Western OJ Hotel, Savanna Hotel,

Santika Hotel, Atria Hotel, etc.: These are full-service, medium-sized, star-rated hotels

with quality guestrooms. They are higher-value-for-money than hotels in the Bromo area.

Leisure travelers, both domestic and international, who are interested to explore the city of

Malang and who do not want to pay the premium for hotels in Bromo area, prefer to stay in

these hotels.


Page 28

6. SMES: SUPPORTING TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE

(AMENITIES)

6.1 INDEPENDENT FOOD & BEVERAGE

The most frequently-visited restaurants around Bromo-Tengger-Semeru are close to

Cemoro Lawang. They are mostly small local restaurants with a capacity of 10 to 20 seats.

The average price for a local meal is IDR 30,000–40,000. Below (Figure 21) is the number of

restaurants surrounding the National Park.

FIGURE 21: NUMBER OF RESTAURANTS IN MALANG, PASURUAN,

PROBOLINGGO, AND LUMAJANG, 2015

Source: Provinsi Jawa Timur Dalam Angka-2016

6.2 TRAVEL AGENCIES

FIGURE 22: NUMBER OF TRAVEL COMPANIES AND TRAVEL AGENCIES IN

MALANG, PASURUAN, PROBOLINGGO, AND LUMAJANG, 2015

Source: Provinsi-Jawa-Timur-Dalam-Angka-2016

902

12750 21

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

Malang Pasuruan Probolinggo Lumajang

139

47 44

11

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Malang Pasuruan Probolinggo Lumajang


Page 29

Figure 22 above shows the distribution of travel agents in the areas around the National

Park. Most of these agencies offer tour packages to visitors, the most popular of which is a

sunrise tour to Bromo. Many hikers are also interested in hiking tours of Mount Semeru.

Other narrower-interest offerings include visits to Malang, Batu, Mount Ijen, and Sempu

island. Most agencies also offer guide services and vehicle hire. Each travel agency has around

8 to 10 guides. Freelance tour guides are employed during peak season to meet demand.

There are some other tourism service providers in the destination such as providers of

transportation: Jeeps, rental bikes, and horse-riding.

According to interviews, there is insufficient enforcement of regulations (or a lack of

regulations/controls) surrounding tourism activities inside or close to the National Park

where there are often reports of unregistered travel agencies and transport providers

approaching tourists or scamming tourists, overcharging them, or forcing them to buy

additional services.


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7. INVESTMENT ANALYSIS

7.1 FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI)

From the investment statistics on hotels and restaurants in East Java, the number of realized

FDI projects were around 5-6 projects per year in the period 2012–2015. This soared to 17

projects to the second quarter of 2016. However, total investment value dropped from a

high of USD 53 million in 2011 to less than USD 6 million in 2015. It should be noted that

the majority of the FDI in East Java went to Surabaya, the provincial capital, rather than to

Bromo-Tengger-Semeru. Yearly FDI projects and values in East Java (encompassing the 4 key

kabupaten and the most detailed information available) are shown in Figure 23.

FIGURE 23: REALIZED FDI ON HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS IN EAST JAVA, 2010

TO Q2 2016

Year Number of Projects Investment value (‘000 USD)

2010 1 4,450

2011 3 73,592

2012 6 53,130

2013 7 10,682

2014 5 4,723

2015 7 6,379

2016 (up to Q2) 17 5,790

Source: Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal (BKPM)

7.2 DOMESTIC DIRECT INVESTMENT (DDI)

The number of DDI projects in hotels and restaurants projects in East Java (encompassing

the 4 key kabupaten and the most detailed information available) has also grown from 2012–

2016, with a significant bump in 2015 and 2016. The realized investment value was the highest

in 2015 compared to the previous years and this was in line with the big jump in the hotel

supply of the area in 2015 mentioned earlier. This is shown in Figure 24 below.

FIGURE 24: REALISED DDI ON HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS IN EAST JAVA, 2010

TO 2016 Q2

Year Number of Projects Investment value (million Rp.)

2010 N/A N/A

2011 1 33,408

2012 5 146,353

2013 6 22,016

2014 5 24,420

2015 17 390,999

2016 (up to Q2) 27 132,980

Source: Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal (BKPM)


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7.3 ASSET CLASSES & SCALE (EXISTING & PIPELINE)

The existing asset classes for Bromo-Tengger-Semeru are mainly accommodations (hotels,

guesthouses, and home stays), restaurants, and transportation facilities (jeeps and vans). Most

of them are small- to- medium in scale. At the moment, accommodations, especially

guesthouses and home stays, are the most preferred assets due to their relative ease to

develop and lower development costs.

In terms of the pipeline projects, the number of guesthouses and home stays, as well as of

supporting tourist facilities in the National Park and its vicinity, is likely to rise in response

to increased visitor levels. The National Park’s restrictions on development means that the

bulk of this pipeline development will have to be realized in the surrounding cities, with

Malang being the most proactive in improving tourism facilities and accommodation products

to capture a higher percentage of tourists visiting Bromo. However, concrete and official

statistics regarding the pipeline projects are not available.

7.4 KEY PLAYERS/INVESTORS

• Tenggerese community: the local native community lives in the area and is involved

in tourism activities: renting jeeps, horse rides, homestays, restaurants, etc.

• There are no key domestic developers investing in the development of hotels and

restaurant projects in the area. It is understood to be the local community for the

most part.

• The Jiwa Jawa Resort Bromo (formerly Java Banana Lodge) is privately owned by

Bapak Sigit Pramono and forms part of a trio of hotels in Bromo, Ijen and Semarang.

He is also actively involved with Jazz Gunung.

• Local tourism authorities in the 4 kabupaten/kota in the area: Lumajang, Malang,

Pasuruan, and Probolinggo.

• Directorate General of Forest Protection and Natural Conservation (PHKA) which

is part of the Ministry of Forestry - administration of all Indonesian national parks.

7.5 INVESTMENT SENTIMENT: DOMESTIC & FOREIGN INVESTORS

7.5.1 FOREIGN INVESTORS INTERVIEWED4

Foreign investors canvassed on Bromo-Tengger-Semeru were largely uninterested in the

destination, despite its natural beauty, and would need to see improved accessibility and

commitment from the government to develop the Park into a destination with broader

appeal.

4 Investment sentiment gleaned from interviews with 25 potential and existing foreign investors from Australia, China, Japan, Malaysia, and

Singapore. The questions were aimed to better understanding their thoughts on pros and cons of SEZs, the tourism investment climate

in Indonesia, the future of tourism investment and possible investment opportunities in Lombok.


Page 32

7.5.2 DOMESTIC INVESTORS INTERVIEWED5

Domestic investors interviewed were mostly neutral on the investment potential of Bromo-

Tengger-Semeru. One investor already had a project near the park, and others noted that

its growing domestic popularity made investment in reasonably-priced but well-managed

accommodations a viable opportunity.

7.6 FINANCE

• Tourism-related businesses in Bromo-Tengger-Semeru and its surroundings can

apply for loans through the local Bank Jatim. It offers financing through two

programmes: Kredit Pundi Kencana and Kredit Laguna.

o Kredit Pundi Kencana is an opportunity for bigger companies in the service

industry, such as hotels and restaurants, to get up to IDR 500 million.

o Kredit Laguna targets SMEs by offering IDR 2 to 50 million in credit.

o The financial tenure is a maximum of 5 years for both programs.

• According to investors in the area, a lot of the SMEs around Bromo-Tengger-Semeru

are self-financed.

7.7 STEPS TO OPENING A BUSINESS

Within the National Park, it is understood that permits and licenses are controlled by the

Ministry of Forestry, which adds a layer of complication. As the National Park is a protected

area, the development of any tourism/accommodation projects needs to be confined to the

rules and regulations set by the Ministry of Forestry to maintain the sustainability of the Park.

In contrast, starting a business in the surrounding 4 regencies, especially a tourism-related

one, is rather easy and efficient. The following shows the typical procedures for starting a

business in Malang, according to interviews with investors in the area:

• The office of Integrated Information Service Agencies (Badan Pelayanan Informasi

Terpadu) provides a simplified process for creating new businesses. The Integrated

One Stop Service Centre (PTSP) aims to smoothen and simplify licensing procedures

for investment projects, removing the need for investors to visit various ministries

or government agencies to obtain necessary permits. Malang is one of the pilot areas

in Indonesia for this integrated process for creating new businesses. According to

interviews in Malang, the business registration process is more efficient under the

new system.

5 Investment sentiment gleaned from interviews with 9 existing Indonesian tourism investors. The investors chosen had interests in various

tourism assets including hotels, restaurants, ground transportation and travel agencies. The questions were aimed at gathering their thoughts on the pros and cons of SEZs, the tourism investment climate in Indonesia, the future of tourism investment and possible

investment in Lombok.


Page 33

• To establish itself as a tourism city, Kota Malang is encouraging the development of

tourist facilities in the area by offering support such as consulting and field assistance

to investors.

• Financial incentives for starting tourism-related business are available in Malang,

including tax allowance and exemption of import duties on machinery, goods, and

materials.


Page 34

8. SKILLS ASSESSMENT

8.1 WHAT SKILLS EXIST?

There are vocational schools in the 4 surrounding kabupaten. These schools help equip

young people with the basic entry-level hospitality skills. Supervisory skills or management

skills are mostly learned on the job or imported from big cities like Surabaya and Jakarta.

Accommodation: Most guesthouses are small family-run businesses, not professionally

managed. Hotels inside or close to the National Park and in Malang are not growing rapidly

and have a sufficient skilled labor pool to support them (entry, supervisor, and management

levels). Even for the rapid hotel growth in 2015, hotels in the destination and surrounding

areas were still able to get skilled labor from Surabaya.

Food and beverage: There are no large restaurants inside the Park requiring supervisor

or management level skills (except for restaurants in hotels or in cities such as Malang that,

for the most part, serve the local community).

Travel agencies: These agencies report having access to sufficiently-qualified entry,

supervisor, and management level labor.

8.2 WHAT ARE THE SKILLS GAPS?

As identified above, there are few skills gaps currently given the maturity of the market and

its lack of growth.

If Bromo develops further, a larger labor base will be needed, with the SMK providing basic

entry-level skills, such as service, culinary and language skills. Greater effort will be needed,

however, to develop local supervisor/management-level staff, most of whom are presently

sourced from outside the area.

There is untapped potential for Bromo to draw on its rich cultural resources. To best unlock

this potential, it is crucial to equip the local Tengger people with higher level skills to serve

tourists and manage businesses. Training could include:

• Regular service and language training for those who engage in tourism activities;

• Basic business skills training for independent operators of guesthouses and

restaurants to help them to professionalize and make them more market-ready. This

would involve sales, marketing, and technology training;

• Destination management organization (DMO) training could also be offered to local

people to develop cultural villages in the area;

• To minimize the adverse effects caused by increasing arrivals to the National Park

and to ensure sustainable tourism development of the area, it is important to make

environmental conservation training mandatory for everyone engaging in tourism

activities in the Bromo area; and

• Providing environmental science training for guides could enrich the depth of

information delivered to tourists.


Page 35

8.3 TRAINING SCHOOLS

As mentioned earlier, each of the four surrounding kabupaten have public vocational high

schools and universities with tourism management programs. Below are examples of this

type of school in Malang:

• SMKN 2 Malang: This school has been in operation for 52 years, offering tourism-

related courses such as such as tourism services, hotel accommodation, and culinary

training. There are over 2,000 students in SMKN 2 and around 50% of them are in

tourism-related courses.

• SMKN 3 Malang: this school has been appointed by the National Professional

Certification Board (BNSP) as the organizer of Education and Skills Competency

Assessor Training (Work Place Training Assessor). It offers courses related to hotel

accommodation and cuisine.

• SMK Cor Jesu Malang: This school has been open for more than 60 years and offers

hospitality and hotel courses.

Hospitality professionals have positive things to say about the quality of graduates from these

vocational schools, especially because they help alleviate the need for the companies to

provide basic operational and language training. But for higher-level management skills, in-

house training or skilled labor from other cities is still needed.


Page 36

DESTINATION SWOT & VISION


Page 37

9. DESTINATION SWOT

9.1 STRENGTHS

• Abundant natural resources, both geological and ecological, in the National Park.

• Popularity of sunrise views of Bromo among local and international tourists visiting

East Java.

• Rich culture of the Tengger people and Hinduism.

• Success of social events such as Jazz Gunung and the Bromo Marathon.

9.2 WEAKNESSES

• Accessibility difficulties: the National Park is at least 3 hours away by car from the

international airport in Surabaya, which is the gateway for the majority of the

international and domestic tourists arriving by air. Meanwhile, there are only limited

domestic flights from Jakarta and Bali to the closer airport in Malang.

• Road conditions to the National Park are sometimes rough and the travelling time

is long as there is no expressway.

• Insufficient star-rated hotels in the area to attract large numbers of international and

high-spending leisure guests.

• Overcrowding of popular spots in the National Park, such as viewpoints, as most

tourists visit those areas at the same time.

• Poor management of the National Park with (1) insufficient trash collection in

popular areas, and (2) insufficient toilets and signage.

• Lack of investment interest from both domestic and foreign investors canvassed for

this study.

• The additional layer of bureaucracy involving the Ministry of Forestry when applying

for permits/licenses to operate in the National Park.


Page 38

9.3 OPPORTUNITIES

• The highway under construction from Surabaya to Malang will shorten the travel

time between the two cities from 2.5–4 hours to around 1.5 hours.

• Potential upgrade of air transport capacity with plans to build an additional terminal

at Surabaya’s airport and a new international airport to be built in Kabupaten Malang.

• Surrounding cities such as Malang are enhancing their tourism attractions to improve

the visitor experience and capacity.

• Plans to encourage the development of cultural villages in the National Park to

showcase the culture of the Tengger people.

• Special docks for cruise ships could be developed at the Port of Tanjung Tembaga in

Probolinggo to target international guests. The Port of Tanjung Tembaga is around

3 hours (87 kilometers) from Mount Bromo and may offer an alternative route in

addition to the air travel modes for international guests.

• Under-utilized tourism potential: not enough support for the Tenggerese to develop

cultural villages for tourism. This is believed to have potential for domestic and

foreign tourism, as the culture provides a backdrop for the story of Bromo-Tengger-

Semeru. This is a story that can be enhanced, leveraged and packaged up for tourism

consumption.

9.4 THREATS

• An unregulated increase in arrivals may pose a threat to the natural environment

and ecology of the National Park.

• The large-scale volcanic eruptions that happened in roughly five-year intervals

disrupt all tourist activities in the area.


Page 39

10. DESTINATION VISION STATEMENT

Bromo-Tengger-Semeru offers unique scenery with close proximity to large urban gateways

(Surabaya and Malang) and should be developed into a world-class environmentally-

sustainable destination, focusing on its unique beautiful scenery, flora and fauna, which offer

world-class hiking and nature /culture-based activities.

Ecotourism should be the cornerstone of the destination’s development, which could include

(1) nature-base adventure tourism, and/or (2) community-based programs providing cultural

experiences to tourists. The destination should keep developing organically while avoiding

mass tourism and maintaining the ecological and cultural integrity of the National Park.

10.1 UNIQUE SELLING POINTS

• The Mount Penanjakan sunrise viewpoint and climbing Mount Bromo remain two

musts for tourists; access to these activities should be better managed to prevent

overcrowding or environmental degradation.

• It is essential to propose alternative pedestrian itineraries to Mount Bromo that can

be done independently, without a compulsory guide.

• Bromo has developed a few quality events, i.e. Jazz Gunung and Bromo Marathon,

which have helped to diversity the demand base of the destination. This should be

encouraged and enhanced, boosting the area’s domestic and international reputation.

Culture- and nature-based events are usually relatively small niche events that do

not stress the natural environment.

• The activities in the National Park are constrained by its carrying capacity, therefore

nature tours should develop in a sustainable way.

10.2 PRODUCTS AND ACCOMMODATION TO BE DEVELOPED

To support nature-lovers, hikers and cultural tourists (including those attending events) new

accommodation units should be developed near (or inside) the National Park. It is believed

that the small demand base would be best accommodated by the following types of lodging:

• Homestays or small star-rated hotels (between 10 and 30 rooms for small groups);

• Hotels with mid-tier comfort and pricing but with full service (breakfast, restaurant,

pool, organization of treks);

• The introduction of internationally-branded hotels to provide comfort to foreign

guests and more discerning domestic guests will also help the destination gain

popularity;

• Unique accommodation experiences within the villages of the Tengger people. They

should showcase the traditions and culture of the Tengger people, supplementing

village tours with traditional housing and local experiences; and


Page 40

• Designated camping/glamping sites inside the National Park, with sufficient supplies

of fresh water and power, to serve as alternative accommodations providing unique

travel experiences to visitors. This would be particularly appealing to young domestic

visitors who enjoy camping in national parks, on mountains, lakeside, etc. with their

friends.

It is believed that international visitors will remain a very small component of targeted

tourists, and limited to those on the Jakarta–Bali overland route. These intrepid travelers,

traveling through Java from Jakarta–Yogyakarta–Bromo–Kawah Ijen itinerary on the way to

Bali, will also be attracted by the small scale lodging recommended.


Page 41

MARKET DEMAND FORECASTS


Page 42

11. FUTURE MARKET DEMAND ANALYSIS

This section provides high-level projections for the scale, origin and characteristics of future

visitor demand to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru, based on the destination positioning outlined

above and a quantitative approach.

11.1 QUANTITATIVE APPROACH

Our forecasts are based on the assumption that:

• No major future volcanic eruption will restrict the access to the National Park; and

• The National Park will implement the necessary adjustments touched on in this report

to (1) improve the tourism experience and (2) encourage investment in accommodation

projects.

11.1.1 DOMESTIC VISITORS

Domestic visitors represent the majority of arrivals today, although they have dropped since

2014, due in part to an entry fee increase. Once the impact of the increase in prices is

absorbed, the level of attendance should recover to gradually reach the levels observed in

2014 (the forecast is for 550,000 visitors in 2021). Subsequently, we assume that visitor

growth to the Park will follow national-level trends in tourism demand: CAGR of 1.9%

between 2022 and 2026 and a slightly reduced 1.3% between 2027 and 2041.

11.1.2 INTERNATIONAL VISITORS

The number of foreign visitors to the Park is very low due to issues such as location,

accessibility and quality of accommodation. In fact, it decreased in 2014 and 2015, but mainly

due to one-off factors (volcano eruption and ticket price changes). The impact of these

factors is assumed to dissipate by 2021, when the number of international visitors is

projected to return to 2013 levels (i.e. 33,000).

In the medium term, if the problems of accessibility, accommodation, and general destination

quality are addressed, the national park should improve its attractiveness for international

visitors. On this basis, the forecast is for an increase in international visitors to 50,000 in

2026 and to 111,600 in 2041.

These forecasts are presented in Figure 25.

FIGURE 25: FORECAST OF VISITOR ARRIVALS TO MOUNT BROMO 2015-2041

2015 2021 2026 20412016-

2021

2022-

2026

2027-

2041

Domestic visitors 456,995 550,000 603,500 737,200 3.1% 1.9% 1.3%

Foreign visitors 17,016 33,000 50,000 111,600 11.7% 8.7% 5.5%

Total visitors 474,011 583,000 653,500 848,800 3.5% 2.3% 1.8%

Number of arrivals CAGR in %

Source: Horwath HTL


Page 43

11.1.3 IMPACT ON GUEST NIGHTS AND EXPENDITURE

Typically visits to the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park are a day trip that can start

from:

• homes (for local visitors);

• accommodation located near the park; or

• accommodation located far from the park.

The existing statistical data does not allow us to determine the relative proportions of day

trippers versus visitors who spend at least one night near the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru

National Park. For 2015 park visit statistics, it was therefore assumed that every visit

corresponded to one night, without it being possible to determine in what type of

accommodation and in which place this overnight was spent.

The hypothesis of a 1 day-1 night stay was also made for Indonesian visitors.

For foreign visitors, we have considered that the average length of stay could increase slightly

(to 1.2 nights from 2021), as some visitors extend their stays from 1 to 2 nights as the

destination develops.

Figure 26 presents the projected number of guest nights in accommodations and overall

visitor expenditure in Bromo-Tengger-Semeru: total visitors are forecast to generate total

revenue of USD 52.2 million in 2041 (USD 30.6 million in 2021 and 35.9 million in 2026),

which is more than twice the current expenditure of domestic and foreign visitors in 2015.6

Foreign visitors are forecast to contribute 36% of total expenditure in 2041.

FIGURE 26: FORECAST OF VISITOR GUEST NIGHTS AND EXPENDITURE IN

BROMO TENGGER SEMURU, 2015-2041

2015 2021 2026 2041

Guest nights

Domestic visitors 457,000 550,000 603,500 737,200

Foreign visitors 17,000 39,600 60,000 133,900

Total visitors 474,000 589,600 663,500 871,100

Expenditure (in Thousands USD)

Domestic visitors 20,840 25,080 27,510 33,610

Foreign visitors 2,360 5,510 8,350 18,620

Total visitors 23,200 30,590 35,860 52,230

Source: Horwath HTL

6 Based on BPS Exit Survey and BPS Domestic Survey. Average expenditure per day of USD 46 for domestic visitors and

USD 139 for foreign visitors, assumed to be steady in constant USD.


Page 44

INVESTMENT NEEDS


Page 45

12. AMENITIES: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS

12.1 HOTEL PIPELINE & FACILITIES DEVELOPMENT

We are not aware of any concrete pipeline for new hotels in the National Park area.

The above positioning discussion and demand forecasts were based on assumed additional

rooms, product variety, and facilities. The following comments develop this further.

12.2 FORECAST OF FUTURE ACCOMMODATION NEEDS

The forecast for guest nights in commercial accommodation needs is based on the

assumption that most future visitors will use commercial accommodation located near the

park—specifically, that approximately 90% of the additional foreign visitors and 75% of

domestic visitors will stay in commercial accommodation, hotels, guesthouses or camping,

the development of which was recommended above.

Based on a room density factor (number of guests per occupied room) of an estimated 1.5,

the room nights in commercial accommodation will increase by 60,100 in 2021 and 210,200

in 2041.

Based on a reasonable long term stabilized occupancy rate of 50% (given the location and

destination type) the need for additional rooms will be 330 in 2021, 540 in 2026 increasing

to around 1,150 by 2041.

FIGURE 27: NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL ROOMS REQUIRED 2015-2041

12.3 OTHER TOURISM FACILITIES

In addition to the comments in the positioning discussion, the following products and services

should be developed to support increased tourism arrivals:

• New viewpoints with good accessibility to reduce pressure on the popular

Pananjakan viewpoint;

• The development of a museum(s) showcasing the destination’s distinctive natural

resources (geological and ecological) and cultural resources (the Tengger people and

Hinduism);

• Centralized and regulated transportation within the National Park boundaries;

2021 2026 2041

90,090 148,575 315,360

69,750 109,875 210,150

Foreign vis itors 20,340 38,700 105,210

Dens ity rate (clients P OR) 1.5 1.5 1.5

Additional rooms nights (v. 2015) 60,100 99,100 210,200

Occupancy rate 50% 50% 50%

Additional rooms required 330 540 1,150

Additional gues t nights in comm.

accomm. (v. 2015)

Domes tic vis itors


Page 46

• Souvenir shops and convenience stores; and

• More events in the vein of Jazz Gunung and the Bromo Marathon to showcase the

beautiful scenery and unique culture of Bromo-Tengger-Semeru.


Page 47

13. STAFF REQUIRED & SKILLS NEEDED

13.1 ACCOMMODATION STAFF REQUIRED

The above demand and supply forecasts will have a net positive effect on employment in

Bromo-Tengger-Semeru. Additional services and potential employment growth will occur in

all tourism-related sectors.

13.2 ADDITIONAL STAFF REQUIRED

Figure 27 above highlights the number of additional rooms forecast for Bromo-Tengger-

Semeru. Based on these additional rooms, Figure 28 below provides an estimate of the

number of staff required at entry level, supervisor, and management levels by assumed hotel

positioning. The hotel positioning is split into 5 categories based on actual achieved daily

rates in 2015 across the country, not specific to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru, where insufficient

information is available from which to draw staffing ratio conclusions.

Additional assumptions:

• % Total Rooms: the percentage of total rooms per rate category. For example, if the

figure is 0.42 this means that 42% of total rooms are within this rate category. The

estimates are based on the data collected in the Horwath HTL Indonesia Hotel Industry

Survey of Operations 2016;

• Staff / Room Ratio: staffing levels or full-time equivalents (FTE) per room. For example,

if the figure is 0.53 this means that 0.53 FTE are required per room. The estimates are

based on the data collected in the Horwath HTL Indonesia Hotel Industry Survey of

Operations 2016); and

• The staffing level split or proportion of total staff within each of entry level, supervisor,

and management level are based on estimates from market research:

- Under USD 40 (achieved average daily rate, 2015) is 10% management and 90%

entry level. It is assumed that this category includes homestays, smaller

properties, family-owned, and less professionally-managed properties. These

are assumed to have a slightly different staff split between management (who

are often owner relatives) and entry level, with no supervisor level.

- Over USD 40 (achieved average daily rate, 2015) is 5% management, 10%

supervisor, and 85% entry level. These categories are assumed to typically

include a higher proportion of star-rated hotels, greater professionalization,

larger properties, and thus staff across all 3 levels.


Page 48

FIGURE 28: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL STAFF BY HOTEL CATEGORY

Source: Horwath HTL

On this basis, by 2021 it is forecast that an additional 292 staff will be required to meet the

needs of the additional rooms projected. Between 2021 and 2026, a further 478 staff will be

required and between 2026 and 2041, 1,017 will be required.

13.2.1 ADDITIONAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Other supporting sectors that will benefit directly, should tourism arrivals projections and

tourism developments continue to grow and meet expectations, include:

• Food & beverage: in support of tourism.

• Retail: as an extension to tourism, souvenirs, if produced and marketed correctly, could

also employ a large number of local people.

• Tourism guides.

• Transport service staff for taxis, buses, hired cars, etc.

The volume of current staff in such positions is unknown, so we cannot estimated the precise

increase, however it is reasonable to expect staff numbers to at least double given the

forecast for a twofold increase in arrivals.

< USD 40 USD 40 - 80USD 80 -

120

USD 120 -

240> USD 240 Total

Staff / Room Ratio 0.53 0.83 1.15 1.56 2.70

% Total Rooms 0.42 0.31 0.11 0.13 0.03

Additional Rooms:

2021 140 103 37 42 9 330

2026 228 168 60 69 15 540

2041 486 358 128 146 32 1,150

Additional Staff:

2021 74 85 42 66 25 292

Entry Level 67 72 36 56 21 252

Supervisor - 9 4 7 3 22

Management 7 4 2 3 1 18

2026 121 140 69 107 41 478

Entry Level 109 119 59 91 35 413

Supervisor - 14 7 11 4 36

Management 12 7 3 5 2 29

2041 258 297 147 228 87 1,017

Entry Level 232 252 125 194 74 877

Supervisor - 30 15 23 9 77

Management 26 15 7 11 4 63


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14. TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE BASELINE & NEEDS

BASELINE

14.1 ROAD TRANSPORT

14.1.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS

Road Network

The road network in the study boundary consists of roads classified as national, provincial

and kabupaten roads. The total length of these roads in East Java is 47,732.41 km. The

majority of visitors are domestic visitors mainly from Java, hence, the East Java figures are

considered for a broad understanding of road conditions.

Figure 29 shows the length of roads by classification for East Java.

FIGURE 29: ROAD CLASS AND CONDITION AT EAST JAVA

Year Condition National Provincial Kabupaten Total

(1) (2) (3) (4) /Kota* (5) (6)

Length 2,027.01 1,760.91 34,183.46 37.971,38

2012 Good Condition 628.97 1,509.64 27,027.21 29.165,82

Proportion (%) 31.03 85.73 79.07 76,81

Length 2,027.01 1,760.91 37,018.98 40,806.90

2013 Good Condition 1,934.20 1,556.62 26,243.27 29,734.09

Proportion (%) 95.42 88.40 70.89 72,87

Length 2,027.01 1,760.91 41,305.22 45,093.14

2014 Good Condition 2,004.31 1,571.94 24,159.50 27,734.75

Proportion (%) 98.88 89.27 58,49 61,51

Length 2,361.23 1,760.91 43,610.27 47,732.41

2015 Good Condition 2,261.71 1,574.82 25,823.89 29,657.54

Proportion (%) 95.79 89.43 59,21 62.13

Source: Transportation Statistic East Java (BPS) 2016

In 2015, the ratio of paved roads in good condition was 95.79% for national roads, 89.43%

for provincial roads, and 59.21% for kabupaten ones. Hence, many of the kabupaten road

sections need to be improved, especially those near tourism attractions.


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Road Density

In 2015, the ratio of road length per number of registered vehicles in East Java was recorded

as 3.20 km for every 1,000 vehicles, a slight improvement over previous years, shown in

Figure 30. This ratio shows that the level of density of traffic flow in East Java is quite high.

This is due to rapid growth of the number of motor vehicles in comparison to the existing

road development. There is a need for traffic demand management.

FIGURE 30: ROAD CLASS AND CONDITION IN EAST JAVA

Year Length of National, Provincial and

Kabupaten Roads

Number of registered vehicles Ratio

2011 37,971 10,645,817 3.57

2012 37,971 11,529,441 3.29

2013 40,806 12,158,409 3.36

2014 45,093 14,896,934 3.03

2015 47,732 14,808,471 3.20

Source: Department of Public Works, East Java Province

External Road Access

Bromo is 3 hours from Surabaya by car. Cemoro Lawang is the most popular entrance gate,

accounting for 43% of entrances, as the majority of the visitors come via Probolinggo. Travel

time from Surabaya to Probolinggo in normal traffic conditions takes about 2 hours and 20

minutes via the Surabaya-Gempol toll road.

Tourists coming from Pasuruan would normally enter the National Park from the Wonokitri

gate. Travel time from Surabaya to Pasuruan in the normal traffic condition takes about 1

hour 20 minutes by Surabaya-Gempol toll road. On the other hand, trekkers hiking Mount

Semeru enter through the southern gates (mainly from Lumajang through Ranupani, and

some from Malang through Tumpang). Figure 31 shows the road access to the park.


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FIGURE 31: ROAD ACCESS TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU

Source: Department of Public Works, East Java Province

Internal Road Access

Depending on distance, usually hotels organize transport to the crater by car or horseback.

For those with a moderate degree of fitness, the hike across the sea of sand and climb to

the rim of the active cone takes about 45 minutes. Roads at Wonokitri and Cemoro Lawang,

near the Bromo crater, are narrow, so much so that at times it is difficult for 2 vehicles from

opposite directions to pass. It would be advisable to widen these roads in the future.

Traffic Volume

In the study boundary, the highest traffic volume is observed in section between Surabaya

and Pasuruan (60,205 vehicles per day); the next-highest volume is the section running

between Pasuruan and Probolinggo (23,162 vehicles per day). Figure 32 below shows the

major road access capacity to Bromo area (Appendix III shows the detailed calculation of

existing road capacity based on the Indonesia Highway Capacity Manual and IRMS database).

BROMO-

TENGGER-

SEMERU


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FIGURE 32: REGIONAL ROAD TRAFFIC TO BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU

National Road IRI

Length

(km) Carriageway Capacity

PCU/

peak

VCR

1 Surabaya-Pasuruan 5 83 12 6,477 4,033 0.73

2 Pasuruan-Probolinggo 5.5 18.3 11 3,719 5,252 1.18

3 Surabaya - Malang 4.6 134.4 14 6,722 4,016 0.69

Source: Department of Public Works, East Java Province (road capacity calculation by Surbana Jurong)

NOTE: These roads are the national roads (external major roads) providing access to BTS. The road conditions of local roads are added

below.

Traffic volume for local roads to Cemoro Lawang, Wonokitri and Ranupani are not known.

However, based on observation and research, the traffic volume on these roads is very low.

14.1.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE

The road between Surabaya and Probolinggo via Pasuruan are the major roads providing

access to Bromo. Figure 33 below summarizes ratio of traffic volume over road capacity

(VCR) on the key roads, existing road conditions and the adequacy of major road

infrastructure. The road condition of local roads is presented separately.

FIGURE 33: ROAD ACCESS GAPS TO MAJOR TOURISM DESTINATIONS

No National Road Time VCR* Road Conditions

1 Surabaya-Pasuruan 1hr 20 min 0.73 Adequate, shortly will reach its capacity

2 Pasuruan-Probolinggo 1hr 1.18 Inadequate

3 Surabaya - Malang 2hr 30 min 0.69 Adequate

* Ratio of traffic volume over road capacity

No Local Road Time Road Conditions

1 Pasaruan – Wonokitri (45 km)

1hr 30 min Narrow Road (4-6 m width), generally

good condition

2 Probolinggo – Cemoro Luwang (40 km)

1hr 18 min Narrow Road (4-6 m width), average

condition

3 Malang - Tumpang – Ranupani (48 km)

2 hr Narrow Road (4-6 m width), average

condition Source: Field survey and research (Travel time)

Apart from roads, parking, which is very limited, affects access to Bromo. Limited or no

parking at all is available at the viewpoints, some of which are not accessible by car.

14.1.3 FUTURE PLANS FOR ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE

There are plans for toll roads in East Java, as shown in Figure 34. The government emphasizes

the utilization of private funds through public-private partnerships (PPPs) for smoother

transportation and enhancement of the toll road network. Among others, the sections listed

in Figure 35, which are part of the Trans-Java Toll Road, have been given high priority in the

acceleration program adopted by the Ministry of Public Works.


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FIGURE 34: EAST JAVA TOLL ROAD PLAN

Source: Dinas Perhubungan East Java Province

FIGURE 35: STATUS OF TOLL ROAD PLAN

Toll Road Section Length

(km) Status

Kertosono–Mojokerto 41 The first 14 kilometer phase of this toll road connecting Jombang

with Bandar Kedungmulyo opened on October 2014

Mojokerto–Surabaya 37 Part of the toll that has been operating is the 2.3-kilometer

section IA (Waru-Sepanjang, 2011]) as well as the 18.47-kilometer

section IV (Krian-Mojokerto, 2016). While sections IB 4.3 km

(Sepanjang-WRR), II 5.1 km (WRR-Driyorejo), and III 6.1 km

(Driyorejo-Krian) are planned to be fully operational in 2017

Surabaya–Gempol

(Surabaya–Porong)

43 In operation since 1984, discontinued at Porong due to

mud flow. There is a plan for a new 10 kilometres Porong-

Gempol Toll Road

Gempol–Pasuruan 32 Gempol-Pasuruan section I (Gempol-Rembang) lenth13,9 km

initially planned to be operated beginning 2016, but has ongoing

issue of land acquisition.

Planned to be operational in 2019

Gempol–Malang 32 Tendering, Planned to be operational in 2019

Pasuruan- Probolinggo 31 Under Construction, Planned to be operational in 2019

Source: Dinas Perhubungan East Java Province and PWC

The toll road sections Surabaya–Gempol–Malang/Pasuruan-Probolinggo will bring tourists

travelling to Bromo by road from the main air gateway in Surabaya to the park area. The

project will benefit from the reduced travel time.


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14.2 RAILWAY TRANSPORT


For railway operation in East Java, the province is divided into three railway management

bureaus (DAOP, or Daerah Operasi): DAOP Surabaya, DAOP Madiun, and DAOP Jember

which operates under PT. Kereta Api (Persero).

The railway network connects Surabaya to both Malang and Pasuruan/Probolinggo. This

means that visitors arriving by air to Surabaya could reach the main gateways to the National

Park by rail. Moreover, the railway through Pasuruan and Probolinggo continues to

Banyuwangi on the far eastern tip of Java. As Banyuwangi is the primary crossing point for

travelers moving between Bali and Java overland, this indicates that visitors to the National

Park from Bali could also potentially use the railway for at least part of their journey.

14.2.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING RAILWAY

The current state of track conditions and the existence of many grade crossings and

intrusions into the right of way (ROW) make train operation slow, according to local staff

of PT KAI Daerah Operasi VIII Surabaya interviewed for this report. The rolling stock is also

deteriorating. Due to the aged engines and maintenance equipment, the operating speed is

less than the maximum potential speed. The number of operable trains is also limited. In

addition, the lack of linkage between bus and railway services is inconvenient for users and

residents who wish for high-quality door-to-door transportation.

Thus, the present railway network is not attractive for most travelers, and is not yet an

effective means as alternative transport access to Bromo for visitors originating from

Surabaya to Malang or Probolinggo.

14.2.3 FUTURE PLANS FOR RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE

On Java Island, there is a plan to eventually double-track the entire northern Java trunk line

(Jakarta–Semarang–Surabaya) and southern Java trunk line (Jakarta–Yogyakarta–Solo–

Surabaya).

14.3 AIR TRANSPORT


There are two main airports used for access to Bromo. These airports are Juanda

International Airport in Surabaya and Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport located close to Malang.

There are international flights serving the destination via Surabaya, making it the air transport

gateway for international visitors.


Page 55

Juanda International Airport

Juanda International Airport is located in Kabupaten Sidoarjo, in the southern part of

Surabaya, 20km from the city. Juanda International Airport renewed operations on 15

November 2006, through financial assistance from the Japanese government. The passenger

terminal was relocated from the south side of the runway to the north side, not only to

increase passenger capacity but also to separate the passenger terminal from the mix-use

base terminal of the Indonesian Navy.

The airport has a single 3,000m runway which can receive a B747 class aircraft. Its passenger

terminal has a total area of 77,140 square meters and has a service capacity for 12.5 million

passengers per year. The airport currently serves 11 domestic airways and seven

international airways. The airport currently has flights to 34 cities and five countries.

The annual air passenger trend at Juanda Airport is shown in Figure 36. Juanda Airport cannot

accommodate further passenger demands without facility expansion.

FIGURE 36: AIR TRANSPORT DEMAND

Year

Juanda International Airport

Aircraft Passenger

Int Dom Int Dom

2011 10,145 105,627 1,409,415 12,364,466

2012 10,763 125,407 1,543,001 14,904,895

2013 13,983 125,277 1,822,373 15,861,582

2014 12,796 123,399 1,740,420 15,544,665

2015 12,198 124,853 1,687,053 15,456,858

Source: Angkasa Pura I

Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport

Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport in Malang serves as the domestic airport for Malang and the

Bromo area. The airport has a two-runway system with length 2,300m for civil aircraft which

can receive a B737 class aircraft and 1500m for military operation. Its passenger terminal has

a service capacity of 170,000 passengers per year. The number of flights between Malang and

Jakarta is 63 per week and between Malang and Bali is 28 per week. In 2014, total passenger

volume reached 158,000 with 1281 aircraft movements.

Figure 37 below shows the airport facilities in the two airports.


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FIGURE 37: AIRPORT FACILITIES AT JUANDA AND ABDUL RACHMAN

Facilities Juanda Abdul Rachman Saleh

Runway (Lm X Wm) 3.000 m x 45 m 2.300 m x 40 m

1.500 m x 30 m (military use)

Taxiway (Parallel) N1. 203,75 m x 23 m

N2. 285,75 m x 23 m

N3. 404,5 x 23 m

N4. 220 m x 23 m

N5. 250 m x 23 m

N6. 535,8 m x 23 m

N7. 203,75 m x 23 m

330 m x 23 m

4 x (140 m x 23 m)

1800 x 33 m (parallel taxiway

for military use)

Loading Apron Requirements 10 Wide Body Aircraft 3 Narrow Body Aircraft

34 Narrow Body Aircraft

Terminal Building Capacity 12,500,000 passengers/year 170,000 passengers/year

Source: Aeronautical Information Publication, DGCA and PT. Angkasa Pura I

14.3.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Juanda Airport

Figure 38 is an image of the facilities at Juanda Airport.

Passenger Handling Capacity

As per existing airport annual capacity, Juanda Airport can handle 12.5 million passengers, so

the airport is operating beyond its intended capacity. This gap in terminal building capacity

needs to be expanded urgently.

Runway Capacity

Juanda Airport is not only a primary airport in Indonesia; it is also an Indonesian Navy facility.

Sharing the single runway with the navy remains a matter of concern even after the passenger

terminal and the navy terminal have been separated. Since it shares its lone runway and

airspace with the navy, the capacity of civil aviation is limited. According to Indonesia Airport

Slot Management, the existing runway capacity can only handle 26 aircraft movement per

hour. At current demand, in peak hours, 27 aircraft movements need to be handled.

The current flight headway (interval between flights) in Juanda is 1 minute and 20 seconds

during peak hours, meaning that runway capacity is nearing threshold. Aside from

commercial flights, there are about 20 military flights per day. Capacity issues are

exacerbated by the speed discrepancy between military planes (low speed) and commercial

planes (high speed). This discrepancy constantly leads to full time slots, thereby limiting the

number of additional commercial planes that can land. Thus, additional commercial flights

cannot be implemented.


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FIGURE 38: JUANDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Source: ICAO Esri ArcGIS Database

Summary of Existing Infrastructure at Juanda Airport

Considering the existing air passenger demand of 15.4 million passengers and aircraft

movements of 137,051 aircrafts per year (27 aircraft movements in peak hour), the

adequacy of existing airport infrastructure at Juanda International Airport is summarized in

Figure 39:

FIGURE 39: EXISTING GAPS IN AIRPORT FACILITIES AT JUANDA AIRPORT

Facilities Juanda Assessment

Runway (Lm X Wm) 3,000m x 45m Inadequate to meet existing aircraft

movement

Parallel Taxiway North taxiway

South taxiway

Adequate to meet existing aircraft

movement

Loading Apron

Requirements

21 aircrafts stand needed in peak hour

Capacity: 44 aircrafts stands


movement

Terminal Building

Capacity

12.5 million Inadequate to meet existing air

passenger demand Source: Aeronautical Information Publication, Angkasa Pura I, Surbana Jurong Analysis

Juanda Airport infrastructure capacity needs to be improved in terms of both terminal

buildings and runway capacity.

Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport

Figure 40 is an image of the facilities at Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport in Malang.


Page 58

Terminal Building Capacity

Existing facilities at the airport can handle 170,000 annual passengers; as of 2014, existing

demand was 158,000. Therefore, it is highly probable that the facilities will reach full capacity.

There are plans to expand Abdul Rachman Airport, which should enable the facilities to

handle increased air passenger demand in future.

Runway Capacity

The estimated capacity of existing single runway is approximately 16 movements (Refer to

Appendix II).

FIGURE 40: ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT

Source: ICAO Esri ArcGIS Database

Summary

Considering the existing air passenger demand and aircraft movements (3 aircraft

movements in peak hour), the adequacy of existing airport infrastructure at Abdul

Rachman Airport is summarized in Figure 41:


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FIGURE 41: EXISTING GAPS IN AIRPORT FACILITIES AT ABDUL RACHMAN

SALEH AIRPORT

Facilities Abdul Rachman Assessment

Runway (Lm X Wm) 2,250m x 30m Adequate to meet existing aircraft

movement

Parallel Taxiway None Not required

Loading Apron

Requirements

3 aircrafts in peak hour

Capacity: 3 aircrafts stands


movement

Terminal Building

Capacity

170,000 Adequate to meet existing air

passenger demand

Source: Aeronautical Information Publication, DGCA, Surbana Jurong Analysis

14.3.3 FUTURE PLANS FOR AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Juanda Airport

There is a plan for future expansion of Juanda Airport to cater the future demand, shown in

Figure 42. This includes construction of a new terminal (Terminal 3) and a second runway,

which is targeted to be operational in 2019. The second runway will serve 25-26 flights per

hour. It will be 3500 meters long to meet the air traffic demands and safety. The airport

operator also plans to make this the main runway in the future. As per Figure 42, a third

runway is also planned as part of Airport expansion plan. When completed, the upgraded

airport is expected to have a capacity of 75 million annual passengers.

FIGURE 42: FUTURE PLAN OF JUANDA AIRPORT

Source:Angkasa Pura I


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Rachman Saleh Airport

The government is planning to upgrade the runway to accommodate larger planes and

potentially upgrade it to an international airport. According to the Airport Master Plan

(Ministry Decree KP 283 Year 2015), the following projects are proposed for Abdul Rachman

Saleh Airport (seen in Figure 43):

• Construction of new terminal facilities including an apron (4 spots for B737, 1 spots for

A-300).

• Construction of a new terminal building at 18,200 m2 with a passenger handling capacity

of 1128 passengers during peak hours or 1.8 million per year.

• Runway extension to 3000 x 45 m.

FIGURE 43: ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT MASTER PLAN

Source: Directorate General Civil Aviation, Ministry of Transport

The proposed project is expected to improve Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport’s capability to

accommodate narrow body aircraft for medium-haul flights and increase terminal capacity.

The safety level will be improved to some extent at the same time because of the installation

of ILS (Instrument Landing System) facilities.


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14.4 SEA TRANSPORT


The relevant port for accessing Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is located at Probolinggo,

approximately 35 km from the National Park. This port received around 30 cruise calls with

around 32,000 passengers in 2015. Bromo-Tengger-Semeru is commonly featured as part of

the program for cruises arriving at Probolinggo.

Existing port facilities are shown in Figure 44 and described in Figure 45. The 0.6 mile long

access channel between the offshore anchorage and the port basin is maintained to a depth

of -4 MLWs (mean low water springs) for a width of 50m.

FIGURE 44: NEW TANJUNG TEMBAGA PORT LAYOUT

Source: Google Earth Map

FIGURE 45: NEW TANJUNG TEMBAGA PORT FACILITIES

Port Dock area Length (m) Width (m) Depth of the Pool

(MLWS)

A West Talut Tegak Dock 364 4 -2,5

B East Talut Tegak Dock 640 4 -2,5

C Outer Dock 337 1 -2,5

D East Talut Tegak Dock 20 6 -2,5

Source: Pelindo III

14.4.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING SEAPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

The existing port infrastructure is suitable for a small class cruise ship with a gross tonnage

(GT) of 88,500 that can carry roughly 2,100 passengers.

14.4.3 FUTURE PLAN FOR SEAPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

PT Pelindo has plans to build a dedicated cruise terminal at Probolinggo. However, the need

for this new cruise terminal will be subject to future demand.


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TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT NEEDS

14.5 MARKET SHARE OF VISITORS

According to the market study, the share of domestic visitors will remain dominant in future.

Out of 583,000 visitors in 2021, around 94% are estimated to be domestic. However, the

share of foreign visitors will increase in the future. Out of 848,800 visitors in 2041, around

13% are estimated to be foreign visitors.

14.5.1 MODE OF ARRIVAL

The mode of arrival and visitor movement pattern is expected to remain similar to the

current trends. Land transport will play the most important role for Bromo. Most of the

visitors are expected to come from Surabaya and access Bromo through Cemoro Lawang

via Probolinggo. Hence, the road connectivity between Surabaya, Probolingo and Cemoro

Lawang is important.

The majority of foreign visitors and some of the domestic visitors are expected to access

Bromo by air in the future. Thus, Juanda International Airport at Surabaya is an important

gateway for most of the international visitors. Some visitors are also expected to arrive at

Malang Airport and access Bromo through Tumpang Gate. Hence, road connectivity

between Malang and Tumpang Gate will be important. Other road connections, like between

Pasuruan to Wonokitri Gate and the access route to Ranupani Gate will also play an

important role.

14.6 ROAD TRANSPORT NEEDS

14.6.1 ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS

External Roads

Considering the current traffic volume along the national road to the Bromo-Tengger-

Semeru area, following are the key conclusions drawn:

• Surabaya-Pasuruan Road is currently adequate in terms of capacity. However,

capacity will need to be improved in the future. The toll road for Surabaya-Gempol

has been discontinued at Porong due to a mud flow. However, there is a plan for a

new 10 kilometer Porong-Gempol Toll Road. This segment of toll road needs to be

regularly maintained and improved. It recommended to extend this toll road to

Pasuruan in order to further improve the capacity and travel time to access Bromo-

Tengger-Semeru. The proposed toll road should at least have a capacity of 7000

PCU per hour to sufficiently meet future demand.

• Pasuruan–Probolinggo Road is currently inadequate and requires capacity

improvement. The new Pasuruan-Probolinggo toll road is currently under

construction and its capacity is estimated to meet to the increased traffic volume in

short term.


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• Gempol-Malang Road is currently adequate in terms of capacity. However,

capacity will need to be improved in future due to increased traffic volume. The

Gempol-Malang toll road is understood to be the committed project and will be

adequate to serve the increased traffic volume in the immediate future.

In summary, the aforementioned toll roads are largely committed and when completed,

will improve the accessibility of the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru area from surrounding

regions.

Secondary Roads

The current traffic volume in the secondary access roads to the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru

park is quite low and is anticipated to remain low in future as well. Hence, the road capacity

of all the roads including Pasaruan-Wonokitri, Probolinggo-Cemoro Luwang, Malang –

Tumpang and Ranupani will be adequate for the immediate term, though they will require

upgradation in the long term. However, at present the road widths of these local roads to

access the core tourism area needs to be standardized to 6m, in order to provide adequate

space for two vehicles to run in opposite directions. All the above mentioned secondary

access roads need to be well maintained in terms of pavement conditions, targeting for IRI

< 4.

14.7 RAILWAY TRANSPORT

14.7.1 RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS

The railway network in the region connects Surabaya to Malang (2 to 3 hr travel time) and

Probolinggo (2 hour travel time) on separate lines. There are government plans to improve

the capacity. Although railways play an important role as alternative mode of transport;

investment in railway facilities cannot be justified from tourism point of view as the number

of visitors currently using this mode of transport is negligible.


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14.8 AIR TRANSPORT NEEDS

14.8.1 FUTURE AIR PASSENGER DEMAND7

JUANDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

• Air passenger movements at Juanda International Airport are estimated to reach 21

million in 2021 and about 35.4 million by 2041.

• The yearly aircraft movements are estimated to reach 177,287 aircrafts in 2021 and

313,020 aircraft by 2041.

ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT

It is understood that there are government plans to upgrade the runway to accommodate

larger planes and to potentially upgrade to an international airport. Expansion of the airport

will have the potential of an overlapping airspace with Juanda Airport. These alternatives

need to be evaluated not only from an economic or financial viewpoint, but also from various

aspects such as accessibility by land transport and environmental impact evaluation. Hence,

more detailed feasibility studies need to be conducted to upgrade the airport to an

international airport.

• Air passenger movements at Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport are estimated to reach

182,162 in 2021 and about 271,927 by 2041.

• Annual aircraft movements are estimated to reach 1,469 aircrafts in 2021 and 2,493

aircrafts by 2041.

14.8.2 AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS

JUANDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Juanda International Airport is operating beyond its infrastructure capacity. In 2021 and 2041,

air passenger demand is estimated to increase further. The main airport facilities will need

to be improved according to the estimated passenger and aircraft demand in 2021 and 2041

as shown in Figure 46.

7 The Future Air Passenger Demand and Aircraft Movement are estimated on a broad basis to assess the airport infrastructure

needs for tourism development. A separate detailed specific Airport Study needs to be conducted to look into the specific air passenger and

aircraft demand for individual airports.


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FIGURE 46: JUANDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT – INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS

Existing

(2015)

Airport Plan

(2019)

Short Term

(2021)

Long Term

(2041)

Air Passenger

Demand 15.4 million NA 21 million 35.4 million

Aircraft

landing and

Take Off

Demand

137,051 aircrafts

per year

22 peak hour

movement

NA

177,287 aircrafts

per year

33 peak hour

movement

313,020

aircrafts per

year

58 peak hour

movement

Runway (Lm

X Wm)

3,000m x 45m

Estimated

Capacity: 26

movements per

hour

Existing Capacity:

Adequate

Second Runway

3500m L

Estimated

Capacity: 25-26

movements per

hour

Adequate with

Airport Master

Plan

Adequate with

Airport

Master Plan

Parallel

Taxiway Yes Yes Yes Yes

Loading

Apron

Requirements

21 aircraft in peak

hour

Capacity: 44

aircrafts stands

N/A N/A N/A

Terminal

Building

12.5 million annual

passengers

Existing Capacity

Inadequate

75 million annual

passengers Adequate with

Airport Plan

Adequate with

Airport Plan

There is a plan for Juanda International Airport to expand terminal and runway capacity to

accommodate 75 million passengers. The plan is needed and should be implemented by

phases. However, considering the airport is a regional facility, it is not justified to make

investments on this airport solely from tourism point of view for this destination.

ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT

In 2021, current airport infrastructure will be adequate to accommodate forecasted

passenger demand. Certain airport facilities that will need to be improved according to the

estimated passenger and aircraft demand in 2021 and 2041 are shown in Figure 47.


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FIGURE 47: ABDUL RACHMAN SALEH AIRPORT – INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS

Existing

(2015)

Airport

Improvement

Plan

Short Term

(2021)

Long Term

(2041)

Air Passenger

Demand 158,819 NA 182,162 271,927

Aircraft

landing and

Take Off

Demand

1281 aircrafts per

year

3 peak hour

movement

NA

1469 aircrafts per

year

3 peak hour

movement

2193 aircrafts

per year

5 peak hour

movement

Runway (Lm

X Wm)

2,250m x 30m

Estimated

Capacity: 16

movements per

hour

Existing Capacity:

Adequate

Runway extension

to 3000 x 45 m

Existing Capacity:

Adequate

Existing Capacity:

Adequate

Existing

Capacity

Adequate

Parallel

Taxiway None None None None

Loading

Apron

Requirements

3 aircraft in peak

hour

Capacity: 3

aircrafts stands

Ultimate Phase

Capacity: 5 stands

3 stands needed

for aircrafts in

peak hour

Adequate

5 aircrafts

stands needed

in peak hour

Adequate

Terminal

Building

170,000 annual

passengers

Adequate

1.8 million annual

passengers

Adequate with

Airport Master

Plan

Adequate with

Airport

Master Plan

The existing airport capacity will be adequate in the short term; however, in the long term

the Airport Master Plan will need to be implemented.

14.9 SEA TRANSPORT NEEDS

14.9.1 SEA TRANSPORT INVESTMENT NEEDS

Cruise passengers are estimated to increase from 32,000 in 2015 to 75,000 passenger in

2021 and 149,000 passengers in 2041. The existing port infrastructure is suitable for a small

class cruise ship with 88,500 Gross Tonnage (GT) that can carry roughly 2,100 passengers.

Considering the limited demand for cruises, investments in cruise infrastructure will not be

the priority for this destination.


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15. BASIC CAPACITY INFRASTRUCTURE (AMENITIES)

BASELINE

15.1 BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES

Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park is the key tourism attraction in this destination

boundary. The Park spreads across 4 kabupaten. However, the attractions and

accommodations fall in 4 core tourism kabupaten, 1 kota and 3 kecamatan, as shown in

Figure 48 below. Hence, the infrastructure assessment focuses on these core areas.

FIGURE 48: BROMO-TENGGER-SEMERU TOURISM DESTINATION AND KEY

ATTRACTIONS

Source: Google Maps, HHTL, Surbana Jurong

15.2 WATER SUPPLY

15.2.1 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY CONDITIONS

Local water utility (PDAM) water supply services reach 33.47% of households in Kabupaten

Pasuruan, 38.91% of households in Kabupaten Probolinggo, 11.30% of households in

Kabupaten Lumajang, 15.20% of households in Kabupaten Malang, and 76.08% of households

in Kota Malang. Water network coverage varies among the core kecamatan. PDAM water

supply services reach 93.33% of households in Kecamatan Tosari (Kabupaten Pasuruan),

100% of households in Kecamatan Sukapura (Kabupaten Probolinggo), and 10.04% of

households in Kecamatan Pasrujambe (Kabupaten Lumajang). In areas outside the PDAMs’

service areas, local residents use river water and groundwater as their main sources of water

supply.


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15.2.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING WASTE SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE

Exiting coverage of PDAM water supply is tabulated below in Figure 49:

FIGURE 49: EXISTING COVERAGE OF PDAM WATER SUPPLY

Core Tourism Area PDAM Coverage

(% of households served)

Kabupaten Pasuruan 33.47

Kecamatan Tosari 93.33

Kabupaten Probolinggo 38.91

Kecamatan Sukapura 100

Kabupaten Lumajang 11.30

Kecamatan Pasrujambe 10.04

Kabupaten Malang 15.20

Kota Malang 76.08 Source: BPS Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Lumajang, and Profil Kesehatan Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Lumajang

The majority of hotels near the National Park are located in Kecamatan Sukapura (Kabupaten

Probolinggo), where the Cemoro Lawang gate is located. There is no coverage gap there.

However, water shortages do occur during peak tourist season. Hoteliers purchase water

from outside of the vicinity during water shortage.

15.2.3 FUTURE PLANS FOR WATER SUPPLY

There is no concrete plan to mitigate the water supply gap during peak season in Bromo.

Improvement of coverage is required at Kecamatan Pasrujambe, as existing water supply

infrastructure there is not satisfactory.

15.3 WASTEWATER AND SANITATION

15.3.1 EXISTING WASTEWATER AND SANITATION CONDITIONS

According to STBM (Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat), 48.55% of the households in

Kabupaten Pasuruan, 59.31% of the households in Kabupaten Probolinggo, 66% of the

households in Kabupaten Lumajang, 80.11% of the households in Kabupaten Malang, and

83.86% of the households in Kota Malang have access to adequate sanitation. As for the core

tourism areas, accessibility to adequate sanitation facilities varies among kecamatan. 81.27%

of the households in Kecamatan Tosari (Kabupaten Pasuruan), 99.74% of the households in

Kecamatan Sukapura (Kabupaten Probolinggo), and 44.56% of the households in Kecamatan

Pasrujambe (Kabupaten Lumajang) have access to adequate sanitation. STBM’s definition of

adequate sanitation is sanitation facilities which are able to:

• Avoid water contamination

• Avoid contact between human and feces

• Avoid contact between insects/animals and feces

• No unpleasant smell


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• Easy to clean

The core tourism kecamatan have high accessibility to proper wastewater management

facilities. However, there is no integrated or off-site wastewater management system. Most

of the villages and hotels use individual septic tanks.

15.3.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING WASTEWATER AND SANITATION

INFRASTRUCTURE

Existing sanitation coverage is tabulated below in Figure 50:

FIGURE 50: EXISTING COVERAGE OF ADEQUATE SANITATION

Core Tourism Area

Adequate Sanitation (% of households

equipped with/ has access to adequate

sanitation)




Kecamatan Sukapura 99.74

Kabupaten Lumajang 66



Kota Malang 83.86 Source: Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat

Wastewater and sanitation management quality varies in the Bromo area. The core tourism

kecamatan have greater access to proper wastewater management facilities. One major

concern regarding sanitation in Bromo is the availability of standard public toilets at the actual

tourist attractions, such as the viewpoints. There are insufficient public toilets in these areas

at the moment.

15.4 DRAINAGE

15.4.1 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING DRAINAGE AND FLOODING ISSUE

Most of the areas in the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park (including Kabupaten

Pasuruan, Kabupaten Lumajang, and Kabupaten Malang) are categorized as high-risk flood

zone, seen in Figure 51. Flood risk is low in Kabupaten Probolinggo and Kota Malang.

Flooding events that occur in hilly areas of the National Park could trigger landslide. Thus,

illegal logging and deforestation must be controlled.


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FIGURE 51: FLOOD DISASTER RISK INDEX MAP

Source: Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB), 2010

15.5 SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE

15.5.1 EXISTING SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL CONDITIONS

Generally, solid waste is collected manually and transported to a TPS (Tempat Pembuangan

Sementara, or Temporary Disposal Site). TPSs are located at residential and community

centers. From the TPS, waste is transported to a TPST (Tempat Pengolahan Sampah

Terpadu, or Integrated Waste Processing). Most TPSTs are located near the market and

managed by a kecamatan/district agency. Segregation of waste takes place in the TPST.

Remaining waste is then transported to the TPA (Tempat Pembuangan Akhir, or Final

Disposal Area). Procedure of solid waste collection and disposal is shown in Figure 52.

FIGURE 52: PROCEDURE OF SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL

Source: RTRW, Rencana Tataruang Wilayah


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The solid waste management system is insufficient in the core tourism kabupaten for the

Bromo-Tengger-Semeru destination. Coverage of sustainable solid waste management

(collected and disposed at designated TPA) is 12% at Kabupaten Pasuruan, negligible at

Kabupaten Probolinggo, 18.62% at Kabupaten Lumajang, 40% in Kabupaten Malang, and

96.09% in Kota Malang.

15.5.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXITING SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE

Existing coverage of sustainable solid waste management (collected and disposed at

designated TPA) is tabulated in Figure 53 below:

FIGURE 53: EXISTING COVERAGE OF SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

Core Tourism Area

Sustainable Solid Waste Management

(% of solid waste generated collected and

disposed at designated TPA)

Kabupaten Pasuruan 12



Kabupaten Malang 40

Kota Malang 96.09 Source: Dinas Kebersihan Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Lumajang

There is a large gap in solid waste disposal and management in Bromo, except Kota Malang.

There is a need to establish a sufficient waste disposal system to ensure the environment is

protected if tourist arrivals increase. Ultimately, all solid waste generated should be collected

and disposed at a dedicated sanitary landfill site.

15.6 POWER SUPPLY

15.6.1 EXISTING POWER SUPPLY CONDITIONS

PLN’s (the state power company) power supply network reaches 82.12% of the households

in Kabupaten Pasuruan, 81.14% of the households in Kabupaten Probolinggo, 62.73% of the

households in Kabupaten Lumajang, 91.93% of the households in Kabupaten Malang, and

almost 100% of the households in Kota Malang. As for the core tourism kecamatan, PLN’s

power supply network reaches 94.24% of Kecamatan Tosari, 51.07% of Kecamatan Sukapura,

and 48.08% of Kecamatan Pasrujambe.

Power in East Java is generated and distributed from 26 power plants, and distributed through

500 kV and 150 kV. Total capacity of power plants in East Java is 9,125 MW, and the system

is shown in Figure 54.


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FIGURE 54: POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN EAST JAVA

Source: The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

15.6.2 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING POWER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE

Existing coverage of power supply network is tabulated in Figure 55 below:

FIGURE 55: EXISTING COVERAGE OF POWER SUPPLY NETWORK

Core Tourism Area PLN Coverage

(% of households served)




Kecamatan Sukapura 51.07




Kota Malang 100

Source: BPS Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Lumajang, and Profil Kesehatan Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Lumajang

Power supply coverage is relatively less in Kecamatan Sukapura and Kecamatan Pasrujambe.

The hotels there would have an alternative power supply arranged for tourists. However,

there remains an overall need to improve power supply to the core tourism kecamatan.

15.7 TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE

15.7.1 EXISTING ASSESSMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE

There are no major problems with the existing coverage of telecommunication facilities in

Bromo. Coverage is satisfactory at the Cemoro Lawang area where most of the hotels are

located. Coverage of telecommunication facilities should be upgraded and expended to cater

for the expected increase of visitors.


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15.8 SUMMARY OF EXISTING BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Summary of existing coverage and gap of basic infrastructures in Bromo are tabulated below

in Figure 56.

FIGURE 56: SUMMARY OF EXISTING BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENT

Infrastructure Existing

Coverage

Existing

Gap Remarks

Water Supply

(households served

by PDAM)

Kab. Pasuruan 33.47% 66.53% Coverage varies among core

tourism kabupaten and

kecamatan. Full accessibility at

Kec. Sukapura where most of

the hotels are located

Kec. Tosari 93.33% 6.67%

Kab.

Probolinggo

38.91% 61.09%

Kec. Sukapura 100% 0%

Kab. Lumajang 11.30% 88.70%

Kec.

Pasrujambe

10.04% 89.96%

Kab. Malang 15.20% 84.80%

Kota Malang 76.08% 23.92%

Wastewater and

Sanitation

(households

equipped/ has access

to adequate

sanitation)

Kab. Pasuruan 48.55% 51.45% Coverage varies among core

tourism kabupaten and

kecamatan. Almost full

accessibility at Kec. Sukapura

where most of the hotels are

located

Kec. Tosari 81.27% 18.73%

Kab.

Probolinggo

59.31% 40.69%

Kec. Sukapura 99.74% 0.26%

Kab. Lumajang 66% 34%

Kec.

Pasrujambe

44.56% 55.44%

Kab. Malang 80.11% 19.80%


Drainage

Kabupaten Pasuruan, Lumajang, and Malang

categorized as high risk flood zone

Kabupaten Probolinggo and Kota Malang

categorized as low risk flood zone

Illegal logging and deforestation

shall be controlled

Solid Waste

(solid waste

generated collected

and disposed at

designated TPA)

Kab. Pasuruan 12% 88% Existing gap (especially at

Kabupaten Probolinggo) has to

be closed at the soonest Kab.

Probolinggo

Negligible 100%


Kab. Malang 40% 60%



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Infrastructure Existing

Coverage

Existing

Gap Remarks

Power Supply

(households served

by PLN)

Kab. Pasuruan 82.12% 17.88% No major issue with regards to

power supply

Upgrading and improvement

works are required at core

tourism kecamatan

Kec. Tosari 94.24% 5.76%

Kab.

Probolinggo

81.14% 18.86%

Kec. Sukapura 51.07% 48.96%


Kec.

Pasrujambe

48.08% 51.92%

Kab. Malang 91.93% 8.07%

Kota Malang 100% 0%

Telecommunication

No major issue with regards to coverage of

telecommunication infrastructure

Upgrading and improvement

works are required to cater

for increase of visitor

Solid waste management facilities are poor and insufficient in Bromo, particularly in

Kabupaten Probolinggo. Pollution caused by garbage will affect the image of Bromo as a

popular hiking site in Indonesia. Different approaches should be studied to minimize the solid

waste generated by the hikers.

Coverage of water supply at the core tourism areas is satisfactory. The development focus

should be to mitigate water shortages during peak season. Installation of water storage

facilities is recommended to meet water usage demand during peak season.

Coverage of adequate sanitation varies among the core tourism areas. Existing gaps should

be closed as soon as possible, especially in Kecamatan Tosari and Kecamatan Pasrujambe.

There is no major issue concerning power supply in Bromo. To maximize the available

capacity, it is important that action be taken to reduce power loss which is relatively high in

Indonesia overall.

There is no major issue with regards to the telecommunication facilities in Bromo. It is

recommended that the existing coverage shall be expanded at the core tourism kecamatan.

Illegal logging and deforestation shall be controlled as these are one of the factors causing

flood in Bromo.

BASIC CAPACITY INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT NEEDS

15.9 FORECAST POPULATION & VISITOR ARRIVALS

Basic infrastructure analyses are carried out for the short and long term with reference to

the projected population and visitor arrivals, as shown in Figures 57 to 58.

The population growth for the key kabupaten is based on the growth rate produced by BPS

at the provincial level.


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FIGURE 57: FORECAST OF POPULATION

Key Tourism Kab. 2015 2021 2041

Kab. Pasuruan 1,581,787 1,596,169 1,598,050

Kab. Probolinggo 1,132,443 1,142,740 1,144,086

Kab. Lumajang 1,030,187 1,039,554 1,040,779

Kab. Malang 2,544,315 2,567,449 2,570,475

Kota Malang 851,298 859,038 860,051

Source: HHTL

Visitors staying in commercial accommodation are assumed to be distributed among

kabupaten/kota in the same manner as in 2015:

FIGURE 58: FORECAST OF COMMERCIAL ROOMS REQUIRED

Key Tourism Kab. 2015 2021 2041

Kab. Pasuruan 717 816 1,206

Kab. Probolinggo 144 164 242

Kab. Lumajang 25 29 43

Kab. Malang 248 283 418

Kota Malang 156 177 262

Total 1,290 1,468 2,170

Source: HHTL. Guest per room = 2.0 for 2015, 4.0 for 2021 and 2041

Basic infrastructure demand projections are generated based on the projected population in

the key tourism kabupaten and kota, and the number of visitor arrivals staying in commercial

accommodation.

15.10 WATER SUPPLY

15.10.1 FUTURE DEMAND

With reference to the projected population and visitor arrivals and water consumption rates

(as shown in Figure 59), water demand forecasts are tabulated in Figures 59 to 60. Note that

these projections represent maximum requirements assuming that all piped water supply

would be provided by PDAM. In reality many non-PDAM local piped water supply networks

exist, often community operated, that deliver sustainable water supply.


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FIGURE 59: WATER DEMAND PROJECTION (L/S)

2015

2021 2041 Demand

Served by

PDAM

Not Served

by PDAM

Domestic

Kab. Pasuruan 1,831 613 1,218 2,217 2,220

Kab. Probolinggo 1,311 510 801 1,587 1,589

Kab. Lumajang 1,192 135 1,058 1,444 1,446

Kab. Malang 2,945 448 2,497 3,566 3,570

Kota Malang 985 750 236 1,193 1,195

Tourism &

Visitor

(Commercial

Accomm.)

Kab. Pasuruan 3 1 2 9 14

Kab. Probolinggo 1 0 0 2 3

Kab. Lumajang 0 0 0 0 0

Kab. Malang 1 0 1 3 5

Kota Malang 1 1 0 2 3

Total 8,270 2,457 5,813 10,024 10,044

Source: Surbana Jurong

Figure 59 above showcases estimated water demand (L/s) by different categories of

consumers in 2015 (with amount of water served and not served by PDAM). Projected

water demand by different categories of consumers in 2021 and 2041 are also presented. A

summary of the existing and projected water demand for each of the key tourism kabupaten

and kota are tabulated in Figure 60; while the ratio of estimated water demand to support

tourism activities with respect to overall demand is shown in Figure 61.

FIGURE 60: SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND PROJECTION (L/S)

2015 2021 2041

Kab. Pasuruan 1,834 2,226 2,233

Kab. Probolinggo 1,311 1,589 1,592

Kab. Lumajang 1,192 1,444 1,446

Kab. Malang 2,946 3,569 3,575

Kota Malang 986 1,195 1,198

Total 8,270 10,024 10,044


FIGURE 61: ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND RATIO

2015 2021 2041

Domestic 8,264 10,007 10,019

Visitor 6 17 25

% of visitor / total 0.07% 0.17% 0.25%



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Key Assumptions:

The average water demand for the study area is estimated by using unit water demand per

capita for local residents and visitors. The SNI 3-7065-2005 standard has been used, meaning

that the population and visitors should have access to sustainable piped water supply which

is defined as having a house connection and 24 hours water supply at 120l/cap/day for

domestic users and 250l/cap/day for visitors staying overnight. The adopted water

consumption rate in lpcd (litres per capita per day) for residents and visitors are tabulated

in Figure 62. The projected water demand is then converted to L/s (litres per second). The

unit rates of water consumption for different usages are expected to increase by 20% - 25%

in 2021 due to an upturn in living standards and water accessibility, and then remain constant

until 2041, assuming sufficient water conservation approaches and awareness among

residents.

FIGURE 62: WATER CONSUMPTION RATE

Type of Usage Unit Rate (lpcd)

2015 2021 2041

Domestic 100 120 120

Visitor VFR 85 105 105

Commercial Accommodation 200 250 250

Based on the above considerations, total existing water demand is forecast to be 1,834 L/s

for Kab. Pasuruan, 1,312 L/s for Kab. Probolinggo, 1,192 L/s for Kab. Lumajang, 2,946 L/s for

Kab. Malang, and 986 L/s for Kota Malang. From total demand, only about 29.71% are

provided by piped water supply. Water demand in 2021 and 2041 is estimated to be about

2,226 L/s and 2,234 L/s in Kab. Pasuruan, 1,589 L/s and 1,592 L/s in Kab. Probolinggo, 1,444

L/s and 1,446 L/s in Kab. Lumajang, 3,569 L/s and 3,575 L/s in Kab. Malang, and 1,195 L/s and

1,198 L/s in Kota Malang. Water demand for tourism activities is less than 1% of the overall

water demand.

15.10.2 WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS

The following key projects for water supply infrastructure are recommended:

Short Term Recommendations (2021)

• 100% piped water coverage at key tourism Kecamatan (Kec. Tosari, Sukapura, and

Pasrujambe);

• Expansion of existing water supply networks and construction of new networks to meet

the above-mentioned targets;

• Expansion of existing water treatment plants to utilize available water sources; and

• Effective and necessary efforts should be put in place to reduce water loss to 20%

Long Term Recommendations (2041)

• Construction of new water treatment plant(s) to produce potable water from the

existing and identified water sources;


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• Expansion of existing water supply networks and the construction of networks to serve

the potential growth of population and visitor arrivals; and

• Effective and necessary efforts should be made to reduce water loss to 10%.

15.11 WASTEWATER AND SANITATION


With reference to the projected population and visitor arrivals, the forecast for sewage

generation is tabulated in Figures 63 to 64. Sewage generation is assumed at 80% of water

supplied. Note that current coverage of adequate sanitation in this analysis relates to STBM

standards. Actual current sustainable sanitation coverage is lower because STBM quality

standards are inferior to national standard SPM Permen PU 01/PRT/M/2014.

FIGURE 63: SEWAGE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/S)*

2015

2021 2041 Demand

Adequate

Sanitation

Inadequate

Sanitation

Domestic

Kab. Pasuruan 1,465 711 754 1,774 1,776

Kab. Probolinggo 1,049 622 427 1,270 1,271

Kab. Lumajang 954 630 324 1,155 1,156

Kab. Malang 2,356 1,887 469 2,853 2,856

Kota Malang 788 661 127 954 956

Tourism & Visitor

(Commercial

Accomm.)

Kab. Pasuruan 3 3 - 8 11

Kab. Probolinggo 1 1 - 2 2

Kab. Lumajang 0 0 - 0 0

Kab. Malang 1 1 - 3 4

Kota Malang 1 1 - 2 2

Total 6,616 4,516 2,100 8,019 8,035

Source: Surbana Jurong * Sewage generation = 80% water consumed

Figure 63 above showcases estimated sewage generation (L/s) by different categories of

consumers in 2015 (with the amount of adequate and inadequate sanitation as per STBM

standards). Projected sewage generation by different categories of consumers in 2021 and

2041 are also presented. The summary of existing and projected sewage generation for each

of the key tourism kabupaten and kota are tabulated in Figure 64 while the ratio of estimated

sewage generation from tourism activities with respect to overall generation is shown in

Figure 65.


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FIGURE 64: SUMMARY OF SEWAGE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/S)

2015 2021 2041

Kab. Pasuruan 1,467 1,781 1,787

Kab. Probolinggo 1,049 1,271 1,273

Kab. Lumajang 954 1,155 1,157

Kab. Malang 2,357 2,855 2,860

Kota Malang 789 956 958

Total 6,616 8,019 8,035


FIGURE 65: ESTIMATED SEWAGE GENERATION RATIO

2015 2021 2041

Domestic 6,611 8,006 8,015

Visitor 5 14 20

% of visitor / total 0.07% 0.17% 0.25%


The total current sewage generation is estimated to be 1,468 L/s for Kab. Pasuruan, 1,050

L/s for Kab. Probolinggo, 954 L/s for Kab. Lumajang, 2,357 L/s for Kab. Malang and 789 L/s

for Kota Malang. From the total generated sewage 68.26% is discharged and managed by

STBM standard sanitation facilities. Sewage generation in 2021 and 2041 is forecast to be

about 1,782 L/s and 1,787 L/s for Kab. Pasuruan, 1,272 L/s and 1,273 L/s for Kab. Probolinggo,

1,155 L/s and 1,156 L/s for Kab. Lumajang, 2,856 L/s and 2,860 L/s for Kab. Malang, and 956

L/s and 958 L/s for Kota Malang. Sewage generation from visitors is less than 1% of overall

sewage generation.

15.11.2 WASTEWATER AND SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS

The following key projects for wastewater and sanitation infrastructure are recommended

for the short term (2021):

• 100% coverage of sustainable sanitation at key tourism Kecamatan (Kec. Tosari,

Sukapura, and Pasrujambe);

• In accordance with the national service standards for public works and spatial planning

(SPM Permen PU 01/PRT/M/2014) sustainable sanitation is defined as having access to a

private or a communal (MCK) toilet connected to a septic tank or to a piped sewer

system with downstream treatment facilities. If population density is higher than 300

inhabitants/ha, an off-site sewer system is required with centralized wastewater

treatment plant. Waste water treatment facilities must meet specified technical and

effluent quality standards.

• Installation of sufficient numbers of septic tanks in residential areas;

• Small scale wastewater treatment plants are recommended at the hotels/ resorts; and

• Public toilet and sanitation facilities should be provided at tourism sites.


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Recommendations for the long term (2041) are as below:

• 100% coverage of sustainable sanitation at key tourism kabupaten;

• Development of integrated sewage treatment facilities, including sewage treatment plants

and sewerage networks.

15.12 DRAINAGE

15.12.1 DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS

Most of the areas in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (including Kabupaten

Pasuruan, Kabupaten Lumajang and Kabupaten Malang) are categorized as High risk flood

zone. Maintenance and upgrading of the existing drainage systems is necessary as more

tourists are expected. Illegal logging and deforestation should be controlled.

15.13 SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE


With reference to the projected population and visitor arrivals, and the rate of solid waste

generation (as shown in Figure 69), the forecast for solid waste generation is tabulated in

Figures 66 to 67:

FIGURE 66: SOLID WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/DAY)

2015

2021 2041 Demand

Sustainable

Management

Unsustainable

Management

Domestic

Kab. Pasuruan 3,559,021 427,082 3,131,938 3,591,381 4,314,736

Kab. Probolinggo 2,547,997 46,374 2,501,623 2,571,164 3,089,033

Kab. Lumajang 2,317,921 431,597 1,886,324 2,338,996 2,810,104

Kab. Malang 5,724,709 2,289,884 3,434,825 5,776,760 6,940,282

Kota Malang 1,915,421 1,840,528 74,893 1,932,836 2,322,137

Tourism & Visitor

(Commercial

Accommodation)

Kab. Pasuruan 5018 602 4416 11424 20254

Kab. Probolinggo 1006 18 987 2290 4059

Kab. Lumajang 178 33 145 405 719

Kab. Malang 1739 696 1043 3959 7019

Kota Malang 1089 1047 43 2480 4398

Total 16,074,098 5,037,860 11,036,238 16,231,697 19,512,742


Figure 66 above showcases estimated solid waste generation (L/day) by different categories

of consumers in 2015 (with amount of sustainable and unsustainable management).

Projected solid waste generation by different categories of consumers in 2021 and 2041 is

also presented. The summary of existing and projected sewage generation for each of the

key tourism kabupaten is presented in Figure 67, while the ratio of estimated sewage

generation from tourism activities with respect to overall generation is shown in Figure 68.


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FIGURE 67: SUMMARY OF SEWAGE GENERATION PROJECTION (L/DAY)

2015 2021 2041

Kab. Pasuruan 3,564,039 3,602,805 4,334,991

Kab. Probolinggo 2,549,002 2,573,454 3,093,093

Kab. Lumajang 2,318,099 2,339,402 2,810,822

Kab. Malang 5,726,448 5,780,719 6,947,302

Kota Malang 1,916,510 1,935,317 2,326,535

Total 16,074,098 16,231,697 19,512,742


FIGURE 68: ESTIMATED SOLID WASTE GENERATION RATIO

2015 2021 2041

Domestic 16,065,068 16,211,138 19,476,293

Visitor 9,030 20,559 36,450

% of visitor / total 0.06% 0.13% 0.19%


15.13.2 KEY ASSUMPTIONS:

The average solid waste generation for the study area is estimated by using solid waste

generation unit rates per capita for local residents and visitors. The adopted rate in L/c/d

(litres per capita per day) for residents and visitors is tabulated in Figure 69. It is forecast

that there will be no changes in the unit rate of solid waste generation over the short term

(2021), but it will increase by 20% in the longer term (2041).

FIGURE 69: RATE OF SOLID WASTE GENERATION8

Type of Usage Unit Rate (L/capita/day)

2015 2021 2041

Domestic 2.25 2.25 2.7

Visitor VFR 1.6 1.6 1.92

Commercial Accommodation 3.5 3.5 4.2

Our analysis shows that total solid waste generation in 2015 is forecast to be 3,564,039 L/day

in Kab. Pasuruan, 2,549,003 L/day in Kab. Probolinggo, 2,318,099 L/day in Kab. Lumajang,

5,726,448 L/day in Kab. Malang, and 1,916,510 L/day in Kota Malang. From the total solid

waste generated, only about 31.34% is collected and disposed at the designated TPAs. Solid

waste generation in 2021 and 2041 is estimated to be about 3,602,805 L/day and 4,334,990

L/day in Kab. Pasuruan, 2,573,454 L/day and 3,093,092 L/day in Kab. Probolinggo, 2,339,401

L/day and 2,810,823 L/day in Kab. Lumajang, 5,780,719 L/day and 6,947,301 L/day in Kab.

Malang, and 1,935,316 L/day and 2,326,535 L/day in Kota Malang. Solid waste generated from

tourism activities is less than 1% of the overall generation.

8 Reference: Standard for Setting of Town Environmental Sanitation Facilities, China and Ministry of the Environment and Water

Resources, Singapore, Kosuke. K, Tomohiro. T. Revisiting Estimates of Municipal Solid Wastes Generation per Capita and Their

Reliability, 2015.


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15.13.3 SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS

Sustainable solid waste management services shall be made available in all key tourism areas.

According to the national service standards for public works and spatial planning (SPM

Permen PU 01/PRT/M/2014), sustainable solid waste management is defined as having access

to a solid waste collection services of at least twice a week and transport of waste collected

to a transfer station or a processing unit. Solid waste management operations must be in

accordance with national technical standards for management of solid waste facilities

(Permen PU 03-2013) and for urban waste management techniques (SNI 19-2454-2002).

Sustainable solid waste facilities should be made available at residential areas, markets and

visitor attractions. Organized collection, transportation and disposal systems are necessary,

particularly in the key tourism areas.

As such, the following solid waste infrastructure projects are recommended for the short

term (2021):

• 100% sustainable solid waste management sanitation at key tourism Kecamatan (Kec.

Tosari, Sukapura, and Pasrujambe);

• Allocation of sufficient numbers of Temporary Disposal Sites (TPS);

• Increase in the capacity of trash trucks and in the frequency of collection is needed;

• Education and enforcement is needed to create awareness among residents of the

importance of solid waste management and to forbid them from disposing rubbish into

water bodies; and

• Expansion of existing Final Disposal Sites (if there is room for expansion) and allocation

of new Final Disposal Sites (to adopt sanitary landfill methods).


• Solid waste collection and disposal facilities should be increased and expanded

accordingly;

• Allocation of more Integrated Waste Processing Sites (TPST) will be needed so that solid

waste is sorted and segregated before being transported to Final Disposal Sites (TPA).

This can reduce the amount of waste delivered and is a more sustainable and

environmental friendly approach; and

• Development of sanitary landfill site(s) with sufficient capacity. Location of the landfill

sites should be studied, taking into consideration the distance from the residential and

tourism attractions, and environmental sensitivity. Landfill sites can fill up quickly if waste

is not reduced and reusable waste is not collected, separated and recycled. There is also

the risk of groundwater contamination if waste is not sealed correctly or if the liner

system of the landfill site is damaged. Hence, landfill sites protect community health only

if they are well managed.


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15.14 POWER SUPPLY


With reference to the projected population and visitor arrivals, and the power consumption

rate (as shown in Figure 73), the forecast for power demand is tabulated in Figures 70 to 71:

FIGURE 70: POWER DEMAND PROJECTION (MWH)

2015

2021 2041 Demand

Served by

PLN

Not Served

by PLN

Domestic

Kab. Pasuruan 1,581,787 1,299,027 282,760 3,990,423 7,590,740

Kab. Probolinggo 1,132,443 918,835 213,608 2,856,849 5,434,411

Kab. Lumajang 1,030,187 646,244 383,943 2,598,885 4,943,701

Kab. Malang 2,544,315 2,338,989 205,326 6,418,622 12,209,756

Kota Malang 851,298 851,298 - 2,147,596 4,085,241

Tourism & Visitor

(Commercial

Accommodation)

Kab. Pasuruan 2,867 2,355 513 4,080 7,234

Kab. Probolinggo 575 466 108 818 1,450

Kab. Lumajang 102 64 38 145 257

Kab. Malang 994 913 80 1,414 2,507

Kota Malang 623 623 - 886 1,571

Total 7,145,190 6,058,814 1,086,376 18,019,718 34,276,866


Figure 70 above shows estimated power demand (Mwh) by different categories of consumers

in 2015 (with amount of power served and not served by PLN). Projected power demand

by different categories of consumers in 2021 and 2041 is also presented. The summary of

existing and projected power demand for each of the key tourism kabupaten and Kota is

presented in Figure 71, while the ratio of estimated power demand to support tourism

activities with respect to overall demand is shown in Figure 72.

FIGURE 71: SUMMARY OF POWER DEMAND PROJECTION (MWH)

2015 2021 2041

Kab. Pasuruan 1,584,654 3,994,503 7,597,974

Kab. Probolinggo 1,133,018 2,857,667 5,435,860

Kab. Lumajang 1,030,289 2,599,029 4,943,957

Kab. Malang 2,545,309 6,420,036 12,212,263

Kota Malang 851,921 2,148,482 4,086,812

Total 7,145,190 18,019,718 34,276,866


FIGURE 72: ESTIMATED POWER DEMAND RATIO

2015 2021 2041

Domestic 7,140,030 18,012,375 34,263,848

Visitor 5,160 7,342 13,018

% of visitor / total 0.07% 0.04% 0.04%



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Key Assumptions:

The adopted rate Kwh (Kilowatt hours) for residents and visitors is tabulated in Figure 73.

It is estimated that the unit rate of power consumption will increase in both the short term

(2021) and long term (2041).

FIGURE 73: POWER CONSUMPTION RATE9

Type of Usage Unit Rate (Kwh)

2015 2021 2041

Domestic (per person), including VFR 1,000 2,500 4,750

Visitor Commercial Accommodation

(per room) 4,000 5,000 6,000

Based on the above considerations, total existing power demand is forecast to be 1,584,654

Mwh for Kab. Pasuruan, 1,133,018 Mwh for Kab. Probolinggo, 1,030,289 Mwh for Kab.

Lumajang, 2,545,309 Mwh for Kab. Malang, and 851,921 Mwh for Kota Malang. Out of the

total demand, about 84.80% is fulfilled by the PLN power network. Power demand in 2021

and 2041 is estimated to be about 3,994,503 Mwh and 7,597,974 Mwh at Kab. Pasuruan,

2,857,667 Mwh and 5,435,861 Mwh at Kab. Probolinggo, 2,599,030 Mwh and 4,943,958 Mwh

at Kab. Lumajang, 6,420,036 Mwh and 12,212,263 Mwh at Kab. Malang, 2,148,482 Mwh and

4,086,812 Mwh at Kota Malang. Power demand for tourism activities is less than 1% of the

overall demand.

15.14.2 POWER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS

There is no major concern with regards to power supply to support the tourism activities

due to the relatively low demand of visitors as compared to that of residents.

The following key power supply infrastructure projects are recommended for the short term

(2021):

• 100% coverage of PLN power supply at key tourism Kecamatan (Kec. Tosari, Sukapura,

and Pasrujambe);

• Expansion of existing power transmission and distribution networks and construction of

new networks to meet the above mentioned target.


• Expansion of existing power plants (if there is room for expansion) and construction of

new power plants to generate sufficient power; and

• Expansion of existing power supply networks and construction of new networks to

transmit and distribute generated power from PLN’s power plant to support potential

growth of power demand.

9 Reference: National Energy Council, Republic of Indonesia. Bin Su, Hotel Design and Energy Consumption, 2012.


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15.15 TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE

15.15.1 TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS

The expansion of existing telecommunication coverage is required to support the additional

growth in population and visitor arrivals. This is important to ensure sufficient connectivity

in case of emergencies, and to enable visitors to share their travel experiences. Collaboration

between the authorities and the telecom companies is needed to improve the

telecommunication infrastructure. Projected population and visitor arrivals should be made

known to the telecom companies so that upgrading and expansion of telecommunication

facilities can be planned in advance.


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KEY RECOMMENDATIONS


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16. WHAT WILL TRIGGER INVESTMENT?

Investment responds to actual increases or anticipated future increases in demand. To

mobilize private investment, investors need to be convinced that the anticipated future

increases in demand will materialize and that the process of investment will be satisfactory.

In the following sections, we will provide:

• recommendations for improvements in the regulatory environment and destination

management;

• recommendations for products and services that are suitable for development and

management by SMEs; and

• recommendations for tourism-driven infrastructure investments, both transport and

basic capacity.

16.1 RECOMMENDATIONS ON DESTINATION ENHANCEMENTS

The following destination enhancements will help foster investment in Bromo-Tengger-

Semeru and help the destination to realize its estimated potential visitor demand:

• A National Park Plan for the development of tourism facilities that enlarge tourism

capacity. This should include zoning for various business types, lending legitimacy and

transparency to the destination; and

• Continued improvement of tourist facilities in the gateway cities such as Lumajang,

Malang, Pasuruan, and Probolinggo, and enhanced accessibility from these cities to

the National Park.

16.2 LEGAL & REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT ENHANCEMENTS

The following legal and regulatory environment enhancements will also help foster investor

confidence and drive both domestic and foreign investment in Bromo-Tengger-Semeru:

• Stricter control on tourist activities inside and around the National Park by suppressing

illegal travel agencies. At the moment, neither the National Park nor tourism authorities

of the surrounding kabupaten are regulating the situation, which causes frustration for

tourists.

• Oversight and inspections of the existing tourism providers to ensure they have the

requisite licenses to operate, follow environmental practices, and have sufficient training

to provide professional services.

• Environmental regulations must be enacted and enforced to ensure the fragile ecosystem

is safeguarded.


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16.3 SME DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS

For forecasts to be met, there must be a significant increase in businesses serving the tourism

sector, many of which will be SMEs. They will deliver services supporting the larger

investments. To encourage sufficient SME development to meet the demand, the

government may need to mobilize assistance specifically targeted at SMEs.

SMEs are integral to the success of a destination, as they play a significant role in creating

local employment and engaging local people in the tourism industry, and contributing to long-

term and sustainable economic development.

16.3.1 SME: PRODUCTS & SERVICES

The following products and services, in line with the vision for future growth, provide

opportunities for SMEs to develop in the destination.

• Most SMEs providing accommodations and transportation facilities are focusing on

increasing the quantity of their products to meet the increasing arrivals, instead of

enhancing the quality of their services. For the long term sustainable success of the

destination, a stronger emphasis must be placed on service quality.

• Restaurants and accommodation products targeting the wider needs and

preferences of international and domestic guests must be developed.

• Tourist information centers at the entrance gates of the National Park.

• A website containing all useful information about the destination with links to book

transportation, accommodation, tours, event tickets, etc.

• Cultural performances by the local Tengger people.

• Multilingual guides.

16.3.2 SME DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS

To encourage SMEs to seek new business growth opportunities, many assistance programs

and changes from the government are required, including:

• Encouragement and support for the building of guesthouses and homestays in and

around the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru area. This includes further training to make the

operators market-ready once operating and better able to compete.

• Encourage the locals to establish cultural villages for tourism development.

• Provide training programs to tour guides, homestays, and other tourism

entrepreneurs.

• Offer technical help and financial support to set up an online platform in which the

SMEs providing tourist services can showcase their products.


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• Provide training to develop the young generation of the Tengger people as cultural

ambassadors.

16.4 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

INVESTMENT

The key recommendations on investment needs for transport infrastructure to support

tourism are presented below.

16.4.1 ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE

• Surabaya-Pasuruan Road is currently adequate in terms of capacity. However,

capacity will need to be improved in the future. The toll road for Surabaya-Gempol

has been discontinued at Porong due to a mud flow. However, there is a plan for a

new 10 kilometer Porong-Gempol Toll Road. This segment of toll road needs to be

regularly maintained and improved. It recommended to extend this toll road to

Pasuruan in order to further improve the capacity and travel time to access Bromo-

Tengger-Semeru. The proposed toll road should have a capacity of at least 7000

PCU per hour to sufficiently meet future demand.

• Pasuruan–Probolinggo Road is currently inadequate and requires capacity

improvement. The new Pasuruan-Probolinggo toll road is currently under

construction and its capacity is estimated to meet to the projected increase in traffic

volume in the short term.

• Gempol-Malang Road is currently adequate in terms of capacity. However,

capacity will need to be improved in the future due to increased traffic volume. The

Gempol-Malang toll road is understood to be the committed project and will be

adequate to serve the increased traffic volume in the immediate future.

Secondary Roads

The current traffic volume in the secondary access roads to the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru

park is quite low and is anticipated to remain low in the future as well. Hence, the capacity

of all the roads including Pasaruan-Wonokitri, Probolinggo-Cemoro Luwang, Malang –

Tumpang and Ranupani will be adequate for the immediate term, though they will require

upgradation in the longer term. However, at present the road widths of these local roads to

access the core tourism area needs to be standardized to 6m, in order to provide adequate

space for two vehicles to run in opposite directions. All the above mentioned secondary

access roads need to be well maintained in terms of pavement conditions targeting for IRI <

4.

16.4.2 AIR TRANSPORT

Juanda International Airport is operating beyond its infrastructure capacity and the airport

plan will be needed to improve the airport capacity. Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport will have

adequate capacity to meet short term demand. However, in the long term, the Airport

Master Plan will need to be implemented.


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16.4.3 SEA TRANSPORT

Very few visitors are anticipated to access Bromo by cruise. The existing port infrastructure

is suitable for a small class cruise ship that can carry roughly 2,100 passengers. Considering

the limited demand for cruises, investments in cruise infrastructure will not be the priority

for this destination.

16.5 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE

INVESTMENTS

Basic infrastructure such as water supply, wastewater and sanitation, and solid waste

management is important to protect against unhygienic conditions, which could pose health

hazards that also impact tourism development potential. Therefore, ensuring hygienic

conditions and a clean environment is a prerequisite for tourism development. Coverage of

basic service delivery in Bromo differs between various kabupatens and kecamatans, and

improvement and upgrading works are required.

• About 60% of the population at the key tourism kabupatens has access to adequate

sanitation, and less than 20% of solid waste generated from the key tourism kabupatens

is collected and properly disposed. Conditions of wastewater and sanitation facilities are

better at key tourism kecamatans, except Kec. Pasrujambe. Access to adequate

sanitation at Kec. Tosari and Kec. Sukapura exceeds 80%, while it is only 45% in Kec.

Pasrujambe. The existing gaps have to be closed to promote a healthy living environment.

Hence, investments will be needed for improvements in wastewater, sanitation, and solid

waste management.

• Generally, coverage of piped water supply is low in Bromo, although key tourism

kecamatans are relatively better served. Water supply at Bromo is not self-sustaining

during peak tourism seasons. Hotels operators are willing and able to pay for high quality

service provision from the nearby vicinity. This requires careful and integrated spatial

and investment planning in close collaboration with private developers and local

communities. Investments are needed to source new raw water sources, including the

associated treatment facilities and piping system, especially at Kec. Pasrujambe.

• Flood risk is low in Kab. Probolinggo and flooding events that occur in hilly areas of the

national park could trigger landslide. Other than upgrading of drainage system, illegal

logging and deforestation should be controlled.

• Other basic infrastructures, such as for power and telecommunications, need

improvement but are not hampering further tourism development.

16.6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPATIAL PLANS

16.6.1 EXISTING SPATIAL PLANS AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

To ensure sustainable urban growth and tourism development, it is important to have

detailed spatial plans and development guidelines for tourist attractions areas where

development pressures are increasing at a rapid pace.


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Indonesia has an established system for spatial planning and most of the destinations have a

Spatial Plan for the kabupaten, province or city level. As per the National Spatial Planning Act

(Law No. 26/2007 amends Law No. 24/1992), the provincial governments and district

governments (kabupaten and kota) are authorized to implement spatial planning. The

Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) and the Rencana Detail Tata Ruang (RDTR) are the

two major Spatial Plans prepared at the regional level (province and kabupaten) and local

level (kabupaten or Special Areas within kabupaten and kota), respectively.

In general, RTRW serves as the concept level Spatial Plan providing broad directions for

provinces or kabupaten; and the RDTR serves as the detailed level Spatial Plan indicating

detailed land uses such as residential uses by density, commercial uses, mixed uses,

government uses, industrial uses, social facilities, etc., for the kota or other designated areas

within the kabupaten.

The RTRW is managed by the provincial or kabupaten level Bappeda. It has been observed

that the RTRW is prepared for the time horizon of 20 years. It is important to review the

Master Plan considering the changing socio-economic conditions and infrastructure needs,

including new tourism targets and plans. As discussed in the previous sections on Transport

Infrastructure and Basic Services Infrastructure, there are several individual sector plans

being prepared by the respective authorities, some of which are critical, while others are not

needed. Based on the infrastructure needs assessment, the critical plans need to be

incorporated into the revised RTRW. This will remove duplication and provide unified

planning direction to the respective implementing agencies to execute development

programmes towards the common vision and goals.

This section assesses the availability of spatial plans and regulations to ensure that the tourism

assets are protected. The main tourism asset for Bromo-Tengger-Semeru tourism

destination is its cultural and natural environment; as such it is critical to have regulation to

ensure protection of the cultural and eco-sensitive areas in all potential tourist attractions.

Following is the overview of plans in place for Bromo-Tengger-Semeru.

Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) Provincial Master Plan 2011-2031

• Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park has a Spatial Concept Plan under the RTRW

Provincial Master Plan, which is currently being reviewed. The RTRW of Bromo-

Tengger-Semeru National Park indicates 7 broad land uses for its area. These include

core protected area, forest area, area for rehabilitation, area for development, area for

traditional uses, area for special uses and area for religious uses.

• The RTRW is being reviewed considering the recent development trends in some

locations. At the same time, it is also looking at the possibility of identifying areas for

developing tourism infrastructure.

• Badan Otorita Bromo (Integrated Authority for Bromo) is being formed to oversee the

development of tourism in Bromo crater and the surrounding area. Once formed, the

authority will need to develop an integrated plan in anticipation of increased tourist

arrivals in Bromo.


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• The Bromo Integrated Development Authority (BIDA) boundaries will cover areas

outside the national park boundary to support the tourism activities around Bromo. The

boundary will include areas where tourism facilities, such as hotel and home-stays, are

available today, and where they would potentially be available in the future, such as

Cemoro Lawang in Probolingo, Wonokitri in Pasuruan and Klakah in Malang Regency. It

is anticipated that the integrated plan will be able to balance tourism development with

environmental protection in Bromo.

16.6.2 GAPS & NEEDS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN SPATIAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK

Figure 74 summarizes key gaps and improvements needed in the spatial planning framework

for Bromo-Tengger-Semeru.

FIGURE 74: GAPS IN SPATIAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK, BROMO TENGGER

SMERU

Existing Plans Assessment Gaps /Needs for Improvement

Broad Spatial Concept Plans

- RTRW Provincial

Master Plan

- The RTRW Province

Master Plan is currently

being reviewed.

- RTRW for BTS National Park

needs to be reviewed based on

the tourism demand,

rationalized infrastructure needs, and detailed socio-

economic assessments.

Detailed Spatial Master Plans

- No approved RDTR for

BTSNP and surrounding

area.

- The areas around BTSNP

are not expected to be

too urbanized.

- There will be no need for

detailed Master Plan (RDTR)

for BTSNP Area. RDTR will be

needed for other supporting

accommodation areas including

Cemoro Lawang (Kecamatan

Sukapura), Wonokitri

(Kecamatan Tosari), and

Kecamatan Pasrujambe.

• RTRW Provincial Master Plan was prepared for the planning horizon of 2011–2031 and

provides broad direction for spatial development. It is currently being reviewed and it is

important for it to be updated in line with tourism demand and related infrastructure

needs of the BTS tourism destination, and other socio-economic considerations. The

reviewed RTRW will help to establish common goals for all implementing agencies to

execute their respective sector development plans.

• Since very little urbanization is expected in areas around BTSNP, the RTRW providing

broad directions for spatial planning will be adequate for most of the BTSNP and

surrounding areas. However, RDTR is needed for Cemoro Lawang (Kecamatan

Sukapura), Wonokitri (Kecamatan Tosari), and Kecamatan Pasrujambe. These areas are

located outside the National Park, and are expected to grow into resort villages.


Page 93

APPENDIX I: SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED

The methodology for evaluating the tourism potential of Bromo-Tengger-Semeru presented

in this report has been developed using both primary fieldwork research and existing

statistics. Quantitative data were provided by different government offices, while interviews

provided qualitative information for the research. The source of primary and secondary data

are referenced in the report and listed in the section below. However, in some cases the

information presented is a product of experience and observation prior to and during the

fieldwork, and as such it is not specifically attributed by source.

INTERVIEWS

Interviews were conducted with various government offices at central as well as provincial

& kabupaten level. The interviews helped to gain a better understanding of tourism

development and the investment process in Indonesia and Bromo-Tengger-Semeru.

• Central Government

- Badan Pusat Statistik

- BKPM, Jakarta

- Profil Kesehatan of each Kabupaten

- Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN)

- Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat (STBM)

- Bappenas

- Kementerian Pariwisata (International marketing, domestic marketing, investment,

transport liaison, marketing communications)

- Kawasan Economi Khusus, Jakarta

• Bromo, Tengger, Semeru (Provincial & Kabupaten)

- Tourism Authorities of Kab. Malang and kab. Probolinggo

- Malang Regency Development Planning Agency (Bappeda)

- Pasuruan Regency Development Planning Agency (Bappeda)

- Probolinggo Regency Tourism Department

- National Park Authority Bromo-Tengger-Semeru


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• Investment sentiment is gleaned from interviews with existing and potential tourism

investors. The investors chosen had interests in various tourism-related assets including

hotels, restaurants, ground transportation and travel agencies. The questions were aimed

at gathering their thoughts on the pros and cons of SEZs, the tourism investment climate

in Indonesia, the future of tourism investment and possible investment in Bromo,

Tengger, Semeru. A total of 6 potential and existing domestic investors were

interviewed, as well as 25 international investors from the current key arrivals source

markets of Australia, China, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore.

• Tour operators/travel agents:

- Local: Bromo and Jakarta (including Helios Transport, Bromo Holiday); and

- Foreign (total of 41): from the current key arrivals source markets of Australia,

China, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore as well as France, Germany and the United

Kingdom.

• Hotels including Jiwa Jawa Resort, Menterai homestay, Savana Hotel & Convention, Best

Western OJ.

STATISTICS

Quantitative data obtained from existing reports and surveys provide numerical information

and allow statistical analysis of Indonesia’s and Bromo-Tengger-Semeru’s tourism demand.

• BPS Accommodation Survey for the east Java Province, with results available at Regency

Level

• BPS Domestic Survey, with results available only at Province Level

• BPS Exist survey with results available only at Province Level

• BPS Census on population

• Statistics of Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park

• Pelindo III Cruise statistics

• Reviews on TripAdvisor Website


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APPENDIX II: AIRPORT RUNWAY CAPACITY ANALYISIS

Runway Capacity

Since Abdul Rachman airport does not have a parallel taxiway similar to Halim Airport in

Jakarta, landing aircrafts need to run up to the end of the runway, turn at the turn pad and

taxi along the runway up to the exit taxiway. Similarly, departing aircrafts will taxi along the

runway, turn at the turn pad and start for take-off. Since departing and landing aircrafts

occupy the runway for a long time, the runway capacity decreases.

As shown in figure, the runway occupancy time by landing and departing aircrafts is calculated

at approximately 460 seconds. As a result, assuming that the situation in which a departing

aircraft follows a landing aircraft is continuous, the hourly runway capacity is calculated at

approximately 16 movements.

Single Runway Occupancy Time

Source: Survey from Halim Airport Runway Occupancy Time (JICA, 2012)

The estimated capacity of the existing single runway is approximately 16 movements. As the

estimated annual passengers handled are less than 1 million, the Abdul Rachman airport can

be categorized as a small airport.


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APPENDIX III: ROAD CAPACITY ANALYISIS 2015

Section Road Length Carriageway Type Co Fcw FCsp FCsf FCcs C ADT PCU Peak VCR

1 FROM SURABAYA - PASURUAN

010 BTS. KOTA SURABAYA - WARU 0.81 19.90 6/2 D 11400 1 1 0.89 1.04 10,552 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.16

010 JLN. DEMAK (SURABAYA) 2.49 9.92 2/2 UD 3100 1.25 1 0.89 1.04 3,587 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.46

010 JLN. KALIBUTUH (SURABAYA) 0.83 18.00 6/2 D 11400 1 1 0.89 1.04 10,552 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.16

010 JLN. ARJUNO (SURABAYA) 1.44 11.06 6/2 D 11400 1 1 0.92 1.04 10,908 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.15

010 JLN. PASAR K EMBANG (SURABAYA) 0.75 11.30 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.23

010 JLN. DIPONEGORO (SURABAYA) 2.7 11.24 4/2 D 7600 1.34 1 0.89 1.04 9,426 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.18

010 JLN. WONOKROMO (SURABAYA) 1.16 11.64 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.23

010 JLN. LAYANG WONOKROMO (SURABAYA) 0.59 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.56

010 JLN. AHMAD YANI (SURABAYA) 4.85 21.00 6/2 D 11400 1 1 0.92 1.04 10,908 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.15

010 JLN. LAYANG WARU 0.53 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 10,496 16,629 1,663 0.56

012 WARU - BTS. KOTA SIDOARJO 5.82 9.24 2/2 UD 3100 1.25 1 0.92 1.04 3,708 60,205 89,774 8,977 2.42

012 JLN. RM. MANGUN DIPROJO (SIDOARJO) 2.74 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 60,205 89,774 8,977 1.23

012 JLN. JENGGOLO (SIDOARJO) 1.34 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 60,205 89,774 8,977 1.23

012 JLN. A. YANI (SIDOARJO) 0.91 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 60,205 89,774 8,977 1.23

012 JLN. GAJAH MADA (SIDOARJO) 0.95 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 60,205 89,774 8,977 1.23

012 JLN. MOJOPAHIT (SIDOARJO) 1.19 14.00 4/2 D 6800 0.92 1 0.92 1.04 5,986 60,205 89,774 8,977 1.50

014 JLN. LAYANG SIDOARJO 0.62 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 60,205 89,774 8,977 1.23

015 BTS. KOTA SIDOARJO - GEMPOL 7.27 12.84 4/2 D 3100 1.34 1 0.89 1.04 3,845 9,205 13,416 1,342 0.35

015 JLN. GATOT SUBROTO (SIDOARJO) 0.35 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 9,205 13,416 1,342 0.18

015 JLN. SUNANDAR P. SUDARMO (SIDOARJO) 1.18 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1.04 1 0.92 1.04 7,563 9,205 13,416 1,342 0.18

015 JLN. CANDI (SIDOARJO) 1.31 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1.04 1 0.92 1.04 7,563 9,205 13,416 1,342 0.18

016 GEMPOL - BTS. KOTA BANGIL 22.66 9.52 2/2 UD 3100 1.25 1 0.92 1.04 3,708 36,359 44,807 4,481 1.21

016 JLN. PATTIMURA (BANGIL) 1.53 11.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 36,359 44,807 4,481 0.62

016 JLN. A. YANI (BANGIL) 0.53 13.00 4/2 UD 6800 0.92 1 0.92 1.04 5,986 36,359 44,807 4,481 0.75

016 JLN. UNTUNG SUROPATI (BANGIL) 0.56 12.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 36,359 44,807 4,481 0.62

016 JLN. JAKSA AGUNG SUPRAPTO (BANGIL) 0.39 10.00 2/2 UD 7600 1.29 1 0.92 1.04 9,380 36,359 44,807 4,481 0.48

016 JLN. DR. SUTOMO (BANGIL) 0.57 13.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 36,359 44,807 4,481 0.62


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016 JLN. KARTINI (BANGIL) 1.14 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 36,359 44,807 4,481 0.62

016 JLN. GAJAH MADA (BANGIL) 0.36 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.98 1.04 3,160 36,359 44,807 4,481 1.42

016 JLN. DIPONEGORO (BANGIL) 0.37 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 36,359 44,807 4,481 1.51

017 BTS. KOTA BANGIL - BTS. KOTA PASURUAN 8.37 13.56 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 24,223 31,984 3,198 0.44

017 JLN. SOEKARNO-HATTA (PASURUAN) 2.9 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 24,223 31,984 3,198 0.44

018 JLN. KRAMPYANGAN - BAKALAN (PASURUAN) 0.89 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 24,223 31,984 3,198 1.08

018 JLN. HOS. COKROAMINOTO (PASURUAN) 2.29 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 24,223 31,984 3,198 1.08

018 JLN. OTTO ISKANDARDINATA (PASURUAN) 0.64 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 1 1.04 3,224 24,223 31,984 3,198 0.99

2 FROM PASURUAN - PROBOLINGGO

019 BTS. KAB. PASURUAN - PILANG (BTS. KOTA P 11.85 7.11 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 1 1.04 3,224 23,162 38,156 3,816 1.18

020 JLN. SOEKARNO-HATTA (PILANG - PROBOLINGG 3.45 9.00 2/2 UD 3100 1.25 1 0.92 1.04 3,708 22,528 36,712 3,671 0.99

020 JLN. P. SUDIRMAN (PILANG - PROBOLINGGO) 3.01 17.00 6/2 D 11400 1 1 0.92 1.04 10,908 22,528 36,712 3,671 0.34

3 FROM GEMPOL - MALANG

094 GEMPOL - PANDAAN 12.27 13.98 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 28,923 34,408 3,441 0.47

095 JLN. LINGKAR PANDAAN BY PASS 1.95 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 28,923 34,408 3,441 0.47

096 PANDAAN - PURWOSARI 15.14 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 17,631 24,748 2,475 0.34

097 PURWOSARI - PURWODADI 3.78 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 16,027 21,253 2,125 0.29

098 PURWODADI - BTS. KAB. MALANG 3.4 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 65,880 65,882 6,588 0.91

099 BTS. KAB. PASURUAN - KARANGLO 12.53 12.40 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 20,425 25,248 2,525 0.35

100 KARANGLO - BTS. KOTA MALANG 0.64 16.00 6/2 D 11400 1 1 0.92 1.04 10,908 38,006 49,899 4,990 0.46

100 JLN. A. YANI (MALANG) 0.99 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 38,006 49,899 4,990 0.69

101 JLN. LAYANG LAWANG 0.72 14.00 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 38,006 49,899 4,990 0.69

4 FROM PROBOLINGGO - LUMAJANG

103 BTS. KOTA PROBOLINGGO - BTS. KAB. LUMAJA 13.39 7.10 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 5,944 9,810 981 0.33

103 JLN. BROMO (PROBOLINGGO) 10.78 7.65 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 5,944 9,810 981 0.33

103 JLN. IR. SUTAMI (PROBOLINGGO) 2.51 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 5,944 9,810 981 0.33

103 JLN. HAMKA (PROBOLINGGO) 5.03 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 5,944 9,810 981 0.33

103 JLN. HASAN GENGGONG (PROBOLINGGO) 4.72 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 5,944 9,810 981 0.33

104 BTS. KAB. PROBOLINGGO - GROBOGAN 12.82 7.63 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 5,954 9,820 982 0.33

105 GROBOGAN - WONOREJO 7.42 6.39 2/2 UD 3100 0.87 1 0.92 1.04 2,580 8,001 12,624 1,262 0.49

063 JLN. IMAM BONJOL (LUMAJANG) 0.4 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 3,561 7,347 735 0.25

063 JLN. BRIGJEN SLAMET RIADI (LUMAJANG) 1.51 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 3,561 7,347 735 0.25


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063 JLN. JEND. GATOT SUBROTO (LUMAJANG) 1.81 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 3,561 7,347 735 0.25

063 JLN. SUNANDAR P. SUDARMO (LUMAJANG) 1.18 7.00 2/2 UD 3100 1 1 0.92 1.04 2,966 3,561 7,347 735 0.25

063 JLN. SOEKARNO-HATTA (LUMAJANG-WONOREJO) 2.92 11.60 4/2 D 7600 1 1 0.92 1.04 7,272 10,492 17,488 1,749 0.24

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