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ByDeepak.V
Charanraj.G
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Nuclear power???!
Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear
fission to generate heat and electricity.
Nuclear power plants provided about 5.7% of
the world's energy and 13% of the world's
electricity, in 2012
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Power of Nucleus
Z (mp + me) + Nmn - mnuclide
where Zdenotes the number of protons in the
nuclides and N their number of neutrons.
We
take mp = 938.2723 MeV, me = 0.5110 MeV
and mn = 939.5656 MeV.
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How are they used??
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Food and Agriculture
The use of isotopes and radiation techniques in
agriculture comes under this category. Leadingorganizations have been working on thetechnology to increase agricultural production,improve food availability and quality, reduceproduction costs and minimize pollution of foodcrops.
One major ongoing advancement is Sterile InsectTechnique (SIT), that helps in large-scale foodirrigation and biological control of pests.
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Human Health
One very common application is in the treatment ofcancer, i.e., through the use of radiotherapy. Also, smallamounts of radioisotope tracers are used for diagnosticand research purposes.
The radioisotopes aid in measuring the concentrationof various enzymes, some drugs, hormones and manyother substances that are present in the human blood.
These techniques have also helped in monitoring the
levels of toxic substances in food, air and water.
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Sterilization
Gamma emissions can be used for the
sterilization of medical supplies like cotton,
bandages, gloves used for surgery, syringes,
burn dressings, etc.
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Power Sources
While decaying, the radioisotopes emit lots of
energy, which is used to control the heart
pacemaker.
This energy also provides power to the
beacons and satellites used for navigation.
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Generating Electricity
With so many different uses, the use of
nuclear energy for the production of
electricity is the most important one.
The energy released by the fission that takesplace in a nuclear reactor of the nuclear
power plant is converted and generated into
electricity.
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Nuclear weapon
There are eight states that have successfullydetonated nuclear weapons. Five areconsidered to be "nuclear-weapon states"
(NWS) under the terms of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
In order of acquisition of nuclear weaponsthese are: the United States, Russia (successorstate to the Soviet Union), the UnitedKingdom, France, and China.
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Nations that are known or believed to possess
nuclear weapons are sometimes referred to as the
nuclear club.
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Exposure Level
LOW
Exposure at low doses of radiations (100-250
rads), men do not die but begin to suffer from
fatigue, nausea, vomiting and loss of hair.
But recovery is possible.
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Exposure Level
Medium
Exposure at higher doses (400-500 rads), the
bone marrow is affected, blood cells are
reduced, natural resistance and fighting
capacity against germs is reduced, blood fails
to clot
the irradiated person soon dies of infection
and bleeding.
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Exposure Level
HIGH
Higher irradiation doses (10,000 rads) kill the
organisms by damaging the tissues of heart,
brain, etc.
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Accidents
The degree and the kind of damage from nuclearaccidents vary with the kind of radiation, theamount of radiation, the duration of exposure,
and the types of cells irradiated. Radiation can also cause mutations, which are
changes in the genetic makeup of the cells.Mutations can occur in the ovaries or the testes
leading to the formation of mutated eggs orsperms, which in turn can lead to abnormaloffspring.
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Mutations can also occur in the tissues of the body
and may manifest themselves as abnormal tissue
growths known as cancer. Two common cancers
that are linked to increased radiation exposure are
leukemia and breast cancer
Radiations may break chemical bonds, such as DNA
in cells. This affects the genetic make-up andcontrol mechanisms. The effects can be
instantaneous, prolonged or delayed types. Even it
could be carried to future generations.
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Chernobyl
a Chernobyl, or a core-meltdown accident, can
happen in each of the worlds existing 430-
odd nuclear-power reactors regardless of their
design or configuration.
Some 65,000 people perished in Chernobyl,
mainly from radiation-induced cancers, and
the estimated damage runs into 250 billiondollars.
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Nuclear Bombs
An explosive device that derives its destructive
force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a
combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions
release vast quantities of energy from relativelysmall amounts of matter.
The first fission ("atomic") bomb test released the
same amount of energy as approximately 20,000tons of TNT. The first thermonuclear ("hydrogen")
bomb test released the same amount of energy as
approximately 10,000,000 tons of TNT.
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Hiroshima&Nagasaki
On 6 August 1945, a uranium gun-type fission
bomb code-named "Little Boy" was detonated
over the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
Three days later, on 9 August, a plutonium
implosion-type fission bomb code-named "Fat
Man" was exploded over Nagasaki, Japan.
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Hiroshima&Nagasaki
These two bombings resulted in the deaths of
approximately 200,000 peoplemostly
civiliansfrom acute injuries sustained from
the explosions.[
The role of the bombings in Japan's
surrender, and their ethical status, remain the
subject of scholarly and popular debate.
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Storage Hazards
In second half of 20th century, several methods of disposal of radioactivewaste were investigated by nuclear nations.[35] Which are;
"Long term above ground storage", not implemented.
"Disposal in outer space", not implemented.
"Deep borehole disposal", not implemented.
"Rock-melting", not implemented.
"Disposal at subduction zones", not implemented.
"Ocean disposal", done by USSR, UK, Switzerland, USA, Belgium, France,The Netherlands, Japan, Sweden, Russia, Germany, Italy and South Korea.(195493) It's not permitted by international agreements.
"Sub seabed disposal", not implemented, not permitted by international
agreements. "Disposal in ice sheets", rejected in Antarctic Treaty
"Direct injection", done by USSR and USA.
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LOVE OUR MOTHER
EARTH
TRY TO SAVE HER
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