Deepak.v Charanraj

7/28/2019 Deepak.v Charanraj

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ByDeepak.V

Charanraj.G


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Nuclear power???!

Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear

fission to generate heat and electricity.

Nuclear power plants provided about 5.7% of

the world's energy and 13% of the world's

electricity, in 2012


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Power of Nucleus

Z (mp + me) + Nmn - mnuclide

where Zdenotes the number of protons in the

nuclides and N their number of neutrons.

We

take mp = 938.2723 MeV, me = 0.5110 MeV

and mn = 939.5656 MeV.


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How are they used??


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Food and Agriculture

The use of isotopes and radiation techniques in

agriculture comes under this category. Leadingorganizations have been working on thetechnology to increase agricultural production,improve food availability and quality, reduceproduction costs and minimize pollution of foodcrops.

One major ongoing advancement is Sterile InsectTechnique (SIT), that helps in large-scale foodirrigation and biological control of pests.


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Human Health

One very common application is in the treatment ofcancer, i.e., through the use of radiotherapy. Also, smallamounts of radioisotope tracers are used for diagnosticand research purposes.

The radioisotopes aid in measuring the concentrationof various enzymes, some drugs, hormones and manyother substances that are present in the human blood.

These techniques have also helped in monitoring the

levels of toxic substances in food, air and water.


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Sterilization

Gamma emissions can be used for the

sterilization of medical supplies like cotton,

bandages, gloves used for surgery, syringes,

burn dressings, etc.


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Power Sources

While decaying, the radioisotopes emit lots of

energy, which is used to control the heart

pacemaker.

This energy also provides power to the

beacons and satellites used for navigation.


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Generating Electricity

With so many different uses, the use of

nuclear energy for the production of

electricity is the most important one.

The energy released by the fission that takesplace in a nuclear reactor of the nuclear

power plant is converted and generated into

electricity.


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Nuclear weapon

There are eight states that have successfullydetonated nuclear weapons. Five areconsidered to be "nuclear-weapon states"

(NWS) under the terms of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

In order of acquisition of nuclear weaponsthese are: the United States, Russia (successorstate to the Soviet Union), the UnitedKingdom, France, and China.


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Nations that are known or believed to possess

nuclear weapons are sometimes referred to as the

nuclear club.


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Exposure Level

LOW

Exposure at low doses of radiations (100-250

rads), men do not die but begin to suffer from

fatigue, nausea, vomiting and loss of hair.

But recovery is possible.


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Exposure Level

Medium

Exposure at higher doses (400-500 rads), the

bone marrow is affected, blood cells are

reduced, natural resistance and fighting

capacity against germs is reduced, blood fails

to clot

the irradiated person soon dies of infection

and bleeding.


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Exposure Level

HIGH

Higher irradiation doses (10,000 rads) kill the

organisms by damaging the tissues of heart,

brain, etc.


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Accidents

The degree and the kind of damage from nuclearaccidents vary with the kind of radiation, theamount of radiation, the duration of exposure,

and the types of cells irradiated. Radiation can also cause mutations, which are

changes in the genetic makeup of the cells.Mutations can occur in the ovaries or the testes

leading to the formation of mutated eggs orsperms, which in turn can lead to abnormaloffspring.


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Mutations can also occur in the tissues of the body

and may manifest themselves as abnormal tissue

growths known as cancer. Two common cancers

that are linked to increased radiation exposure are

leukemia and breast cancer

Radiations may break chemical bonds, such as DNA

in cells. This affects the genetic make-up andcontrol mechanisms. The effects can be

instantaneous, prolonged or delayed types. Even it

could be carried to future generations.


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Chernobyl

a Chernobyl, or a core-meltdown accident, can

happen in each of the worlds existing 430-

odd nuclear-power reactors regardless of their

design or configuration.

Some 65,000 people perished in Chernobyl,

mainly from radiation-induced cancers, and

the estimated damage runs into 250 billiondollars.


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Nuclear Bombs

An explosive device that derives its destructive

force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a

combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions

release vast quantities of energy from relativelysmall amounts of matter.

The first fission ("atomic") bomb test released the

same amount of energy as approximately 20,000tons of TNT. The first thermonuclear ("hydrogen")

bomb test released the same amount of energy as

approximately 10,000,000 tons of TNT.


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Hiroshima&Nagasaki

On 6 August 1945, a uranium gun-type fission

bomb code-named "Little Boy" was detonated

over the Japanese city of Hiroshima.

Three days later, on 9 August, a plutonium

implosion-type fission bomb code-named "Fat

Man" was exploded over Nagasaki, Japan.


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Hiroshima&Nagasaki

These two bombings resulted in the deaths of

approximately 200,000 peoplemostly

civiliansfrom acute injuries sustained from

the explosions.[

The role of the bombings in Japan's

surrender, and their ethical status, remain the

subject of scholarly and popular debate.


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Storage Hazards

In second half of 20th century, several methods of disposal of radioactivewaste were investigated by nuclear nations.[35] Which are;

"Long term above ground storage", not implemented.

"Disposal in outer space", not implemented.

"Deep borehole disposal", not implemented.

"Rock-melting", not implemented.

"Disposal at subduction zones", not implemented.

"Ocean disposal", done by USSR, UK, Switzerland, USA, Belgium, France,The Netherlands, Japan, Sweden, Russia, Germany, Italy and South Korea.(195493) It's not permitted by international agreements.

"Sub seabed disposal", not implemented, not permitted by international

agreements. "Disposal in ice sheets", rejected in Antarctic Treaty

"Direct injection", done by USSR and USA.


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LOVE OUR MOTHER

EARTH

TRY TO SAVE HER


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Deepak.v Charanraj

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