CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 1
CTI Sponsored Educational Program
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 2
CTI Mission Statement
To advocate and promote the use of environmentally responsible Evaporative Heat Transfer Systems (EHTS) for the benefit of the
public by encouraging: Education Research Standards Development and Verification Government Relations Technical Information Exchange
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 3
CTI Objectives Maintain and expand a broad base membership of
individuals and organizations interested in Evaporative Heat Transfer Systems (EHTS). Owner/Operators Manufacturers Suppliers
Identify and address emerging and evolving issues concerning EHTS.
Encourage and support educational programs in various formats to enhance the capabilities and competence of the industry to realize the maximum benefit of EHTS.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 4
CTI Objectives Encourage and support cooperative research to improve
EHTS technology and efficiency for the long-term benefit of the environment.
Assure acceptable minimum quality levels and performance of EHTS and their components by establishing standard specifications, guidelines, and certification programs.
Establish standard testing and performance analysis systems and procedures for EHTS.
Communicate with and influence governmental entities regarding the environmentally responsible technologies, benefits, and issues associated with EHTS.
Encourage and support forums and methods for exchanging technical information on EHTS.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 5
CTI Certification Program
STD-201 The standard sets forth a program whereby the Cooling
Technology Institute will certify that all models of a line of evaporative heat rejection equipment offered for sale by a specific Manufacturer will perform thermally in accordance with the Manufacturer’s published ratings.
Applies to Mechanical Draft Evaporative Heat Rejection Equipment such as Cooling Towers, Closed Circuit Coolers (and Evaporative Refrigerant Condensers).
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
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Please visit our website atwww.cti.org
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 7
Publication and Presentation Disclaimer 2012
The information contained in the following publication, paper or presentation is intended for education by the author or presenter, however information given is in no way an
endorsement of the Cooling Technology Institute. The publication, paper or presentation has been reviewed by the
CTI staff and program committee for commercial content, however there may be differing opinions regarding the
content of information. The Cooling Technology Institute accepts no liability for its content.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
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Benefits of Water-Cooled Systems vs Air-Cooled Systems for Air Conditioning Applications
Lisa TiffinBaltimore Aircoil Company
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
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Overview
US Energy Policy Energy Comparison Codes and Standards Benefits of Water Cooled Equipment Energy Savings Tips
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
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U.S. Government commitment to energy independence and reduced greenhouse gas emissions can have a significant impact on HVAC system design.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 11
U.S. Commitment to Energy Sustainability
For decades it has been clear that the way Americans produce and consume energy is not sustainable. Our addiction to foreign oil and fossil fuels puts our economy, our national security, and our environment at risk.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 12
U.S. Commitment to Energy Sustainability
The Recovery Act was signed into law on February 17, 2009 and has invested over $90B in the clean energy economy. Development of renewable energy and
clean technologies Smart electric grid and energy efficient
homes, offices, and appliances High speed rail and advanced car
batteries
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 13
U.S. Commitment to Energy Sustainability
Leadership in Sustainability President Obama signed an Executive Order on
Federal Sustainability, committing the Federal Government, the largest user of energy in the country, to lead by example and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 28% by 2020, increase energy efficiency, and reduce fleet petroleum consumption.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 14
U.S. Government Plan to Reduce CO2Emissions from Power Plants
Convert to less carbon intensive fuels or non-carbon fuels Taxation of carbon fuels Regulation of emissions for
new plants More research and funding
for renewable energy Reduce energy demand
New energy-saving technologies
Improve efficiency of equipment and systems
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 15
Optimize Energy Costs
Market trends suggest that the demand for energy resources will rise dramatically over the next 25 years: U.S. demand for all types of energy is expected to
increase by 19% within 25 years. Global demand for all energy sources is forecast to grow
by nearly 50% from 2009 through 2035.
Sources: Annual Energy Outlook (DOE/EIA-0383(2011)), International Energy Outlook 2007 (DOE/EIA-0484(2011)
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 16
Air-Conditioning Energy Consumption
Air-conditioning systems, one-sixth of U.S. electricity demand, drive many power plant peak loads and have been identified as an energy reduction opportunity.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 17
ParameterWater Cooled
SystemAir Cooled
System
Chiller Efficiency [Full Load] (kW/ton)1 0.6 1.255
Chiller Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton)1 0.4 0.941
Condenser Pump (HP) 30 --
Cooling Tower Fan (HP) 30 --
System Capacity (Ton) 500 500
Average Capacity (Ton) 290 290Hours of Operation [Integrated Part Load Value] 4380 4380
1. Efficiencies based on ASHRAE 90.1-2010, Table 6.8.1C. Water Cooled based on Path B.
500 Ton System Analysis Parameters
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
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Equations IPLV = 0.01A+0.42B+0.45C+0.12D
A = COP@100%, B = COP@75%, C = COP@50%, D = COP@25% Chiller Energy Usage = IPLV Efficiency * Weighted Avg Capacity Peak Chiller Demand = Full Load Efficiency * System Capacity Fan Energy = Power (HP) * 0.44 * 0.7457 kW/HP Peak Fan Demand = Power (HP) * 0.7457 kW/HP Pump Energy = Power (HP) * 0.7457kW/HP
Annual Energy = Hours of Operation ∑ Energy Total Peak Demand = Peak Chiller Demand +
Peak Fan Demand + Pump Energy
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 19
Energy Consumption
Reduction in annual energy consumption by 46% Peak energy demand reduced by 45%
ParameterWater Cooled
SystemAir Cooled
SystemChiller Energy Usage (kW) 116 273Condenser Pump Energy Usage (kW) 22 -Fan Energy Usage (kW) 10 -Annual Energy Consumption (kWh for 4380 Hours of Operation) 648,240 1,195,740Peak Energy Demand (kW) 344 628
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
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Total Annual Cost
Savings of $40,000 annually Approximately 30% savings on annual operating costs
ParameterWater Cooled
SystemAir Cooled
SystemEnergy Charge $ 66,769 $ 123,161 Demand Charge $ 4,623 $ 8,440 Total Annual Electricity Cost $ 71,392 $ 131,601 Annual Water Cost (4 cycles of con) $ 9,186Annual Sewage Cost $ 4,047Annual Chemical Treatment Cost $ 7,000Annual Water Related Costs $ 20,233Total Annual Operating Costs $ 91,625 $131,601
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 21
Total Cost Comparison
Payback Period of 1.3 years Approximating system life span at 20 years, the total water
cooled benefit is approximately $516,400.00 The water cooled system shows a clear financial advantage
over the air cooled system
500 Ton SystemWater Cooled
SystemAir Cooled
System
Equipment and Installation (First Cost) $ 242,033 $ 188,200
Total Annual Operating Cost $ 91,625 $ 131,601
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 22
Other Comparative Examples
A Comprehensive Comparison of Air- and Water-Cooled Chillers Over a Range of Climates by Mark Hydeman, PE, FASHRAE Water-cooled chillers save significant energy in
most climates. In some climates, source water usage equal
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 23
Other Comparative Examples
PG&E study simulating three sizes of chiller plants in three climatic zones. Recommended chilled water plants greater than
300 Tons shall employ water-cooled chillers
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
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Standards Impacting HVAC Systems and Equipment
ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Energy Standards for Buildings Except Low-Rise
Residential Buildings ASHRAE Standard 189
Standard for Design of High-Performance, Green Buildings
California Title 24 California’s Energy Standards for Residential and
Nonresidential Buildings
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
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California Title 24
Limitation on Air Cooled Chillers Only 100 tons provided by air cooled for applications
with more than 300 tons of total capacity Also adopted by Oregon Energy Code Issue currently being studied by ASHRAE 90.1
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 26
Air-Conditioning System Selection
Large Buildings (> 300 tons) Water cooled systems provide clear-cut economic and
environmental justification. Mid-size Buildings (100-300 tons)
Air cooled systems may offer first cost incentive to sacrifice energy efficiencies of water cooled systems.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 27
Benefits of Water-Cooled Systems
More energy efficient than air-cooled systems Approximately 45%
Reduced plan area Reduced sound Independently certified performance
Water-Cooled AHRI for chillers up to 2,500 tons CTI for cooling towers
Air-Cooled AHRI for chillers up to 400 tons
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
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Considerations for Water Cooled Systems
Higher installation cost Consider pay-back
Water treatment Cooling Tower water use
Water use at tower is offset by water use at power plant to create energy 2 gal/kWh1 on average 4.42 gal/kWh1 in the west
1. Consumptive Water Use for U.S. Power Production (NREL/TP-550-33905)
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 29
Water Quality and Control Considerations
Water-cooled systems require treatment to control scale/corrosion and biological growths. Chemical or Non-Chemical Devices
Water and chemical costs must be included in a cost analysis of water-cooled and air-cooled systems.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 30
Cooling Tower Water Usage
Water cooled systems recycle 95% of the total water. The remaining 5% is lost to evaporation & bleed. NO water is destroyed. A small portion of the water is bled from the system to
control the build-up of impurities.
Bleed Rate = Evaporation RateCycles of Concentration -1
Water use is proportional to load, time of day, and weather.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 31
Options to Reduce Water Usage
Hybrid technology Optimizes water use and
energy use based on load, water availability
Materials of Construction Increase cycles of
concentration Use of non-potable
sources, such as grey water, recycled water, or condensate collection
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 32
Energy Saving System Designs….
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
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Energy Saving Tips – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency
Energy Saving Tip 1. Installing energy efficient chillers and refrigeration systems can save 1.2% of a facility’s total energy use with an average simple payback of 23 months.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 34
Energy Saving Tips – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency
Energy Saving Tip 2. “Free cooling” with cooling tower water can reduce cooling system energy use by as much as 40% depending on location and load profile with an average simple pay back of 14 months. Using cooling tower water in place of the chiller when the
outside temperature is low Cooling tower is sized for winter capacity
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 35
Energy Saving Tips – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency
Energy Saving Tip 3. Increasing chilled water temperature by 1°F reduces chiller energy use by 0.6% to 2.5%.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 36
Energy Saving Tips – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency
Energy Saving Tip 4. For each 1°F decrease in condenser cooling water temperature, until optimal water temperature is reached, there is a decrease in chiller energy use by up to 3.5%.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 37
Energy Saving Tips – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency
Energy Saving Tip 5. Installing VFDs in place of constant speed systems can reduce cooling system energy use by 30% to 50%, depending on load profile. Cooling tower fans Chiller compressor
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
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Single Speed BHP & VFD BHP Versus Wet Bulb
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
35404550556065707580
Wet Bulb
BH
P
VFD
Single Speed Motor
Assumes constant load with varying wet bulb temperatures
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
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Energy Saving Tips – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency
• Energy Saving Tip 6. Take advantage of ambient wet bulb temperatures.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 40
Energy Saving Tips – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency
ASHRAE 0.4% Wet Bulb Temperatures
Location Wet Bulb
Baltimore, MD 78°F
New York, NY 76°F
Boston, MA 75°F
Los Angeles, CA 70°F
Seattle, WA 66°F
Denver, CO 65°F
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 41
Energy Saving Tips – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency
ASHRAE 0.4% Wet Bulb Temperatures
Location Wet Bulb CWT
Baltimore, MD 78°F 85°F
New York, NY 76°F 83.5°F
Boston, MA 75°F 82.7°F
Los Angeles, CA 70°F 80.5°F
Seattle, WA 66°F 76.0°F
Denver, CO 65°F 75.0°F
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 42
Energy Saving Tips – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency
ASHRAE 0.4% Wet Bulb Temperatures
Location Wet Bulb CWT Energy
Baltimore, MD 78°F 85°F 0.57 kW/TR
New York, NY 76°F 83.5°F 0.55 kW/TR
Boston, MA 75°F 82.7°F 0.54 kW/TR
Los Angeles, CA 70°F 80.5°F 0.53 kW/TR
Seattle, WA 66°F 76.0°F 0.49 kW/TR
Denver, CO 65°F 75.0°F 0.48 kW/TR
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 43
Energy Saving Tips – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency
ASHRAE 0.4% Wet Bulb TemperaturesLocation Wet Bulb CWT Energy Savings
Baltimore, MD 78°F 85°F 0.57 kW/TR Base
New York, NY 76°F 83.5°F 0.55 kW/TR $2K
Boston, MA 75°F 82.7°F 0.54 kW/TR $3K
Los Angeles, CA 70°F 80.5°F 0.53 kW/TR $4K
Seattle, WA 66°F 76.0°F 0.49 kW/TR $6K
Denver, CO 65°F 75.0°F 0.48 kW/TR $9KSavings are based on 500 ton cooling tower with 10°F Range.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 44
Energy Saving Tips
Tip #1 – Install energy efficient equipment. Tip #2 – Evaluate additional free cooling hours. Tip #3 – Increase chilled water temperature. Tip #4 – Lower the design condenser water
temperature. Tip #5 – Install VFDs on constant speed fan
systems. Tip #6 – Take advantage of low ambient wet bulb
temperatures.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Air Cooled & Water Cooled Systems2012 AHR Expo – Chicago
Originally Presented January 23, 2012
Slide No.: 45
Conclusions
Cooling system evaluations should take the pending impact of energy regulation into consideration.
Water cooled systems provide the most energy efficient systems and can help protect building owners and operators from uncertainties in electricity pricing.
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