U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2008 (Quadrillion Btu) 99.2 Quadrillion BTU...
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Transcript of U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2008 (Quadrillion Btu) 99.2 Quadrillion BTU...
U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source
and Sector, 2008 (Quadrillion Btu)
99.2 Quadrillion BTUSource: DOE/EIA
Primary Energy Use by Fuel – 1980 – 2030 (quadrillion Btu)
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Renewables
Biofuels
Liquids
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Coal
Source: AEO 2009
0
5
10
15
20
25
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Industrial
Transportation
Residential and Commercial
Electric Power
Petroleum-based liquids consumption is projected to be flat as biofuels use grows
Biofuels
million barrels per day
History Projections
Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2009 (ER)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Biomass
Wind
Solar
Waste
Geothermal
Nonhydropower renewable power meets 33% of total generation growth between
2007 and 2030
billion kilowatthoursbillion kilowatthours
History Projections
Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2009 (ER)
Renewable Energy Characteristics
► Abundant and available everywhere
► Inherently does not deplete the earth’s natural resources
► Causes little, if any, environmental damage
Solar Earth at sea level – 1,000 W/m2
NC solar radiation – averages 4.5 hrs/day
NC – 4.5 kWh/m2
PV efficiency ~ 15% (Polycrystalline) Capacity Factor – 4.5/24 = 18.7%
Air Infiltration Sites
Plumbing penetrations through insulated floors and ceilings Chimney penetrations through insulated ceilings and exterior walls Fireplace dampers Attic access hatches Recessed lights and fans in insulated ceilings Wiring penetrations through insulated floors, ceilings, and walls Missing plaster Electrical outlets and switches, especially on exterior walls Window, door, and baseboard moldings Dropped ceilings above bathtubs and cabinets
Dependency on Nuclear Power
79%
60%
42%39% 37%
34%
21% 20%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
1
France
Belgium
Sweden
Switzerland
Spain
Japan
UK
USA
~440 Reactors worldwide with 104 in the US, 58 in France and 31 in the Russian Federation
• Brunswick 1 & 2 (Southport)
• Sharon Harris 1 (New Hill)
• McGuire 1 & 2 (Cornelius)
NPPs in the Southeastern U.S.
Each fuel pellet has the same amount of energy as:
One ton of coal
oror
149 gallons 149 gallons of oilof oil
OILOIL
OIL
2 1/2 tons of wood2 1/2 tons of wood
Principal Nuclear Reactions(in a Reactor)
n
n
+ 2-3 n
& 200 MeV
fp2
fp1fission reaction
capture reaction
U235
U238
U236
U239Np239
Pu239
β
β
Spent Nuclear Fuel
• An average sized nuclear power plant produces around 20 tons of spent fuel a year.
• Composition:~ 1% Plutonium-239,240 & MA
~ 3% Fission/Stable Products
~ 96% Uranium (~0.8% U235).
Economics
U.S. Electricity Production Costs
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
1995 2008
2008
cen
ts/k
Wh
Coal
Gas
Nuclear
Petroleum
O&M + Fuel
2008 Fuel Costs: Coal 2.57 Gas 8.09 Nuclear 1.87 Petroleum 17.26
W h
Source: NEI
Uranium Fuel Cycle with Reprocessing
SPENT
FUEL
Uranium
Plutonium
MinorActinides
LLFP
SLFP & Stable
Recycle or Class C Waste
Transmute or MOX
Transmute or FBR Fuel
Repository
Transmute or Repository
Composition After 10 Years of Decay
■ Uranium 95.6%■ Plutonium 0.9% ■ Minor Actinides 0.1%■ Iodine & Technicium 0.1%■ Stable & SLFP 3.0%■ Cesium & Strontium 0.3%
1.1%