1 CRANE 1I 1
.
Notes:Bdts that are too short for minimumthread lengths will be threaded fulllength and d8siited scr8ws.
Bdts in the diameter range Ml6 toM27 indusi~, up to 12S mm length,may ahmmtivdy have a shorterthread length equal to ).SD but thisoption must be spe&illy mquasted.
Engineering Data
Metrii
ISO METRIC BOLTSSCREWS AND NUTSGENERAL INFORMATION
BLACK BOLTSGrade 4..6 Bolts and Grade 4 Nuts to BS 4 190: 1967
HlGH TENSILE BOLTSGrade 8.8 Bolts and Grade 8 Nuts to BS 3692: 1967
THREADSIS0 Coarse Pitch Metric Threads to BS 3643: 1963
DiMENSIONSHEXAGON BOLTS AND NUTS (MILLIMETRES)
Size designation MS M6 MB IWO Ml2 a16 MZO- y24 M27 M30 ,q5 19
Diameter of un-thr& shank bnax) 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 20.0 24.0 27.0 30.0
Width across flatsbnax) 8.0 10.0 13.0 17.0 19.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 41.0 46.0
Width acrosscomers bnmd
-Depth of bolt head(nominal)
9.2 11.5 150 19.6 21.9 27.7 34,6 41.6 47.3 S3+1-
3.5 4.0 5.5 7.0 8.0 10.0 13.0, l&O 17.0 19.0Depth.of nut .(nominal) 4.0 5.0 6.5 8.0 10.0 13.0 l&O 19.0 22.0 24.0
LENGTH OF THREADHEXAGON e’OLTS (MILLIMETRES)
- -Up to and including125 mm long 16 18 22 26 30 38 46 54 60 66
Over 125mm uptoand includina 200 mm
-ml 22 24 28 32 36 44 52 60 66 72 -k-
overmChnmlong 35 37 41 45 49 57 65 73 79 85
OTHER STRENGTH GRADES AND THRFADSBS 3692 and BS 4190 together list 10 strength grades of bolts’and screws aid 6grades df nuts. In the interests of variety reduction the UK bolt and nut indust&has decided to standard% on only two grades of bolts (4.6 and 8.8) and twogrades of nuts (4 and 8). Furthermore, these grades of bolts, screws and nutswi II be produced as standard items with Metric. Course Threads.only, to BS 3643.All other grades, also bolts, etc required with Metric Fine Thread, will beregarded as specials. -
RECOMMENDED BOLT AND NUT STRENGTH GRADE COMBINATIONSNormally Grade 4 nuts will be used with Grade 4.6 bolts and Grade 8 nuts withGrade 8.8 bolts; It is however satisfactory to substitute a higher strength gradenut for a lower one. Thus it is acceptable to use a Grade 8 nut on a Grade 4.6bolt.
:-
80
Engineering Data
Mte ric
BOLTS AND SCREWS
IS0 METRIC BOLTSSCREWS AND NUTS
DESIGN DATA
-Sia daslgn8tlo8l Ml5 M6M8 Ml0 M l 2 Ml6 M20 M24 w7 M30
Pitch mm 0.80 1.0 1.25Stress area mm 2 14.2 20.1 36.6
1.50 1.75 2.0 2.50 3.0 3.0 3.5058.0 84.3 157.0 245.0 353.0 459.0 561.0
.Pitch acea mm 4.480 5.350 7.188 9.026 10.863 14.701 18.376 22051 25.051 27.727Grade 4.6
Ultimate bad tf 0.568 0.804 1.464 232 3.37 628 9.80 1412 lb6 22.44. . kN 5.57 760 14.36 22.7 33.1 61.6 96.1 138.5 180.0 220.0
Roof lodd tf CL321 0.454 0.827 1.31 191 3.55 .5.54 7.98 10.40 12.70. . kN 815’ 4.45 8.11 12.8 10.7 34.8 54.3 78.2 102.0 124.0
Grada 8.8Ultimate load tf 1.136 1.608 2.928 4.64 6.74 12.56 19.60 28.24 36.72 44.06
Priof loA tf kN 0.826 11.14 15.76 1.170 28.72 2.130 45.50 3.38 4.91 66.14 9.14 1232 192.2 14.30 277.0 20.50 26.70 360.0 440.0 X2.70” . kN 8.10 11.47 20.69 33.1 48.1 8Q.6 149.2 201.0 262.0 320.0
1 tf (tonne fond = lWOkgf- 9.81 kN approx.I. 0.9842 UKtonf.-
Roof load stress.Grade 4.6 bob - 22.6 kgf/mmt
.
I# 8.0 ” 56.2 kgf/mm’*.
-
MECHANICAL PROPER11 ESBOLTS
Grade I &Btimaw tensile strength imin) Yield stress bnin)’ CkgF/mm’ N/mm’ UK tonf /in’ kgfhnm’ N/mm’ UK tonf/ina
4.6 I 40 392 25.4 24 235 15.28.8 80 785 50.8 64 49.6
NUTS
Proof bad stres 1 kgf/mm’ = 9.81 N/m& approxl v
kgf/mm’ N/mm’ UK tonf/ina = 0.6350 UK tonf/ina
4 I 40 392 25.48 80 785 50.8
EXPLANATION OF STRENGTH GRADE DESIGNATIONSBolts and screws. The first figure in the grade number is one tenth of theminimum ultimate tensile strength in kgf/mmt . The second figure is one tenthof the ratio between minimum yield stress and minimum tensile strength,expressed as a percentage. Mylt~lication of the two figures will give the yieldstress in kgf/mm’ or stress at permanent set limit for higher tensile bolts.
In the case of Grade 4.6 bolts and screws.4 xjzl0 gives the minimum tensile strength of 40 kgf/mm’4 x 6 gives the minimum yield stress of 24 kgf/mms
Nuts. The grade number is one tenth of the specified proof load stress in kgf/mm’The proof load stress corresponds to the minimum tensile strength of the highestgrade of bolt or screw with which the nut can be used.
In the case of Grade 4 nuts4 x 10 gives the proof load stress of 40 kgf/mm’
This grade of nut may therefore be used on bolts having a minimum tensileof not more than 40 kgf/mm’ .
81
Engineering Data
General
INTEGRAL FLANGESSUMMARY OF AVAl LABI LITY
-~-- - -FLANGE TABLE REFERENCE
Nom. sire BS4504 PN BS 10 TABLE ANSI CLASS
DN in 2.5 6 10 16 [ 25 40 L A D 1 E F H 125 1 150 300,1 0 iA 4 4 A15 3 A A A 4m f25 1 AI
32 1t ,40 13
BCI I
50 2 IA BC B
45!5g- A AB AB ABC ABC
I I ,- - I80 3
yoo 4 1125 5 4 I150 6 ’ I I
c AB ABC ABC ABC ABC L ’ .’175 72W8v t t-t 1 A BC BC
9. L25OlOf f + ABC ABC + I t 8C 4
.300 12 A dB .AB AC +C 9 i 8C C350144 * # AC AC # C- 15
400 16I I *
450 18 A X0 AB h AC C 1 A C Csoo2Oq *- 21 , f L6W1241A 1 AB 1 AB 1 AC 1 C 1 C 1 y 1 v 1 v 1 v I v A C CI I I I , I I I I7001271A 1 AB 1 AB 1 AC 1 C 1 C 1 A 1 AC 1 AC 1 AC
AC A C2 C2- - l t . , I800 - A AB AB AC C c- 33 4 A
\ 900 38 A AB A6 AC C C A c2 c2ibOO 39. A AB AB AC C C . I . . I I . t- 42 Ia- 1 I 1 1 I c3AA IA 1. A 1 C3 1.
AG- 45 IL
12W48A AB A0 C C C A.-- _ I I I’ I I I t14001541~ IA~IABI c 1 c 1 c ! Al C3 c3I .- Isol I I I I I Itlvl I 1 iA’I~I+t
I I I I
A0 C C C IA AC
AB C C A AC A’e . A
-A 1 A 1 A C_--- I I I- 84 A A‘
2200 x c 1 I ! 11 I24W96A A A A A’
2600 - 4 .- 108 A
r .
2800 - 1) I ’ I3000 120 A A
This table indicates theavailability (shown A, B or C -see material key below) ofintegral flange details inBS 4504, PN 2.5 to PN 40,BS 10 tables A to H, ANSI8 16.1 Class 125 and Classes 150and 300 from BS 1560 ANSI8 16.5 and 8 16.24, BS 3293,MSS SP 44 and API 605.Certain flange sizes shown in theabove listed standards which arenot in common use have baenexcluded from the table.
.
The availability of matingflanges for fixing to pipe mayextend to sizes larger than thoseindicated for integral flanges -reference should be made to therelevant standards for details ofthese sizes.
The flange dimensions i.n thecomparison.tables on pages85 to 99 only compare flangesin nominal sizes up to 18OOmm/72in. Where there are not exactequivalent sizes of metric andimperial flanges, the 8S4504flange is compared with the
. nearest equivalent BSlO orANSI size(s).
NOTES:
1. These sizes are included for ’convenience and do not carry adefinite rating.
2. Sizes in range above 24 into 36 in are included onlyin 8S3293, MSS SP 44 andAPI 605.
3. Sizes larger than 36 inafe contained only in API 605
CAST IRONCOPPER ALLOYCASTSTEEL - 83
- Engineering Data
General
INTEGRAL FLANGESPRESSURE/TEMPERATURE RATINGS
r1 PRESSURE (BAR GAUGE) AT TEMPERATURE (oC)llATERIAL RATING
ANSlclsss
-
1202.53.56
6.910I 3.812.11620.72534.53.5
6a91013.8I 3.41620.72529.334.640i.9I3A1610.920.72534.640E
22a21.75
z.58
6.99.013
13.119
13.11.9
44.87
9.8
11.314.617.520.724.6!5.5893.85e43.2!0.7!4.6l4.519.212.8-
- -
400 425 Eo 475
-
&7 T811.2 7.913 9 ’
10.2 6516.9 I t.721 142895 19.733 2330.7 u.5
3.56.9
5.610.312
17.2m28.8
4.7 3.7 2.8
912.41520.-
69.110
1x5
23c1 .9
26cl1.7
4.8 4.3
7.7 6.8
8.612.4 10.8
18.6 17.5
TYPE 0s 9STM EMPN2.5-
BS
Kblc0s1452Grade14
-10
ii2.53.56
8.91013.813.81620.72s34.5
2102
1.95
3.887.69.313
13.319.515.224.5827.810.610.312.415.819.321.426.427.86 .913.815-T13.610.7
3.6
6
10
16
ziron
6
10
16 3
25
125
sl=M9126Zlass 8
5.61 521 !3
12 ; 10 1 a4
28 21.7 17.43-t3.0 2.6 2.26 6 5
x73.54.5&29.0
10.213.415.7
22.823.5bs13aI 5.0
I 2.820.724.434-5B.812.3
285
46.9
710.3law.5
17.27.5s.s2.84.211.719.323.832.137to.7
4sTM3624HOY336
3.56a91013.815851620.72534.534.540b913.81619.620.72534.54051.1
6 .
10
16
25
4 0
6.616.61 55To 1 10 1 8.5
13.8(188111.412.4111.3110.615016 1 16 113.5
20.7 I 20.7 16.925 25 21.2
26.9 Q3.8 22.134.5 I 34.5 283
0s1504-161-480
ASTMA216GR WCI
CarbonStael
* L16 16 16
E I15.8 4.7 1416
25
40
150
300
20.7b.7 $I.7
l5.2M.4 143.8 143.3
Ratings given above are extracted from the rekvant ftangs standards and are for integralflanges in a selection of materials commonly used in the valve and fitting industry. Theseratings are subject to any limitations that may be imposed by individual product standardsand attention is drawn to the requirements for bolting materi& and gasket types whichshould be used in conjunction with the flanges/ratings deteiled. Information is given inthe rektvmt standardr .
1. Dimensions for BS.4504 flanges are stated in millijnetret only. Dimansions for 8S.10 and ANSI flanges are shown in inches (bracketed) withmetric equivalent to nearest uuhole millimetre.
2. Raised joint faces are applicable only to BS.4504 Cast Iron and Steel, BS.10 Table H and ANSI Classes 150 and 300 ‘Steel.3. Flange thicknesses ere inclusive of raised face height where this is giwm.4. All flengas are normally drilled unless otherwise specified with bolt holes drilled off centres.
FLANGE COMPARISON TABLES
NOMINAL SIZE 15mn (12 in.)
B O L TDIA.
INTEGRAL FLANGE DIMI ORILl NG
P.C.D.
STANDARDAND RATING THICKNESS RAISED FACEDiA.
80
95 .
95
95
95
HOLEDIA.
r
. I
GREYCASTIRON
12
14
14
16
95(3; 1
95(3Z 1
95(3: 1
114(451
89(3*)
95(3: 1
13($1
13(41
13($1
16(8,
90
105
105
105
105
m
-
14
t6
16
18
. I
f
to2v$
to24
(4)to2
(4)114
(44)
13(4,
13(4,
13(ii
16fg)
CASTSTEEL
16
16
16
18
18
18
to@I
10c#r
10(#I
13Cg,
I-
A
13($1
16($1
COPhERALLOY
DIA. HT.
40
45
45
45
4 5
YO.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
-
10’ -
10
11
11
14
14
14
14
5 5
65
65
65
65
M 10
Ml2 .
M 12
M t2
M 12
PN 2.5 QI 6
PN 10
8s P N 1 645Q4
PN 25
PN 40
TAB.A&C 14(&I
67(23)
14(4)
67(291
14($1
67tzgl
17@
83(4)
571221
35(12)
35Il#
TABLE Ez
TABLE F
TABLE H
CLASS 15aANSI
CLASS 3Oi
2Ofni ( 34 in . )NQMUJAL S!ZE .
50
58
58
58
58
M 10
M 12
.M 12
M 12
M 12
65
.75
75
. 75
75
73(2i)
73(241
73(2i)
83(3; 1
13r*,
13($1
13(3,
16(a,
4 11
4 14
4 14
4 14
4 14
PN 2.5 816
PN 10
10
to
11
BS4504 PN 16
PN 25
PN40
TAB-A&l
$7(24
BS TA8LE E10
TAQLE F
TABLE H
9($1
t3(g)
43
43 (ig2
(32
(&I
CLASS 1sEANSI*,<.
CLASS 3oc
For notes applicable to these tables see page 8485
Engineering OataGCtWd
FLANGE COMPARISON TABLES
NOMINAL SIZE . 25mm (1in )INTEGRAL FLANGE DIM NSIONS
HOLEDIA.
ING
P.C.D.
STANDARDAN0 RATING
BOLTDIA.-DIA. THICKNESS RAISED FACE
DIA. HT.
60
68
68
6a
68
64(23)
5112)
51m
70
78
78
78
78
-
76(3)
I
L
64(29)
64(29
GREYCASTIRON.
CAST COPPEFiSTEEL ALLOY
No,
PN 2.5 & 6 too
115
115
115
115
14
16
16
18
11 75
14 85
14 85
14 85
14 85
M 10
18 to
18 11
18 13
PN 10 Ml2
4Fw PN t6 Ml2 ,
PN 25 Ml2
PN40 Ml2 ‘-r
14($I-
14Gb
17@I
17($I
16(51
16CS,
19@I
14 90
18 100
ta 100
18 loo .
18 ‘1QO
-10
10(31
to($1
14(4)
ttC&
17(I’-)
16
8(5)
8(51
to(a
1tC&l
10($1
15C&
114(44)
114(431
121(4Q
121(4t)
108M#l
108t4&
124(4;)
TAB.A& 0
tiTABLE E
10 TABLE F
TABLE H
CLASS 125
ANSI CLASS 150
CLASS 300
NOMINAL SIZE 32mm (l’&M 12 fPN 2.5 & 6 120
140
140
140
140
16
ta
la
20
-
.
18
ia
18
PN 10 M 16
M 16
M l 6 .
M 16
Bs4504 @N 16 10
1T
13
8(iI)
a(ii)
10($1
11I&,
PN 25
PN 40
TAB.A&D 13
13ii)
13(4,
17($1
16($1
16.(31
16@I
22tg,
13(*I
I21r4#1
121(49)
133!5@
133(541
117(43)
117(49)
133(5;)
87(a
87(6)
98(3$
9813;)
89(341
a9i31)
98 *(3g)
131;)
13(4,
16($1
16($1
13(4,
13Ii,
.I6(2)
TABLEEBsto GABLE F
TABLE H
CLASS 125
10(#I
16(5,
ANSI CLASS 150
CLASS 300
!Fi For notes applicable to these tables see page 84
FLANGE COMPARISON TABLES
NOMINAL S IZE 4&n (1’2 i.)r
BOLTDIA.
ING
P.C.D.
ORILl
HOLEDIA.
INTEGRAL FLANGE DIMI USIONS
RAISED FACE
’ ‘DIA. HT.
STANDARDAN0 RATING r THICKNESSDIA.
CAST COPPERSTEEL ALLOY
GREYCASTIRON
No.
too M 12
110 M 16
t10 M 16
110 M 16
110 M 16
16
ia
18
20
80
‘88
88
88
88
iN 2.5 & 6 130
150
150
150
150
3
3
3
3.
i-
14
18
18
18
18
14(a
14(ii)
17($1
17tg,
16(8,
1s. (5,
22($1
t8 11
18 13
18 15
PN 10
4E PN 16
PN 25
PN40 .
13(31 ‘,
98(3$
98a$,
105(4;)
105(4i)
98
iI3(3$f
i3QI114
(4s)
10
10(31
11 tg1
13Vi)
( 1 )
11t&J
17(%I
133(54)
133(5{)
140(56)
140(5%)
127(5)
127(5)
156(G)
16(21
16(5)
16cg,
22($1
14(3
TAB.A& C
2(6 1
- -
a3(3i)
13(4)
16tg,
TABLE EBS10 TABLE F
16(31TABLE H
13t#’
13 *(3)
--.
14(21
21(316
CLASS125
ANSI CLASS 1%
CLASS 300
73(2i)
73(2i)
2W
2,w
19(51
5Ornm, (2,)NOMINAL SIZE
140
165
165
165
165
16
m
m
22
14 110 M 12
18 125 M 16
18 125 M 16
18 125 M 16
18 125 M 16
90.
102
102
to2
102
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4-4
4
8
3
3
3
3
3
2(&I
2C&b
2C&l
PN 2.5 & 6
m
m
m
11
13
15 .
PN 10Bs
4504 PN 16
PN 25
PN40
17 114 i6(# (44) t; 1
17 114 16(3) (43, (2)
17 127 16(“1I6 (5) cgr
17 127 t6tf& (51 ($1
19 121 . 16($1 (4;) ($1
19 121 16(#I (4;) (;I
19 127 16(0, (5) t@
- ~~14
(it)14
(%I16
(5)19
tg,.
TAB-A&U 152 5 ,(
(6)152
(6)165
(64,165
(6;)
10(;I
10(3,
ttc&g
13(3,
13(#
19($1
102(4)
TABLE EBs *10 TABLE F
TABLE H
CLASS 125 152(6)
152(6)
t65(6;)
16t;,
92(391
92(3%)
16(3,
22r:r
. ANSI CLASS 150
CLASS 300
*Table A thickness is 16 (8)For notes applicable to these tables see page 84
87
.-0
Enginewing Oata&nerd1 CRANE 1
FLANGE COMPARISON TABLES
65nrn (2’2 in)NOMtNAL SIZE
STANDARDAND RATING
INTEGRAL FLANGE. DIMENSIONS
HOLEDIA.
,ING .
P.C.D.
1.
THICKNESS RAISED FACE.
DIA. HT. No<
110
122
122
122
122
114(44)
lo5cs;,
lo5(43)
-
128 3
138 3
138 3-
138 3
138 3
127(5)
-4
8
8
8
8-
4
4
a
127(5)
127(5)
8-:4
4
8-
BOLTDIA.
I
- DIA.
GREY
IRONCAST COPPERSTEEL ALLOY
PN 2.5 & 6 160
185
185
185
185
16
20
20
24
14 130
18 1 4 5
18 145
18 145
18 145
M 12
18 13
22 15
22 17
PN io
Bs4506 PN 16
PN 25
M 16
PN 40
TAB.A&D 127(5)
127(51
146(551
146 @I140
(5$)140
(5;)149
(5#)
116)
11(6,
13(41
14($1
14(4)
21(“116
14(3)
14ci%)
16(4)
19(;I
17(21
25(1)
Bs TABLE E* 10
TABLE F
TABLE H
CLASS 125
ANSI CLASS 150
CLASS 300
17&I
mmrn (3iJ ’NOMINAL SIZE
PN 2.5 & 6 190 18
22
22
26
20
24
- 24
18 150
18 160
18 160
18 16o ‘-
18 16o
PN 10 2oil
Bs4504 PN 16
PN 25
PN 40
TAB-A&D
BSTABLE E
* 10 TABLE F
TABLE H
CLASS li5
ANSI CLASS 150
cxAss300
184(7iI
I84c-r+,
203(8)
203. (8)391
(74)191
17*1210
(8&
15
17
19
M 16
M l 6
M 16
M 16
14 13@ t+r-
14 13Gk, (4,
16 14(8 (a
22 16($1 . (5,
19(#I
29(1:
M 16
19+($1
19({I
19($1
29(l#
19(#I
146.(53,
146C5$
165(I#
165K$
152tb (6)
152(6)
168 *W
16($1
16tg1
16tg,
16(3,
16(8,
16
19
*Table A thickness is 17 (+)IFor notes applicable to these tables see page 84
Engineering Data
&fWfdi
FLANGECOMPARlSON TABLES
(4 >in.NOMINAL SIZE IOOmm-
- DRl&
.
No.-
4
8
3
8
0-
4
8
8
8-
8
8
8
HOLEDIA.
INTEGRAL FLANGE DIMENSIONS *I I. DIA. THICKNESS RAISED FACE tI
GREYCASTIRON
CAST COPPERSTEEL ALLOY
DIA. HT.
ING
P.C.D.
BOLTDIA.
148 3
158 3:
156 3
162 3
162 i
18
18 .
18
22
22
170
180 -
lqo .
190
wo
M 16
M 16
M‘l6
M20
M20
1 7@I
17(+a)
17(#I
17q#
19t@
19. ($1
22G)
178(7)
178(7)
191. (73
is3(741
191(7$)
-191(741
16(3,
16(3,
16(8,
16(2)
16(8)
-I
NOMINAL SIZE 125mm ( 5.)
STANDARDAND RATING
-20 19
2 4 21
2 4 23
210
220
220
235
235
18
24
s 24
28
PN 2.5 & 6
PN 10
Bs PN 16fy 4 5 0 4
DPN 25
PN40
TAB.A&t 17 16q&l ($1
17 16(,$I (9
19 17($1 I#
25. 19. (11 #ii)
216.(8#
216(IQ1
229(9)
229(9)
22919)
(9)254
(10)
--
.-
152(61
Bs TABLE E
10 TABLE F
TABLE H
CLASS 125
157@a
157@it)
ANSI cLASS 150
CLASS 300
-8
8
8
8
8-‘8
8
8
8-
8
8
8-
PN 2.5 & 6 w 18
18’
. 18
26
26
M 16
M l 6
M 16
M 2 4
M 2 4
178
186
* 10%
168
166
200
210
210
20
26
26
30
PN 16 2 5 0
t& PN 16
)iN 25 2 7 0
PN 40
TAB.A&C
2 7 0
BS TABLE E10 :a
TABLE F
TABLE H
CLASS 125
ANSI CLASS 150
CLASS 3oa
254 %I254
(10)279
(111279
11112 5 4
(1012 5 4
(la279
WI
22
26
26.
16($1 .
21*(#a
22(4,
25’(1)
210(8;l
210(88)
235(St)
(9$216
(841216
(841235
t&1
16. (21
19(21
1969
19c$
19($1
19(Z,
178(7)
*Table A thickness is 19 (36) and drilling it 4 holesFor notes applicable to these tables see page 84
89
FLANGE COMPARISON TABLES
15Omm (&) - .NOMINAL SIZE
BOLTDIA.
.INTEGRAL FLANGE .DfMf
RAISED FACE
DRII
HOLEDIA.
JNG
.
P.C.D.
STANDARDAND RATING DIP. THICKNESS
GREYCASTIRON
cm- COPPE RSTEEL ALLOY
DIA HT. No.
b
22
28
28
8
8
8
8
8-
8’
8
12
12
8
8
12
-8
13
12
8
8
12
12
-
PN 2.5-& 6 202
212
212
21tl
21Q
-
M 16
M20
Mm
M24
M 24
20
2 6
-26
34
18 225
22 240
22 240
26 250
26 250
265
285
285 ‘, 22
’ 26
PN 10
4z PN 16
PN 25
PN4Ci ’
TAB-A&C 17(8)
17 ’
22(#I
2kti,
(1)
279(111
279(11)
(12)279
(11)279
(11)318
(1231
21(#I
22. t;,
25~(11
3jIl#)
25(1)
17(?a
17(hi)
’22(a .
29 .;* (l&l-.
25(1)
37(l&g)
B sTABLE E
10 TABLE F
210tq,
216tB+)
218I%&,
TABLE f-f
CLASS 125 ’
21(B
30(l&I
2’t&1
2t&1
ANSI CLASS156
CfAss 300
NOMINAL SIZE 175.mm (7iJPN 16 28
34
24 .
28
32
22
26’
30
24 242
28
.19
i;,19
($122
($132
(ld)
248
2%19f)
270
‘280
295
ClO$
t1@1292
(11~1292
(11&l
M20
(11124
M 27
B s4504 PN 25
PN 40
19it,
19ii$
22(5,.
32(It)
22’($1
25 .(1)
25(1)
38t1#
TAB.A&C 16($1
19($1
19t{,
19($1
(121305 .’
(12)337
03;:337
,I1 3ifl
TABLE EBs10 TABLE F
TABLE H
*Table A drilling on size 6 is 4 holes, thickness on size 7 in is 21 (#IFor notes applicable to these tables see page 84
Engineering 5ata
Gad
FLANGE COMPARISON TABLES
NOMtNAt SU?E 200mm (8in.)T
BOLTDIA
N G
P&D.
DRILL
HOLEDIA
- -
1’8
22.
22
28
30
17(#I
22($1
2 2(3,
22
2 2(3,
; ($122
($125
(1’)
INTEGRAL FLANGE DlMENS,lONS.ITSTANDARDAND RATING THICKNESS I RAISED FACEI
IDIA.
CAST COPPERSTEEL ALLOY
GREYCASTIRON
8
‘8
12
‘12
12
8
8
12
12-
8
8
12
HT.
24
30
34
M 16
M20
M 20
M 24
M 27
268
PN25&6 22
-26
30
34
&
PN 10
PN 25
296-310
320
26
30 .27?3
285 .PN40
16cjr
.292(11&I
292 ;(114 1
324(125)
324(12;)
298m tr
298(1 l-$1
(131
(13@337’
(l*)368
(14#368
(14#343
(1331
(13#381
(15).
19@I
19(31
2 5(1)
32(1:)
TAB.A&C 22tg1
25(1)
29U&I
38(l#
2911;)
l-9(21
19($1
Bs TABLEE
10 TABLE F
19(;ITABLE H
19ct,CLASS 125
290;)
41(1~)
270 ’M@
270(lO#
ANSI CtAss 1%
CLASS 300
NOMINAL SIZE 25Omm(1oiJ.PN25&6 18
22
26
30
33
M 16
M 20
M 24
M 27
M30
is
3 2
3 8
375
* 395
406
425
450
24 ’
28
32
36
12
12
12
12
12
8
12
12
12
12
12
16
350.
. 355
370
385
(141
(14)381
(15)381
(15)
(144)387
(15$le
PN 10
BS4504 PN 16
PN 25
, PN 40
28
: 32
25(1)
22t#
22tg,
25(1)
250)
TAB-A&U 19(2,
19($1
22ci1
22(Ql
22cgr
22(%I
25(1)
25*(1)
?5I (1129
(l&I41
(12)30 .
U&l
.a:
(16)’
(16)432
(17)432
(17)
(16)
(16)445
t17*:
TABLE EBs 410 TABLE F
311(126)
324112;)
324(123
TABLE H
25(1)
25 .(11
29(1:)
CLASS 125
ANSI CLASS 1%
CLASS 300
*Table A thickness is 24 ( # 1For notes applicable to these tables see page 84
91
3OOmtn(12in)NOMlNAL SIZE
RAISED FACE
INTEGRAL FLANGE DIME DRILl
HOLEDIA.
YG
P.C.D.
395
4io
450
(16)408.
06)
(17$
(17&432
(171
(17)451
l17$1‘8
445
470
510
470l18#1
4701183
495llQ+l
495c19#
476(18$)
476(18$)
514f20&
STANDARDAND RATING
BOLTD?A.?I A. THICKNESS
DIA.GREYCAST*IRON
CAST COPPER.STEEL ALLOY
HT.
L4 .
4
4
4
4
Na
-12
12
12
16
16-12#
12
16
16
12
12
36
24
28
32
40
365
370
376
,395
410
22
22
28
30
33
M20’
M20
M 24
M 27
MiO
PN 2.5 & 6
-
28
34
42
PN 10
4=m PN 16 ’
PN 25
PN 40-
:
362W+
381(15)
381(151
22ff 1
250)
25(1)
25Ill
457(18)
457(18)
(19&
w#l
(19)
(191521
fm#
22tg,
25(1)
29t1;1
38 (l.#
27(l&l
22(3)
25(1)
29
38’(1))
(13,
-
32(1;)
51 :(2)
25’(1)
29(1;)
32clg)
44fit)
32. f1+1
TAB.A&D
8s TABLE E10
TABLE F-
TABLE H
CLASS 125
ANSI CLASS 150
C-300
25(1)
25(1)
32(l&i
35OmA14in)NOMINAL SIZE x----L .-0 .
M 2012
16
16
16
16
PN 2.5 4 6 26
30
36J’ 44
22
22
28
33
36
30
38
46
8s PN 10 M20 .4504
PN 16 M 24
M30
M 33
PN 25
PN401
12*
12
16
$6
22#
22I;,
25Ill
25(1)
25(1)
25(1)
29(1;)-
527f20$
527f2q
552t21$
552(215
1211
121)
(231
25 25(1) Ill
25 25. (1) 11)
32 32(I$ * cl+)
41' 41(15) Ilil
35(l#
54(2iI
2511)
25(1)
29It&I
29(1J)
29(13,
29(1#
32(I+)
TAB-A&r
BS10 TABLE E
TABLE F
TABLE H
CLASS 125 12
12
20
413(16tl
413(16;l
ANSI CLASS 150
CLASS 300
*Table A thickness is 24 (8) and 2
3 For notes applicable to these tables see page 84(1) on sizes 12 in & 14 in respectively; dritling is 8 holes on both sirsr
Engineering Data
Gmefc3l
NOMINAL SIZE 4OOmm(l&)TT JGI BOLT
DIA.
DRILLSIONS
RAISED FACE
INTEGRAL FLANGE QIME
TSTANDARDAND RATINGS DIA. THICKNESS .
HT.GREYCAST!RON
*’ D I A . P.C.D.
+
495 M 20
515 M 24
CASTSTEEL
COPPERALLOY
Qo. HOLEDIA.
.16 2 2
16 26
16 30
16 36
16 39
4
4
4
4
i-
2&Ii)
. 32
40
50
PN25&6 28
32
38
48
465
505
535
483(19)
PN 10 565
620
Bs4504
PN 16
PN 25
525 M27
ill33
5 8 4 -M36IPN40
’ TAB.A&C 25 25(11 (11
25 25(1) (1)
32 32(lfg U$l
44 44c1$ (13)
578(2231
578(2231
610 ’(24)610
(241597
(234)597
(234)
29’114)
32(l&I
35 *il2,
51(2)
37U&J
621f20$ I
552(21 f,
552(21$)
(219
t21t1571
1224 1
22f$J
25(1)
25(1)
25(11
2541)
Bs TABLE E10
TABLE F
TABLE H
2&
2I&)
37(16)
57(2;)
CLASS 125
470(18+1
470118$
ANSI CLASS 15032
(12)CLASS 300
’ .45Omm (18in)NOMlN&L SIZE
M 24
M 27
M33
M36
32
40 -
50
25
30
36
39
25(1)
25w
32cl;)
32(1;)
32(l$
32(141
35(131
20
20
20
20
12
16
20
20
16
16
24
532
550
555
585
610
34
42
50529
(ltjl29
(l#35
(l$)48
(l$
-26
t1#29
(14)35
(13)48
(19)
22(iJ
22(;J
29(1:)
29(13)
29(1;)
29(191
32(1;)
TAB.A&D 641I (2541
32’r1g
35II+)
38U$)
5442;)
40(l&I
533(21)
123)
(231610
(241610
(24)578
f22$578
CZ@
- (2481
8s TA6LE E 641 i%$J10 TABLE F 673
(2641:\
TABLE H 673(2641
CLASS 125 635 (25)
A N S I CLASS15fJ 635 (25)I
-40(1%)
60(24)
(21)
(211CLASS 300 711 (28)
‘Table A thickness is 27 (1 & on both siqs 16 in aftd 18 in
For notes applicable to these tables see page 84 93
Enginsering Data
GWfdl
FLANGE COMPARlSON TABLES
NOMINAL SIZE 5OOmd2OiJT INTEGRAL FLANGE OIMENSIONS
BOLTDIA.
DRIL N G
P.C.D.
620 M 24
670
542 22(g,
642(254
673
22(i,
673(262
635(251
(25)6 8 6
(27)
705
725
770
770
795
M 24
M 27
M 33
M36 .
M 45
756(29$
756(2B#l
781
78t w749
(293749
(2938’2 ’
(32)
25(1)
29(li)
32(1;)
32(l&l
32(14)
320 4,
3811+1
STANDARDAND RATING tTTHICKNESS RA1SE.D FACE
GREYCASTIRON
CAST COPPERSTEEL ALLOY
DIA. HT.
PN 2.5.& E
PN 10
645
6 7 0
715
730
755
30
34
42
52
36
44
52
-
570
585
610
615
615
22263336 i42
BS4504 PN 16
PN 25
PN 40
TAB.A&f 32(1;)
32(l&I
38(13,
51(2)
32*(1;)
32(1;)
38ttj,
51. (2)
705(27;
705(273
737(291
737. (29)
608(2741
698(2741
774
32*(14,
38(13,
4’ctjr
5712*,
43(l#
16 25 (‘1
16 25 (1)
24 32 (Ii)
24 32 (1;)
20= (l$)
20 32 (1’)4:24 35 OfI
5971233
8s TABLE E
10 TABLE F-
TABLE H
CLASS 121
43(1-g~
64(24)
ANSI CLASS 15c (23)584 .
(23)CLASS 3oc
NOMINAL SIZE 6OOmm( 24in)
PN 2.5 &I e 755 30
36
48
670
685
725
720
735
PN 10 780
4Fw PN 16
PN 25 845
PN 40 890
TA6.A & I
8sTABLE E
10 TABLE F
TABLE H
CLASS 121
ANSI CLASS llil
CLASS 30
825(323
825t321
851(x3$’
851133;
813(32)
813(32)
914(36)
40
46
60
,
35(1:)
38c1g,
41(13
57(29
35’(l#
38(l$l
41@!
57(221
35’(lf)
4’(1%)
44cl@
64
48
-
698(273
48(1;)
70
2(41
2(&I
682t27t
692t27t
*Table A thickness is 29 (1 &I and :For notes applicable to these tables see page &
respctiuely; drilling is 1
Engineering Data
NOMINAL SIZE 7OOmm( 27in)1 T 1 .
BOLTDIA.
IINTEGRAL FLANGE DIMEI JONSSTAND&DAND RATING
-
No-24
24
24
24
24-
18
DIA. 1 THICKNESS
P.C.D.
RAISED FACE
GREYCASTi~0~
CAST COPPERSTEEL ALLOY
DIA. HT. HOLEDIA.
PN 2.5 & 6 5
5
5
5.
*. 5
26
30
36
42
46
M24
M 27
M33
M39
M 45
PN 10
4yw PN 16
860
895
910
PN 25
PN 40 995
810
875
42
50
64
25(11
25(1)
29(1:)
TABLE A
8s TABLE D10
TABLE E’
I
!
!
-
PN 2.5 & 6
PN 10
8S4504 PlU16
PN 25
PN 40
975
to15
1025
1085
1140
3 4
44
58
TABLE A
8sTAFLE D
10 TABLE E
946 * ‘* 32(37X1 (1x1
997 4’(394) (121
997 48(39;) (li)
CLASS 125 (38;)
ANSI CLASS 150”
CLASS 300’
8OOmn@fNNOMINAL SIZE-
30
33
39
48
56
M 27
M30
M 36
M 45
M 52
24
24
24
24
24
20
20
20-28
28
28
42
54
72
-
-
930
- - 883 * 25t3W (‘1
927 29(36$1 (11
927 32w (l#
914 32(36) (I$
9’4 32(36) (‘$
997 44(39$ (1;)
!9
32cl+ 1
(li)55
,1;,$5
(‘#I35
i8(1%
(1;)
41(12)
48(li)
54(2#
54(2i)
921331
857 2(33;) (iid
857 2l33$ (&I
l Dimensions for ANSI Class 150 and 300 flanges are taken from 85.3293 and MSSSP44For notes applicable to these tables see page 84
95
Engheeri~ D a t a .
Generat
FLANGE COMPARISON TABLES
. )omm(33iJ . ’nluvt1,.. .-
1 INTEGRAL FLANGE DIMI USIONS
RAISED FACE
D I A . HT.
DRILI
HOLEDIA.
P.C.D.
STANDARDAND RATING 1 BOLT
DIA.* DIA.
DIA.
THICKNESS
GREYCASTIRON
CAST COPPERSTEEL ALLOY
42
54
72
41,t1@
5’(2)
PN 2.5 B 6 975 34
44
58
M 27
1015
1025
1065
“40
1 0 2 9WHJ
to92(43)
1092. (43)
PN 10 M30
BS4504
PN 16 All36
M 45 -?PN 25
PN 40 1030 M 52
(351016
(40)to16
(40)
TABLE A 32(WI
41fli)
51(2)
BsTABLE 0
10TABLE E
..
NOMINAL SIZE QOOmrB6in)W25&6 36
46
62
1075
“15
‘125
‘185
‘250
to20
1050
1050
1090
1140
24
28
28
26
26-24
24
24-32
32
32
30
33
39
48
56
29(14)
35fl$
35(l$I
4’(l#
41(12)
54 (2&l
PN 10 M30 ’
M36 ’
M45
Bs4504 PN 16 44
58
76
44(l$)
51(2)
PN 25
PN40
TABLE A
M 521105
(43%
1175(46&
‘175t4g
1168(461
“68ma
1270tm
35(‘{I
44(l&
5’(2)
60(231
104’ 25 -(41) (1)
1092143)
1 0 9 2WI
1086(42t
1086(42z
1’68(46)
.
Bs TABLE 010
TABLE E
. (1~) .:L51
CLASS 125
6p ti#r105
. (4i,
ANSI CLASS 16q*
CLASS 300+
*Dimensions for ANSI Class 150 and 300 flang am taken from 88.3293 and MSS.SP44.For notes applicable to these tables see page 84
NOMINAL SIZE 1 OOOmm(39in)T
DRlLl NG
HOLEDIA
P.C.D.
* INTEGRAL FLANGE DIMEI
THICKNESS
SIONS
RAISED FACE
111
TABLE A
TABLE 0
TABLE E
1181(46x1
1257(*I
1257t49#
1375 .
PN 6 1405
PN 10BS
4504 PN 16
1455
1485
PN 25 1530
PN40 .-
TABLE A
1575 _1416 ’
(55%:
BS TABLE 010
TABLE E
1492(58$1
1492(5831
CLASS 125i
l
CLASS 300’
1511t5!3#
1511(59%
1511(59351
BOLTDIA.
STANDARDAND RATING DIA.
DIA.
-
CAST . COPPERSTEEL ALLOY
46
62
80
44(1;)
54(2iI
-
52
70
88
51(2)
60(24)
.
70(2%)
129tad
-
A
GREYCASTIRON
DIA HT. No.
28
28
28
28
28
24
24
24
-
30 1120 M27
36 1160 M 33
42 1170 M 39
56 1210 M 52
56 1250 M 52
-PN25&6 -36
50
66
1175
PN 10 1230
4sg4 PN 16
“IP‘_ PN 25
1255
1320
PN40 1360
1118144)
1175t46t
11751-t
.
29Cl’!
35(1QI
38(13,
NOMINAL SliE 12OOd48iJ3232
32
32
32
3228
32
32-44
44
40
-
i1 5
5
5
5
5
5
1320 M 27
1340 M30
30
40
56 1380
1390
1420
14601353 -
(53+)
1410c5G 1
1410(=a
1422(58)
.1422156)
1416(55%)
30
33
39
48
56
6229
(141
35(l$l
38(13,
41(151
41(l@
51(2)
1280
1295
1330
1330
1350
1380
M 36
M45
M 52
M5625
(1)38
(1 HI
51(2)
80(231
70(2Z)
- -
*t-Ad2
t-a
1359(53X)1
1327(52%)
38(1 WI
48IW
*Dimensions for ANSI Class 150 flanmr we taken from BS.3293 and Class 300 flanges from AP1.805.For notes applicable to these tables see page 84
97
Engineering Data
General1 CRAiE]
FLANGE COMPARISON TABLES
14OOmm(54in)NOMINAL SIZE
T INTEGRAt FLANGE DIM@
RAISED FACE
DRILL
HOLEDIA.
P.CD. ’
1520 M 27
1560 M33
1500 M39
1590 ‘M4ii
1640 M56
1680 MS6
STANDARDAND RATING DIA..* THICKNESS
GREY’CASTIRON .
CAST COPPERSTEEL ALLOY
DIA. HT. No.
36
36
36
36
36
36
32
36
44
56
48
PN 25 1575
1630
1675
1685
1755
1795
30
44
62
1480
1510
1535
1’530
1560
1600
30
36
42
48
,62 .
6235
(l#,35
of)51
(2)32
(l#51
121
.
PN6
Bs PN 104504
PN 16 58
76
98
57(Z&I
PN 25
PN40
TABLE A
8s10 TABLE 0
1608f63w
16U8(63$
1683t66$
1549(61)
1673c65g1
r
l4.twtb)
57(24)
76(3)
1530(6Ol4
1530r60&
1594f62$
1492f58#1
1578t62#
32fl.%)
32(l$)
44(ItI
29(l#
48(l$)
2(ib
2f&l
CLASS 125
ANSI CLASS 150”
CLASS 300’
71(*+$I
136(53) -I
.
144166$
1480f58$
NOMINAL SIZE
PN 2.5 1790 32
48
68
40 30 1730 M27
40 36 1760 MV
40 48 1820 M45
40 56 1820 i M 52
40 62 .1860 M56
40 70' 1900 M 6 4
PN6 1830
PNlOBs
4504 PN16
1915
1930
PN 25 1975
PN40 2025
TABLE A
ss10 TABLE D
CLASS 12t
CLASS 300’
1784f7OW)
1784(70&
1854 .(731
1726(67+$
1878(73#
1.696
1710
1760
175q
1780
1815
32
40
52
52
40
- .
64
B4 .
108
60(23 1
1701(67)
imi(67)
I8(l*)
60(Zf!
79134:
-
35o*:
38(14)
51(21
35(131
60(29
.-
1759MS*,
1662(65&
17*
76(31
151(%
iC&l
2(i;rl
1600(63)
1651m!5)
*Dimensions for ANSI Clas 150 and 300 flanges are taken from APl.805.For notes applicable to these’tables see page 84
tngmeering Data
G-dl.
FLANGE COMPARISON TABtES
NOMINAL SIZE 16OOmm(66Jr
ING
P.C.D.
DRIL
HOLEDIA
30
36
48
56
62
7035
w
38
I ISIONS
RAISED FACE
INTEGRAL Ft ANGE DtMEBOLTDIA
STANDARDAND RATING THICKNESSDIA.
CAST COPPERSTEEL ALLOY
GREYCASTIRON
32
48
68
DIA. H T
-
M 27PN 2.5 1 7 9 0 1730
1760
1820
1820
1860
19001860
(73%
1860(7341
l
5
5
5
S
i.
5
1690
1710
1760
1750
17ti
1815
1830
1915
1930
1975
20251942
176?hl
1942(7631
M 33. PN6
M45Y-Y Bs
PN 10I 4504
ia+ PN 16. 64
84
108
64(2#
M6432
(1%)
PN40 .
TABLE A
38(13,Bs TABLE 0
10 .
NOMINAL SliE ‘l~OOmm(7~in)
BF-1
iPN 2.5 44
44
44
44
44
1930 M 27
t-970 v 36
2020 M45
'2020 M 52
2070 M64
.36
39
48
68
7038
(1%41
(18)51
(2)
1990
2045
2115
2130
2195
34
50
70
PN6
Bs4504 PN 10
P N 1 6 68
90PN 25
36
4467(25)
2019(79%
-2019(7&l
(82$1
’ TABLE A
; TABLE 0
2108 .r?183) ”
2108(83.1
f86#44
(1;)60ANSI CL&S 125
For notes applicable to these tables see page 8499
r 1
] CRANE 11 J
.
Engineering Data
Flow of hidS d-VOU&~lW, FittingS & Pipe
CONTENTS AJUDNOMENCLATURE
CONTENTS The contents indexed below comprise a condensed summary of data published in Crane’sTechnical Paper No. 4lOM Wletric Edition) . . . . “Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings,and Pipe”.NOMENCLATURE 5ee belowBASIC THEORYResistance Coefficient K . ..’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 & 102Equivalent Length L/D and Flow Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 & 103taminar Flow Conditions; Reduced Seat Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103REPRESENTATIVE RESlSTANCE~COEFFlClENTS (“K” FACTOR TABLE)Pipe Friction Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104Formulas for Sudden Contraction and Enlargement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104Formulas for Reduced Port Valves and Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104Coefficients for Valves ahd Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 to 107NOMOGRAPHS, CHARTS, AND TABLESFriction Factors for Clean Commercial Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Density of Air and Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Physical Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..: . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Viscosity of Gases and Vapours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Viscosity of Water and Steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Viscosity of Water and Liquid Petroleum Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Flow of Water through Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114& 116Flow of Air through Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115& 116
* Flow Formula for Compressible Fluids... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 to 120
NOMENCLATURE Symbols used in this “Flow of Fluidt” section we defined as follows unlessotherwise stated.a = cross sectional area of pipe or orifice, or flow area in valve, in square
mitlimetres
cv = flow coefficient for valvesD = internal diameter of pipe, in metresd =.internal diameter of pipe, in millimetresf = friction factor in formula h, =fz~2/~2g,
fT ‘= friction factor in zone of complete turbulence
gn = acceleration of gravity = 9.81 metres per second per second
hL = loss of static pressure head due to fluid flow, in metres of fluidK = resistance coefficient or velocity head loss in the formula, h, =Ko2/2gnL = length of pipe, in metresL/D = equivalent length of a resistance to flow, in pipe diameters
'P = pressure, in bars gaugeP' = pressure, in bars absoluteQ = rate of flow, in I itres per minute
q8= rate of’flow, in cubic metres per second at flowing conditions
qk = rate of flow, in cubic metres per hour at metric standard conditions(MSC) 1.013 25 bar absolute and 15*C
8q M = rate of flow, in cubic metres per minute at MSC
4 = Reynolds number
% = specific gravity of a gas retative to air = the ratio of the molecular weightof the ps to that of air (relative density)
Tt
= absolute temperature, in kelvins (273 + 4= temperature, in degrees Celsius
v = specific volume of fluid, in cubic metres per kilogramv’ = specific volume of fluid in cubic decimetres per kilogramit = mean velocity of flow, in metres per secondW = rate of flow, in kilograms per hour
Greek Letters fl = Beta ratio of small to large diameter in orifices and nozzles, andcontractions or enlargements in pipes
A = Delta differential between two pointscc =Mu dynamic (absolute) viscosity, in centipoise .
P =Rho weight density of fluid, kilograms per cubic metre8 = Theta angle of convergence or divergence in enlargements or
contractions in pipes .Subscript (100) = refers to 100 metres of pipe
;itI
t
Ij
Engineering Data
RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT K,EQUIVALENTXENGTH L/D
AND FLOW COEFFICIENT
Pressure loss test data for a wide variety of valves and fittings are available from Resistance Coefficient andthe work of numerous investigators. Extensive studies in this field have been EquivdmLdngth .conducted by Crane Laboratories. HOVWBM, due to the time-consuming andcostly nature of such testing, it is virtually impossible to obtain test data forevery size and type of valve and fitting. It is therefore desirable to provide ameans of reliably extrapolating available test information to envelope thoseitems which have not been or cannot readily be tested. Commonly used conceptsfor accomplishing this are the “equivalent length L/D”, “‘resistance coefficientK”, and “flow coefficient Cv or Kir .
Pressure losses in a piping system result from a number of system characteristics,which may be categorized as follows:
Pipe friction, which is a function of the surface roughness of the interior pipewall, the inside diameter of the pipe, and the fluid velocity, density andviscosity. For friction data, see pages 104 and 108.
Changes in direction of flow path. .*
Obstructions in flow path.
Sudden or gradual changes in the cross-section and shape of flow path.
Velocity in a pipe is obtained at the expense of static head, and decrease in statichead due to velocity. is,
2=-hL 2g,
Eqwtiun 1 --. -
which is defined as “-locity head”. Flow through a valve or fitting in a pipe linealso causes a reduction in static head which may be expressed in terms of velocityhead.
.
The resistance (oefficient K in the equation
V2hr. =K-
2gn
Equation 2
therefore, is defined .as the number of’velocity heads lost due to a valve or fitting.-It is always associated with the diameter in which the Aodity occurs. In most. valves or fittings, the losses due to friction (Category 1 above) resulting from
actual length of flow path are minor compared to those due to one or more ofthe other three categories listed. .
The resistance coefficient K is therefore considered as being independent offriction factor or Reynolds’ number, and may be treated as a constant for anygiven obstruction (i.e., valve or fitting) in a piping system under all conditions offlow, including laminar flow.
The same loss in straight pipe is expressed by the Darcy equation,
Eqwtion 3
It follows that,
K=(h) Equation 4
The ratio L/D is the equivalent length,‘in pipe diameters of straight pipe, thatwill cause the sarrk pressure drop as the obstruction under the same flowconditions. Since the resistance coefficient K is constant for all conditions of
B
flow, the value of L/D for any given v&k or fitting must necessarily varyinverskly with the change in friction factor for different flow conditions.
) CRANE 1I J
Engineering Data
Flow of .Fluids lhough,kla, Fittings 2% Pipe
.RESlSTANCE COEFFICIENT K,EQUIVALENT LENGTH L/D,AN0 FLOW COEFFICIENT-continued
~-~Resistam CoeHicierm Equation 2 may be written in many forms depending upon the units in which
flow conditions are expressed. Some of the more common and ukeful forms are,
K2 KQ2hL = 8265 x 107$ * 22.967
Ap = 0.000 005 Kpv2
For nomencktum refer pulse 100
For compressible flow with h, or Ap greater than approximately 10% of the inletabsolute pressure, refer to Crane Technical Paper No. 410M (Metric Edition) -“Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe”.
Analysis of flow test data for different sizes of the same items indicates that theresistance coefficient K for any given line of vales and fittings knds to vary withsize, in the same manner, as does the friction factor for straight pipe at flowwnditions resulting in Reynolds numbers falling in the zone of complete.turbulence.
As previously stated, the resistance coefficient K is always associated with the.diameter in which the y&city in the term v2/2gn occurs. The values in the “K”Factor Table are associated with the internal diameter of the following pipeschedule numbers for the various ANSI Classes of valves and fittings.
Class 300 and lower . . . . . . . . Schedule 40Class 400 and 6bO . . . . . . .” Schedule 80Class 900 . . . -. . . . . . . -. Schqdule 120Class 1600 . . . H. . . . H. Schedule 160Class 2500 (sizes W to 6“) . . . “. ,.. XXSClass 2600 (sizes 8” and up) Schedule 160
When the resistance coefficient K is used in flow equation 2, or any of itsequiwlent forms, the wlocity and internal diameter dimensions used in theequation must be based on the dimensions of these schedule numbers regardlessof the pipe with which the valve may be installed.
An alternate procedure which yields identical results for Equation 2 is to adjustK in proportion to the fourth power of the diameter ratio, and to base Values ofvelocity or diameter on the internal diameter of the connecting pipe.
Equatio#v 5
Subscript “Y’defines K and d with reference to the internal diameter of theconnecting pipe.
Subscript ‘b” defines K and d with reference to the internal diameter of the pipefor which the values of K were established, as given in the foregoing list of pipeschedule numbers.
When a piping system contains more than one size of pipe, valves or fittings,Equation 5 may be used to express all resistance in terms of one size. For thiscase, subscript ‘k” relates to the size with reference to which all resistances areto be expressed, and subscript “b “relates to any other size in the system.
Engineering Oata
Flow of bddhOU$~i~,ktth$ & Pipe*
RESfSTANCE COEFFICIENT K,EQUIVALENT LENGTH L/D
AN0 FLOW COEFFICIENT -continued
It is convenient in some branches of the valve industry, particularly in Flow Ctmfficientswnnection with control values, to express the valve capacity and the ~Iue flowcharacteristics in terms of a flow coefficient. In the USA and UK the flowcoefficient at present in use is designated C, and is defined as:
C,, = Rate of flow of water, in either US or UK gallons per minute, at 6OF, at apressure drop of one pound per square inch across the valve.
Another coeff icient,this is defined as:
Kv, is used in some countries, particularly in E urope, and
K,, = Rate of flow of water in cubic metres per hour (m3./h) at a pressure dropof one kilogram force per square centimetre (kgf/cm2) across the valve.
.
One kgf/cm’ is equal to 0.980 665 bar (exactly) and in some wntinental
B /-- countries the name kilopond (kp) is used in place of kilogram force.“75,di.e. 1 kp/cm’ = 1 kgf/cm2. .
Cv = O.O694&=(in US gallons)Q = rate of flow, Iitfes/min.
44999)where: p = density of fluid, Kg/m3
&I = .pressure drop, bar
In the usual piping installation, the flow will change from laminar to turbulent in Lamiriar Flc+w conditionsthe range of Reynolds numbers from 2000 to 4000, defined on page 108 as thecritical zone. The lower critical Reynolds number of 2000 is usually recognized *as the upper limit for the application of Poiseuille’s law for laminar flow instraight-pipes,
Eqwtion 6
which is identical to Equation 3 when the value of the.friction factor for laminarflow,f= 64/R,, is factored into it. Laminar flow at Reynolds numbers above
D
~2000 is unstable, and in the critical zone and lower range of the transition zone,j turbulent mixing and lamin% motion may alternate unpredictably.
Equation 2(hL =Kv2/2gn) is valid for wmputing the head loss due to valves and.fittings for all conditions of flow, including laminar flow, using resistance
mefficient K as given in the “‘K” Factor Table. When this equation is used todetermine the losses in straight pipe, it is necessary to wmpute the Reynoldsnumber in order to establish the fridtion factor, j’, to be used to determine thevalue of the resistance coefficient K for the pipe in accordance with Equation 4(K =fz/m
Valves are often designed withreduced seats, and the transition from seat to Valves with Reduced Seatsvalve endsmay be either abrupt or gradual. Straight-through types such as gate -and ball valves SO designed with gradual transition are sometimes referred to asventuri valves. Formulae (page 104) for computing resistance coefficient Kfor b
several types of reduced seat valves have been found to yield results that haveexcellent correlation with test results. It will be noted that these computed Kflues are a function of the ratio fl (beta) of the seat diameter to the internal
’diameter of the wnnecting pipe.
The procedure for determining K for reduced seat globe and angle valves is alsoapplicable to throttled globe and angle valves. For this Case the value of fl mustbe based upon the square root of the ratio of areas,
p= J5a2
where :aI . . . defines area at most restricted point in flow patha2 . . . defines internal area of connecting pipe For nmnmchtum rsfsrpcrqu f&30
103
I 1
1 CRANE 1Engineering Data .
Fbwd Fb&~Vdk,Fittings~Pi~
REPRESENTATtVE RESISTANCECOEFFICIENTS. (K).FOR VALVES ANO FITTINGS
PIPE FRICTION DATA “K”is~onuasof~~u~pi~rrlIShPdon~ 102
FOR CLEAN COMMERCIALSTEEL PIPE WITH FLOWIN ZONE 6F COMPLETE
TURBULENCE.Nominal mm 15 20 25 32 40 ‘50 65,80 100 l-is 150 200,250 300400 450600Size . L
in. ‘A # 1 1% 1% 2 4 5 6 12-M 18-242X,3 8,10FrictionFactor (f~) .027 -025 .023 ,022 -021 -019 -018 .017 .016 .OlS .014 .013 .012
b 1
FORMULASFOR CALCULATING
‘K” FACTORSFOR VALVES AND FITTINGS
WITH REDUCED PORT
SUDDEN ANDGRADUAL CONTRACTION
SUDDEN ANDGRADUAL ENLARGEMENT
For nwnendimm refer page 109
Formula f
K, =o.ELin~ (1 - S2)
8’
Formuta 3
K, =2.6 sin; (1 - f12),
8’
Formula 5
K= 2 + Formula 1+ Formula 3K2 j34
K, =K, +rinf[0.8(1 -fl’)+2.6(1 -@‘)‘I
B’Formuta 6
Fomwk 7
Formula 2
Formula 4
K =(’ -f12122
8’
Kl4 - 04
--+##(Fomula2+Formula4)when8=180”
Subscript 1 defines dimensions andcoefficients with reference to thesmaller diameter.Subscript 2 refers to the largerdiameter.
If: 8 T 45” . . . . . . . . . . K2 = Formula 1
45* 4 ~180” . . . . K,=Formula2
.If: 9~45” . . . . . . . . . . K,=Formula3
4 5 ” d9 T 180“.... KpFormula4
B REPRESENTATIVE RESISTANCECOEFFICIENTS (.K)
FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS
For form&s&d friction datv, am page 104“K” is hamion use of scbdbh p&e as lknsdon w ?02
GATE VALVESWedge Disc, Double Disc, or PIug Type
If$= 1,8=0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K, =8fT
fi< land8r45’.......... K,=FormulaS/3< land 45”<6<180* . . K,=Formula6
GLOBE AND ANGLE VALVES
If: /3=1 K, =34of,
.lib+- I f : fl=l.. . .K, = !5S fT
l-4
I f : /3=1.. .K, = lSOfT If: j3= l.... K, =ssfT
All globe and angle valves,whether reduced seat or throttled,
i f : fl< l.... K,=Formula7
SWING CHECK VALVES a*
,K=lOOfT K=SOfT
Minimum pipe velocity (mps) for full disc lift
=4s@ =&Id7
LIFT CHECK VALVES
If: fl= l.... K, =600fTj3< l . . . . K, = Formula 7
Minimum pipe velocity (mps) for full disc lift
=SOfl’ q
If: @= l.... K, =SSf,#3< l.... K2 = Formula 7
Minimum pipe velocity (mps) for full disc lift
= 17Ofl’ G
TILTING DISC CHECK VALVES
.SiZeS a = 5” mf = 150.
50mm(2”)to2OOmm(8”)K= 4ofT 12OfT25Omm (lO-)to 350mm(14”)K= 3ofT mfT
4OOmm(16”)to 12OOmm(48-)K= 2OfT afTMinimum pipe velocity(mps) for full disc lift = MO* 40*
Note. mps = metres per second
lc3t~NElEngineering Data *
Flowof Fluids~Vak,httin~~Pipe
REPFiESENTATlVE RESISTANCECOEFFICIENTS (K)FOR VALVES AND’ FITTINGS
STOP-CHECK VALVES- -w
(Globe and Angh Types)
If: If:p= l.... &=dmfT fl= I.... K,=zmfTp< l.... K,=Formul~7 fl< l.... K,=Formula7
Minimum pipe velocity(mps) for full disc lift
Minimum pipe velocity(mps) for fulI disc lift
=70f12 G =95p JF
.
I=
4
a
a
If: If:p= l.... K, =300fT fi= I.... K,=350fTp< l.... K,=Formula7 fl< l.... K,=Formula7
Minimum pipe velocity (mps) for full disc lift
. =75f12 4F
p= I . . . . K, =ssfT /3= l.... K, =55fTfl< l.... K,=Formuh7 /k l..... #,=Formula7
Minimum pipe velocity (mps) for full disc lift
FOOT VALVES WITH STRAINER w
Poppet Disc Hinged Disc’
K = 42ofT K = 75fT
Minimum pipe velocity(mps) for full disc lift
=20 47
Minimum pipe velocity(mps) for fuli d&c lift
=4&r
BALL VALVES
If: fl=l$=O.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K,=3fT/3< landh45”. . . . . . . . . . . . K,=Foxmula.Sfl< land45”<8<18@ . . . . . . K,rFonnuh6
BUTTERFLY VALVES
Sizes 50mm(2”)to2OOmm(8*)........ K=45fT
Sizes 250~(10’)tO350~(~4”)..... K=s!ifT -Sizes 4OOmm(16*)to6OOmm(24”)..... K=25fT
I6For nomendature refer psga NW
Engineering Data
REPRESENTATIVE RE!COEFFIC
FOR VALVES AND
ISTANCEIENTS (K)FITTINGS
Fof fonnulu 8nd ffibtkm &w, see p8g@ 104“K” is based on use of schedub p@e as listed on pl~rr 102
PLUG VALVES AND COCKS STANDARD ELBOWS
Straight-Way 3-Way 90"
K=30fr K= 16fT
If: fl=l, If: fl= 1, If= /3=1,K, = 18fT K, =3Of* K, =wfT
If= fl<l KS = Formula 6 FTANDPRD TEES
MITRE BENDS
KK --00-oo-
15”15”30”30”rsp45-O60”60”75”75”90”90”
2fT2fT4fT4fT*fT*fT
15fT15fTUfTUfT40 fT40 fT6ofT6ofT
Flowthrurun...,.....K=20fT- Flowthrubranch...... K=dOfT
PIPE ENTRANCE90” PIPE BENDS ANDFLANGED OR BUTT-WELDING 90” ELBOWS Inward
Pmjecting. Flush
K3ofT
fld KI0.00” 0.50.020.02 0.280.040.04 0.240.060.06 0.150.100.10 0.09
0.15 uk up 0.04*=W-bd
0.280.240.150.09
HfT38 fT42fT&fT5ofT
The resistance coefficient, KB , for pipe bends other than90" may be determined as follows:
For K,see table
Kr0.78
KB=(n- 1) + K
.n = number of 90” bendsK = resistance coeffsient for orre$o” bend (per iable)
PIPE EXIT
P&Cti?lg Rounded
r!
CLOSE PATTERN RETURN BENDS
K= 1.0 K= 1.01
K= 1.0K=sofT
Engineering Data
FRICTION FACTORSFOR CLEAN COMMERCIALSTEEL PIPES
Engineering Data
FIOVV of Fluids through Valves, Fittings & Pipe,
DENSITY OFAIR AND GASES
F Density of Air in Kilcqpams per Cubic MareFox Premum in Bat Gaw Iadicrted
(Based on an atmospheric pressure of 1.013 25 bar and a molecular weight of 28.97)
0bar
0” 1393
t
5 1.269
fS” :*442:20 1:204
2bar
3.8443.775
Et3381
3bar
t
%i4:93
t-z.
5 6 7bar bar bar
a 9bar ’ bar
11.50 12.77pg ;;u;
lo:90 i2:1110.71 11.90;$.g ‘; f.;;
lo:19 11:3210.03 11.14932 10.80
m iiizzii13 14bar bar
17.88 19.1517.55 18.8117.24 18.4716.95 la.1516.66 17.8416.38 17.5516.11 17.2615.85 16m9815.59 u5.7115.11 16.19Ma& .;g.7$
13:83 14:8 113.45 14.4113.09.14.0212.42 13.3111.82 12.66
K3 :22i10.3~,11.069.90 10.61g.g lg.;;
8:83 9:468.52 9.13
8.42 9.357.99 8.877.60 8.457.25 a.#6.93’ 7.706.64 7.376.37 7.08
;-ii d-ESk8 6:315.48 6.09
8.958.788.638:27.937.801-56x3$2:;;6356.215.915.645.395.16fz4Is84.424.2670bar5iz
5%
E-Z:y
80.379.076.6Tiz72.170.168.166.342959.9s7.1
Z%g
461444.743.2
14.05 15.32 16.6013.80
I15.05
I16.30
13.55 14.78 16.01
20.4320.06 213122.5619.71
I 21.70 II 229
20.94 22.119.36 20.57 21.7
t .
1.768 2.353'35221.739 2.314 3.463
12.87 I 14.04 I 15.2112.66 13.81 14.9612.45 13.58 14.7212.25 13.37 14.48
1.711 2.277 3.407I I1684 2.240 3.353
35 1.146
58 f*&60 l&O70 1.02880 -1.090 0.972
100 0.946120 0.898140 0.855
4.33t-4.20
1.537 2.044 3.0601.493 I 1.986 I 2.9731.452 1.932 2.8911.413 1.880 2.814
11.18 I 12.20 I 13.2110.87 11.85 12.8410.57 11.!53 12.4910.28 11.22 12.153.74t
t3.55;3.38d
9.76 I IO.65 I 11.539.29 10.13 10.978.86 9.66 10.478.47 9.24 10.01
160 0.815 1.217 1.620 21424 3.225180 0.779 I.164 1.54% 2.317 3.08t200 0.746 1.114 1.483 2.219 2.959220 0.716 LO69 1.423 2.129 2.836240 0.688 1.027 1.367 2.046 2.725260 0.662 0.989 1.316 l-969 2.623280 0638 0.953 1.268 1.898 2.52E300 0.616 0.920 1.224 1.832 2A4C
18 19 20 30 40bar bar bu
6 0barz
75.1
;1IiE
69:0
z-ii63.861.9
ft=57.0sJ.151.549.1
it-;43.141.4
3E37.1
80bar
103.3
so 120.50 2158 22.66 33.4 44.260 119.88 20.93 21.98 32.4 42.9
Air: Values in the table were calculated using the _perfect gas law. Correction for supercompressibility,the deviation from the perfqzt gas law, would be lessthan three percent and has nbt been applied.
*Gases other than air: The weight density of gasesother than air can be determined by multiplying thedensity listed for air by the s@&ific gravity @J of thegas relative to air.
Interpolate for values at intermediate pressures or temperatures.
Engineering Data
Fkwd Fluii~valves,Fihg.s&Pipe~CRANEJ
VISCOSITY OF GASESAND VA?OtJRS
-+he curves for hydrocarbon vapoursand natural gases in the chart at theupper right are adapted from datataken from Maxwell*; the curves forall other gases (except helium2) inthe chart are based upon .Sutherland’s formula, as follows:
cc = P*(+$-)($)3’2
where:
P = viscosity, in centipoise attemperature T.
cb = viscosity, in centipoise attemperature To.
T = absolute temperature, inKelvin (273 + “C), for whichviscosity is required.
To = absolute temperature, inKelvin, for which viscosity isknown.
c = Sutherland’s constant. .
IUote: The variation of viscositywith pressure is small for mostgases. For gases given on this page,the correction of viscosity forpressure is less than 10 per cent for
Viscosity of V8h0US GllSeS
.
g .0288.t, a026
.g .0248.g .022>
1 l 020
Hydra Cubon
-010
.006pressures up to 35 bar. .o 100 200 300 400 so0
t - Temperature, in degrees Celsius
Fluid
i
02Air
N2
Approximate -Values of “C”
127120111
Aliscosity of Refriger8nt Vapounbmtuf8t8d 8nd -bin)
.OlSr l . 1
.OlS ’I
240118416
(332c o
SO2
NH3H2
37072
.Li0’.S.OlSz .
c.-i.013c,.-g .012Y)a-
1 Data Book on Hydrocarbons byJ. 8. Maxwell. Courtesy of D.Van Nostrand Company, Inc. ofNew York City.
2 Handbook of Chemistry andPhysics, 44th Edition. Courtesyof the Chemical RubberPublishing Co. of Cleveland, Ohio.
7 -011
a.010
,009
.008Upper chart exampte: The viscosityof sulphur dioxide gas (SO,) at1 OO°C is 0.0162 centipoise.Lower chart example: The viscosityof carbon dioxide gas (CO, ) atabout 30°C is 0.0152 centipoise.For nomenclbtm’rSf;br page 100
- 4 0 - 2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100t - Temperature, in degrees Cekius
Engineering Data
Flow of Fluids thiwghUk,Fitt* & Pipe,
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESOF WATER
ADI:$20
:iz:92-012271
.017041-023368
25303540
.031663
:EK.073750
45505560
65707580
85
;;100
110
:3:140
25008.31160
I:XZ
157803
IEz1.01325
217012 :-%
3.6136
2170180
t -:z7:9203
10.0271
190 12552200 15.551.225 25.504250 39.776
275
%350374.15
59.4985.9212057165.37
- 221.20
P’
Bar Absolute
vx zisCubictkcimetres
per ~ogrpm
%E:1,%003
:=ixiI
1.00301.0044
:-E.
:-ET1:01451.0171
9 9 9 . 899$9
9 9 9 . 79 9 9 . 09 9 8 . 2
9 9 7 . 09 9 5 . 6
%I!
9 9 0 . 2 -9.88.0
. 9 8 5 . 79 8 3 . 2
1.0199 980 .51.022a 9 7 7 . 71 . 0 2 5 8 9 7 4 . 8I -0290 9 7 1 . 8
1 . 0 3 2 41.0359
:-izi.
:-ii%lb6971.0798
9 6 8 . 69 6 5 . 39 6 1 . 9958.3
1.09061.1021
:-::z.
:-:5:3
:::zz
w!1:52891.7413.170
9s 1.09 4 3 . 1
;2t.
916.9907.4897.3886.9
8&Y;g:;
.
759.4712.5654.1574.4315.5
P
To convert Specific Volume from cubic decimetres per kilogram (dd/k;g) tocubic metres per kilogram (m3/k) divide values in table by ld3.
TO convert Density from kilograms per cubic metre (kg/&) to kilograms perlitre (J&/We) .divide values in table by 103.
Specific gravity of water at 15°C = 1 .OO.
Data on pressure and volume abstracted from UK National EngineeringLaboratory “Steam Tables 1964” with permission of HMSO.
Engineering Data
Fkwvd Fluids~Wm,Fitting&Pi~,1 CRANE 1
VlSCOSlTY OF WATERAND STEAM’- IN CENTIPOISE (&I)
Temp,"C 5 1300 1400 1 So0 I600 700 8qO7s1
0 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.7101.750 1.750 1.750
SF 344 34s
.279 .280 .280
,181 -182 -182
-016 ,134 .135
.018 .018 .107
.544 ,544 545 s52
100 .012 .279 ,280 -293 -295
150 .183 .I99.014
.016
.197
l lSO
-123
200 ,016 .152.135
.lO8250
300
.018
.020
.018
-020I I I I I I
.U90 1 Jl92.i ,093 1 .095 1 .098 f JO1 1 .103.020 1 .020 Ai20
I-023 +24 l 024
,024 ,025 -025
JO6.020
350 I .073 1 .078 1 .(#I2 1 485 1 AI87 .089
375
400
.023 .023 .025 .026 .029$ .066 .072 .07Q ,079
.026 .027 .02!i A46 a63 .069 ,074
,027 .028 .029 -034 .OSQ Al61 .067
a82.024
.024 .024 .02!5 .077
*02!5 .075425
450
,025
l 026
.025 .026 .026l
-026 .027 .027
.027 .028 .028
,028 .029 -029
-030 .03i .031
.033 ,033 .033
.035 ,835 ,035
,026
.027
.028
.029
.a71
.a5,026
-027 360475 ,027
500 .O28 -028 AKiO --.030 .048 .053.030
.032
.034
550
600
.031
,033 l 046-032
,034
,037
- 6049
.048\ 650 .04S-038 1 ,039 f-035
-037709 .036 -037 I .037 I l 037 -037 1 .038 1 -038 1 -039 1 441 1 -042 i .dM .046 .048
Notes: (1) The entry shown for O°C and 1 bar relates to a metastable liqu’ti state. The stable stata is hera sotid.(21 Q Critical point, 374,15*C, 221.2 bars.
Sour& of data: NFL Steam Tables 1954 (HMSO, Edinburgh)’ --
tngmeermg uara
VISCOSITY OF WATER ANDLIQUID PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Ethane tC,H,)
Propane (C,H,)
Butane lC,H,,l
Natural Gasoline .
G a s o l i n e
Wiltef
Kerosene
Distillate
46 Deg. API Crude
40 Deg. API Crude ’
35.6 Deg. API Crude
32.6 Deg. API Crude
Salt Creek Crude
Fuel 3 f&x.)
Fuel 5 (Min.)
SAE IO L&e (100 V.I.) -
SAE 30 Lube WI0 V.I.)
Fuel 5 (Max.1 or-Fuel 6 (Min.1
SAE 70 Lube (100 V.I.)
Bunker C Fuel (Max.1 andM.C. Residuum
Asphdt.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
6.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
, 800
600. . ,
10080
60
- .8
.6
.04
:* .03 f - Temperature in k&ins (K)260 300 400 500 600 700 800
Example: Find the viscosity of water at 6O*CSolution: 60°C = 273 + 60 = 333 K
Viscosity of titer at 333 K = 0.47 centipoise (curve 6)
Adapted from data extracted from “Ftow Measurement with Orifice Meters” byR. F. Stearns, R. R. Johnson and C. A. Larson; courtesy of D. Van &strand Co,Inc., New York (Curves 1,2 and 3); Curve 6 is a plot of the viscosity data shownin the table o_n page 112. All other curves reproduced with permission of the Oiland Gas Journal.
jiiiiiF( Engineering Data
HOVV of Fluids’~ i&es, Fittings & Pipec I
FLOW OF WATERTHROUGH SCHEDULE 40STEEL PtPE
3g
0 . 2 5 1 0 . 1 7y# yg O.i72’ 0 . 1 3 61:oo 2109 0.407 0.543 0.48 0.29
1 . 2 5 3 . 1 8 0 . 6 7 9 0 . 7 0
1.502 . 0 1 47-S2.51 111813 . 7 6 2 5 . 6 7 2 . 0 4 5 . 3 7
2’/2” 2 . 7 2 9 . 2 4
0.2 16 0 . 0 1 00 . 2 7 0 0 . 0 1 70 . 3 2 4 0 . 0 2 30 . 3 7 8 0 . 0 3 1 3”0 . 4 3 2 0 . 0 3 9 0 . 2 8 0 0 . 0 1 40;486 0 . 0 4 8 0 . 3 1 s 0 . 0 1 70 . 5 4 0 o.os9 0 . 3 5 0 0 . 0 2 0
~.~lO . 0.125 0.212 0.524 0.699 0.042 0.072
ltms und VdociVdoo Presr.
ity DropMstres
Sezd bars
Metres: perSecond bats
Dis-:hPrgcLittes‘per
dinute
ii
:s2 0
9881 0 0IS02 0 0
&83 5 0
tt8
5 0 0‘550
E8’.7 0 0
7508 0 08509 0 09 5 0
1 0 0 01100
X81400
15001 6 0 0
X881 9 0 0
Z882 4 0 0
if88
3 0 0 03 5 0 0
%85 0 0 0
%888 0 0 09 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0
: 8 8 88 0 0 00 0 0 0
Me&es
Se:\d bars.-
v2’m 3Ji’‘43” I0 . 4 5 9
X8
0 . 7 2 6
11842*s9 5.599 . 5 7
2 . 2 9 14.45
8%0:340
8.8;:0:rst
0 . 4 2 5 ‘ 0 . 2 2 3
0.144 0.0230.192 04380.24 1 0.057
/ 0 . 1 2 0 0 . 0 1 2~0.150 0.017
P/4".0.138 0.0110.172 0.015,0.2S8 0.032
0 . 3 4 4 O.OS4
0 . 5 1 7 0 . 1 1 40 . 6 8 9 0 . 1 9 3ygl
I:21
pm&
0154 1
f-$9 0 . 6 9 0
1172
23’Z .
l’h”2 . 7 5 2 0 . 2 93 . 6 7 3 5 . 1 6
I
0.289 0.0770.385 0.1290.481 0.1930.722 . 0.4030.962 0.683
tip80:300
pJ2;0:061
0.450 . 0.1240.600 0.210
0.900 0.442i.30. .
:::o 8y.758
2.15 1.61
0.3800.507
0.05:0.09:
pa;
01888
8.; gj
01241
0.231 0.0160 . 3 0 8 0 . 0 2 70 . 3 8 5 0 . 0 3 90 . 4 6 2 0.0550.539 0.098
2.ss 6.173 . 4 0 10.72 :-ii;
1.45
2:41 3.E2.89 s:413.37 7,27 ,3 v2**
0 . 2 3 5 0 . 0 0 80 . 2 6 1 0 . 0 1 00 . 3 9 2 0 . 0 2 10 . 5 2 3 0 . 0 3 6
2 . 4 0 2 . 7 62 . 7 0 3 . 4 7E8 9.30 4.25
5”
3.85 9.270.616 0.0920.693 0.115
y;o1:54. 0.141, 0.295O.SlF
1.01 O-31!1.14 0.39'1.271.90 ?33'2.54 1181
4”0.304 0.0110.405 0.019
0.507 0.0280.608 0.0400.710 0.0530.811 0.0680.912 0.084
EZ 0.322
1:890.4490.606
t %. w3.
0.653 0.0530.784 0.074
7% s o*o991:18 8W .
6”0.3s7 0.0090.402 0.012
0.387 0.0140:4S2 0.0180.516 0.023O.S81 0.028
3.85 2.953.55
t l ::S:63
5.77 6.44
1.751.92 8 4 %2.10 Ok66
z3. 8%.
1.31 1.01 0.1011,ll 0.122
1:42 33
0.146
8%i .
8.m; p3030:775 0:0470.839 O.OSS0.904 0.063
0.447 0.0140.491 04160.536 0.0190.581 0.0220.62s 0.02s
0.670 0.0290.715 0.032$.g64
0:849
- t$O&
0:04S
8”4.05
to392.;:,g
.2.622.80 8%3-K 1:09
3:32 1.35 .
0.439 0.00'8.Mf ~.~~',. . a
1.29 0.122 0.894 0.0493.5 1.503.85 1.754.20 2.14
2.61 0.714
2.873.14 x0
?%i . 1:19 1.37
2.03 0.3772.23 0.4522:43 0.5342.642.84 8'672227 .
3.04 0.8183.243.4s x:'x . 1.28 1:16
1.94 0.2642.07 0.2975% 0.331
2145 8.3:: .
0.516 0.01:0.568 0.010.620 0.01$.fWi . yJg . 1 :
3.92 1 . 5 64 . 1 8 1 . 7 84 . 4 4 1.99
1.34 0.10s1.43 0.1181.52 0.132
1.611.70.
8 :#
0.77s 0.02'0.826 0.038.878 0.031
g.wy . pm; . 4
1.031.14. 8%~:-::
1:4s
0.074 0:06!
.O.OS'
1.5s O-09!1.81 0.13L2.07 - 0.17:2.322.S8
g*;g. ,
10”0.590 0.0120.622 0.014
0.6S.S 0.0150.721 0.0180.786 0.0210.852 0.0250.917 0.028
t :O i 1.411.70 ?a 0.452
pg. o":z;
3:61 .8'8758
1.79 0.181
5x3157.
0. 0. iI 87 26l 0 . 6 7 3
t.tg . ,ysfs3 .
18-zE.
2
14”0.573 0.0088*$3 . 8.8; . a .
8:K 8:812"
1.1s 0.031
2.29
3*%2 .
Z:Z
f*?36:68.
2% .
3 . 9 3
Zlf8-%07
s:90Oh76
w6.55 .
8 . 1 9 1.83
3.874.52 KX25.16 1172
0.692 0.0130.810 0.018.f.23 8.8;;
1:1s 0:034
:*:i1:84
8=8X0108s
2.08 0.1572.31 0.130
:-;I3169
0.184 0.2460.317
:*z . 833 .
5.776.92 !-:i8
,0:38 !E11462.39 1.90
16”0.658 0.0090.731 0.011 18”y177 ywp
1:17- 1.31
$33
1.46 0:04r
5.36 1.476.257.15 E9
0.37:
8%~0:Sli0.992
0.808
E041:1s
8.83p;.0.0320.044
848%01084
20”1.111.30 8.8::1.49
:*a
lp;-
. oh49
24”1.031.16 8.8::1.28 0:020
1.611.93 8.832.2s 0:057
9% . 8% .
1.75 0.0572.0s
8.897972:92 2.2 0.152 Oh24
6.20 1.41
2fi 1491. 2.48
3.65
5%S:SS6.58
2.893.46 8-i 30:2480.3190.400
2.32
if-z31724.18P 9.ss 1.81 7.31
8%
;.;$8 ;.$; 0.49.l
1:27 6:93 8%GE 1.49 7.50 8.08 oh22
11:o :*a!! . 8.66 ygs .c
1 cubic metre = 1000 litres.
For pressure drop and velocity for pipe other t)ran Schedule 40 and other than 100 metros long, see expfsnetions on paes 116.For nomsnclstum refer pw 100
Engineering Data
FLOW OF AIRTHROUGH SCHEthilE 40
STEEL PtPE
Free, Airqrn PressuttDropofAk
Cubic Metres C u b i c Metres In Bm per 100 Metres of &hd& 40 Pipeper Minute per Minuteat 15Cand at 15Cand For Air at 7 bu gauge pressure and 15 C Temperature1.013 bar abs 7 bar gauge
I&@’'14" '18"
0.03 0.0938-8~ 0.337
0.0210.072
YE:980:12 8%
0.011 0.005 1
.0.15 11942 0:4os 0.018 . 3/4" 1 880.027 _ 0.0067.
8-3 . 7.554 3.357 ?*E8 0.011 0.0035
0:6 8-Z
2171 l'/s"
f-:8 . 0.0066 1’/2@’0.0885 8.03 0.117 0.03s 0.0086 0.00410.1010.1140.126
1.2s - 0.158 2”
2:o %0.190
21/2”7.20
xi 318120.017 0.004a
0.221 0.253 9.79 0.029 0.022 0,0064
2.25 0.036 8-8Y822.5 8.23:: l 8-88~~ . 33': 4 0.045 0:012
3.0 838G 8.6 1.92 0.565 0.13s 0.063 0.0183 . 5
0:0123” g’~~ 0.754 0.184 0.086 0.024
0.016 0.0051 - 4132 Et41:s4
8%:0.110 0.0300.136
0.019 0.0063
‘ho’
5.34 01368 0.164 8.843: .
f 0.0273
7.68t 83435
8.8Z00:015 8.88%
5.43
$t#. . pm;4 .
3:858'8:;0.145 0:ris
10 f-:+3 . 003;3 .
.
q8' . EE . 0.179
11 1.391 0.085 0.028 8% 838253 7.29 1.71 0.774 0.217
12 1.517 0.101 0:019 0:0098 8.67 2.02l
I:896 f -%
0.119 ' E� 8*Z3
8-i . 3: ..- 83% . 0.013 0.011 22% 3:13 1:2s 1.44‘ 0.393 0:343_
:: 0.178 0.058 0.028 0.01s \
8;8% . 5"4.01 3.57 0.500 0.443
f! 0:OSl 23': 83f20 0.089 0.0072 5149 0:68s
.3: 2.781 3.034 0.107
3.287 wit8-8:;0:071
8.83:0:037
;.gM&6
0:171
0:0126" f*tE
91283%4122
8%~JhS
3.540 0.082 0.0433.793 0.197 0.094 0.049 8.8:t' . 8-88X . 5% . 32"
32
32
t&4&6 0.682 0.0069 _
4:ss f0.770 8-E:
0:134X.80;; 4%
8109:*97:
3 '5Ci~ . 8%::l:os 0.148 0.164 ;h:6 . 821172.412.6?
4s 5.689 0.287 0.013 3.36
g8 . 6.32 7.585 1
0.435
0.254
8%~
*:I88
8.03;
8%5 0:6390:oss 0.016 0.023
8”4.1s
0.0058 5.9818 8.850 1 8=!3ft . 0.080 0.104 0.031 0.040 8*8%i7 . 8.14
IOJ10”
‘:g.~~ 6.59 5.34 1.70 0.808' 0.0041
13:91120 is.17
7.97 22%3:02
Sf2
83fS
0:621
8-8:;
0:019 8*8%89.49 I:42
8% .0.022 0:0071
130 3.55 1.67 0.026 0.0082
140 4.12 1.93 1.00 0.120 0.02912”
‘SO
t*z3 l
3.22 1.1s 0.138 0.034
%SX 3.948-G
%4156
8.23ti0.059 8=88%0.090 0:012
3och . 0:sso 0.129 0.017
350 44.25 1.90 0.735 0.023400 SO.57 68":: .
33 3188$8 63.21 56.89 m l:so
8-8tf
0.112 0109 1
0.030
8-8::550 69.53 4.69 1.82. 0.134 0:oss
ff8 75.85 82.17 6.55 5.58 Ef 0.066
700 88.50
ii4674 .
2194 8%
38 101.1 94.82 xi 0:101 0.115850 107.5 4:34 0.319 0.130
For calcufations for pipe other than Schedule 40 and Oth8f than 100 met- long, and for other temperature/pressuredonditions, see page 116.
For nomenclature refer page 1 a0II!
Engineering Data
Flaw d FhJs thfo~&Valm, Fittings & Pipe[CRANEI ’.
PRESSURE DROP FORLENGTHS OF PIPE
OTHER THAN 100 METRES
\IELOCITY
PRESSURE DROP ANDVELOCITY FOR PIPE OTHER
THAN SCHEDULE 40
. PRESSURE DROP FORLENGTHS OF PIPE OTHER
THAN 100 METRES
PRESSURE DROP THROUGHPIPE OTHER THAN
SCHEDULE 40
LOW RATE OF COMPRESSED AIRTEMPERATURE AND PRESSURETHER THAN METRiC STANDARD
CONDfTIONS (MSC)
For notnencla turn ns fer p4gu 100
FLOW OF WATERTHROUGH SCHEDULE 40STEEL PIPE- continued from page 114
For lengths of pipe other than 100 metres the pressure drop is proportional tothe length. Thus, for 50 metres of pipe, the pressure drop is approximately one-half the value given in the table . . . for 300 metres, three times the given value,etc.
Velocity is a function of the ;cross sectional flow area; thus, it is constant for agiven flow rate and in independent of pipe length.
To determine the velocity or pressure drop of water through pipe other thanSchedule 40, use the following formulas:
Subscript “ti” refers to the Schedule of pipe through which velocity or pressuredrop is desired, .
Subscript “40” refers to the velocity or pressure drop through Schedule 40 pipe,. as given in the tables on page 114.
FLOW OF A(RTHROUGH SCHEDULE 40STEEL PIPE- continued from page 115
for lengths of pipe other than 100 metres the pressure drop is proportional tothe length..Thus, for 50 metres of pipe, the pressure drop is approximately one-half the value given in the table . . . for 300 metres, three times the given value,
The pressure drop is also inversely proportional to the absolute pressure anddirectly proportional to the absolute temperature.
Therefore, to determine the pressure drop for inlet or average pressures otherthan 7 bar and at temperatures other than 15 C, multiply’the values, given in thetable by the ratio:
where: “p” ii the inlet or average gauge pressure in bars, and“t” is the temperature in degrees Celsius under consideration.
To determine the pressure drop through pipe other than Schedule 40, use thefollowing formula:
Subscript “a” refers to the Schedule of pipe through which pressure drop isdesired.
Subscript “40” refers to the pressure drop through Schedule 40 pipe, as given inthe table on page 115.
The cubic metres per minute of compressed air at any pressure is inverselyproportional to the absolute pressure and directly proportional to the absolutetemperature.
To determine the cubic metres per minute of compressed air at any temperatureand pressure other than standard conditions (MSC),.multiply the vatue of cubicmetres per minute of free air by the ratio: ‘
Engineering Data
Flow of Fluids thtaigtj Vi&es, Fi(ti*gs& Pipe
SIMPLlFiEDFLOW FORMULA
FOR COMPRE’SSBLE FLUtDS
PIPE OR VALVE PRESSURE DROP,RATE OF FLOW, AND SIZE
The-simplified flow formula was developed from the Darcyformula and employs friction factors for the My turbulentrange (‘see page 108).
The Darcy formula can be written in the following form:
*hlO =62530fV vd’
Let C,W2
= 13 and C2 =62 530 x 1O’f
dS
The simplified flow formula can then be written:
CI = disch;ir$je factor, froh chart at right
C2.= size f+ctor from tables on pages 118 to 120.
The limjtp%io$)s of the Oarcy formula for compressible flow,as qutlined’& page 120 apply also to the simplified flowformula. . ‘.
Example1 .: __’ .
Given: Steam #:?a b&ahsolut.e and 250°C flows through an 8inchSchedute 40 piti.& a rate of 100 000 kilograms per hour.
c Solution: :- -’ .
,- Cl =io$;i.]- ’
G ~O~~<~~ . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page.118
Cl= 1 x 9.?1. 3 o$j&
9.42’
W =9900.,.*;... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . this page
qin = ws (73.5Sb)‘. . . . ..-................ p3ge 120
q;n=99QQi(73.5x11)~134.7m3/min
.6
Valu4g of Cl (metric) -W
ijji Cl’
r
10 .1.9
9 .a.7 l(r Cl
6000
BOO0
4000
3000
2500
2000
1000900000700
600
SW
300.
260
200
.
For ~zvalwsseepages118to 120
Converting Flow Rates sac page 120
ICRANEI Engineering Data
Flow of Fkrick ho& kh&, Fhngs & Pipe1 I
StMPtlFfED ’ *FLOW FORMULA
-
FOR COMPRESSIBLE FtUIDS
VAiJJES.OF Cz (METRIC) FOR STEEL PIPES TOANSI 636.10:. 1970 AND BSWOO: PART 2: 1970
Nomid Se&j&
T!!?
V&B8_-
- size NUJd88-Nom&l
ofctV&8
ches Tsize ?f!iizig
NOlIh8l
aches . of5 pipe- titi!ieVIlbre
inchesom4
-“r 408 r394oaOOBox. 5461ooooo 40s 279880x
1632590
10 QOOB 1s.
% 40s 2800000 120 4.7342030s %E
BOX 7 SSOOOO EKt+a 40s 561000 1 -6 . I
* I40s
I ’ I1.074I --~ I II Qn
Box 1260000 Box. l&)4 ,Mw a012 32I a014 15
?++ has 164 600 I---
I w 1 1.786 t l iZii CL016 30?2 a019 34
327 SO0 CL-1 DQ
@usdM51
40s 37 300 m468BOX 65 LOO 1 aa7 JV Ikwu6160 176 200
..* 1104mn I BOXI I1 0.326 [
1I
Y.* A J40 I EEE
160. . . xx i%
8 .20 a2i430408 iE--
AW
18.. ii
. . S2n
\!
v-w w-v
I 100
:z
60.‘.40s80x
MO* .. . .
1047017000.39600 ~
2OoaOO
80
:3140160
1
1020s30X
d: *80
1001 2 01 4 0160
. . . x x160
20 :.3040s
-60X.80loo .120
i::
101% 408
BOX: 160
l . .
2 48037206 140
24 OW
1 iO01590292a8 150
297 .4iS839
1582
1171622S7669
37.7SO385.0
17ao
20
z. 4os . .
. . . X
6080;g .140160
10.20
30s
. ? ? x6080
100
:z160.
408BOX
160. . .
122. 108
BOX1 6 0
. . .24 10
20s
*ii”4060
1:120
::8
2% 40s80x
160. . .
3 408Box
16Q. 0’.
14 t::t 3;0.018 41a01934 .Omo20 330.021 89
:z ;i0.033 40 ’09038 37a044 35
Extra Strongyand Double Extra Strong
3%
4
17.623.2
.I40s80x
ti:. . . xx
Example 3Given: A 6 bar gauge saturated steam line with 9000 kilograms perhour ‘flow is permitted a maximum pressure drop of 2.4 bar p6r 100
Referance to the table of C, values for IS0 336 pipes on m
metfes of pipe.119 shows that a 4 inch nominal sla pipe with 7.1 mm wallthickness has the c, value nearest to, but less than, 10.85.
Find: The smallest ti*e of IS0 336 steel pipe suitable.
Solution:’ c\p,, = 2.4 b 0.273 . . . . . . page 32
The actual pressure drop ‘per 100 metres of 4 inch, 7.1 mm WIthickness, pipe is:
400’ c&‘.$ = 0.81 x 10.22 x-O.273 = 2.28 bar .
c, = 0.81 c= 2-4’ 0.81 x 0.273 = 1o-85
e. . -eys. .
‘_ ’
En@eering D a t a.
.. SIMPLIFIED
FLQW FORMULAFOR ccw~ReS$IBLE FLUIDS
:
...
VALUES OIB. C2 tMETR8C) FOR STEEL PIP& Ti3 IS0 336 - 1974,
Engineering Data1 CRANE 1I J
SIMPLIFIEDFLOW FORMULAFOR COMPRESMLE FLUIDS
VALUES OF q (METRIC) FOR STEEL PlpEs TO IS0 336 - 1974
12 1 . Edo16 cm8 14
om% 31
iHEQW898acm26oboo!mi.
aw
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t% t3QOl906a02148ao2s30
20
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L1MlTATIONS OF SIMPLIFIED FLOW FORMULA -
1: f%w rates through throttled or reduced se8t v&es maybe reStri&d by s&c velocity at the se8t; the formula is notspplicable for this condition of flow.
5. when pressure drop is greater than 40 per cent of theinlet (ia
7pressure, divide the pipe into shorter sections
and use or p based on an 8verage of the inlet and outletconditions of the shorter pipe section.. 2 The formula is accurate for the fully turbulent flow
rkge indicated by the frictiqn factor diegram, 8nd ehprovides 8 good approximation for most normal flowconditions.
CONVERTING FLOW RATES
To convert flow rates given in kilograms per hour (w), tometric standard cubic metres per hour (q’b) or to metricstandard cubic metres per minute (q’,), use the following _formulas:
3. whin pressure drop is less than 10 per cent of the inletgauge pressure, use t or p based on either inlet or outletconditions.
’
4. hen pressure drop is greater than .lO per cent but lessthan 40 per cent of the inlet g8uge pressure, use theaverage of Par p based on inlet’ and outlet conditions.
wq’h = rEq
I Wqm %3zg
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