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Important periods in the development of Counseling
Period 11850-1950
Wilhelm Wundt (1879)
First psychological laboratory in Leipzig, GermanyWas a German medical doctor, psychologist,
physiologist, philosopher, and professor,known today as one of the founding figures
of modern psychology
By creating this laboratory he was able toexplore the nature of religious beliefs, identifymental disorders and abnormal behavior, and
map damaged areas of the human brain.
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1850-1950
Stanley Hall(1844-1924)
Started the first psychological laboratoryin USA in 1883
Was a pioneering American psychologistand educator. His interests focused on
childhood development andevolutionary theory.
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Lightner Witmer
1850-1950
Regarded as the inventor of the term Clinicalpsychology and the co-founder of the world's first
Psychological Clinic in 1896 at the
University of PennsylvaniaStarted the beginning of the counselling movement.
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Jesse B.Dabis
He was the first to use the termCounsellingSet up an educational
career counseling centre in Detroit in 1898.
1850-1950
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Period 21900-1930
Movements boosted theefforts to develop
knowledge & services-
to assist others
Wrong impression/conceptions about
Counselling
Plenty of vocational guidance-retardedlearning, truancy, special problems
Help them learn efficiently & effectivelyRemedial measures had to be devised
and implemented: It was tall order for teachers
Help in choice of occupation
Guidance movement was started out ofsociety's concern for the youth
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James Burt Miner developed the first ever known questionnairein 1908.
R.S Woodworth & F.L Wells in 1911
E.L Thorndike & Robert Yerkes developed the Army Alpha &Army BetaTest in 1917 for screening the defense personnel.
Later published as Personal Data Sheet (1920)
1900-1930
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1900-1930
The war-they had to leave their normal life and jobs.
After the war, they need rehabilitation. New jobs had to befound.
Members of the defense services, they have received a
different kind of training.
This has given a lot of room for the development of theGuidance Movement.
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Period 31930-1940
Looked for a suitabletools & techniques
Psychometric movementattracted attention
Vocational guidancemovement (their abilities
and skills)
Vocational maladjustment resultedFrom an inappropriate choice-
Capacities & potentialities
Psychometric test was not
appreciably felt
There were few test- & few trainedpersons to use it
Therefore during this period, focuswas on just providing edu.vocational guidance
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Period 31930-1940
Harry Kitsons-Psychology of
Vocational adjustment
Clark Hull-Aptitude testing
E.K Strong-
Strong vocationalinterest blank
Robert Hoppock-Job Satisfaction
Compared to previousperiods, guidance movementbecame more psychologically
oriented because of Hoppocks publication
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1930-1940 Thurstone-Tests of Primary
Mental Abilities (1938)
1939-Dictionary of occupationalTitles- listed 18,000 jobs
Donald Paterson &E.G.Williamson-Uni. of
Minnesota-largely concerned
with the objectiveassessment of individual
AbilitiesMeaningful choices-max. job
satisfaction
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Period 42nd World War &
After
Major breakthrough, which finallyestablished counselling as a science is
Carl Rogers book (Counselling and
Psychotherapy 1942)
Before this publicationthere were hesitation regarding acceptingCounselling as a form of psychotherapy.
1944 Army Separation and Classification andCounseling program was initiated and the
United States Employment Services publishedthe General Aptitude Test Battery
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2nd World War &After
Veterans Administration Authority became moreconcerned with the provision as part of
the rehabilitation programme.
Yamamoto (1963) concluded-counselling aspecialized field in psychology
Writer Brayfield (1961)-uncertain about the futureof counselling psychology as a specialized field.
Recognition by American Psychological
Association (APA)
Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association 1951-60 leading psychologists attended.- recommended counselling-
independent divisionVerification for counselors
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2nd World War &After
The 1st
Journal of Counselling Psychologypublished in 1954
Counselling-a specialized field of psychology
17th division (Counselling & Guidance)
Those in medical & general had their doubts.
Mesters work had an effect: Introduced certification
and professional examination for Counselling
Psychologists
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2nd World War &After
Need to get certification as a counselor
Early innovators more concerned with practicethan theory building
Developed in schools, community, personnelservices, rehabilitation.
Today several theories/approaches are there
Early innovators- impatient for the practicalresult therefore less theory building