Download - Community Capacity Building in Post Disaster Activities (The Case of Pangandaran, Indonesia)

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  • 8/8/2019 Community Capacity Building in Post Disaster Activities (The Case of Pangandaran, Indonesia)

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    NFCCYDM\] NKXKNM\] AYMJLMD@ MD XF^\ LM^K^\IQ KN\MRM\]

    %\ei Nk~i fb Xkd`kdlkqkd* Mdlfdi~mk-

    A} Cmzkd Ay~|kdyj Bykl};

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    xqkn|mni~ md nfccydm|} nkxknm|} aymjlmd` bqfc k xf~| lm~k~|iq kn|mrm|} kdl libmdi k dip bfqc fb

    kxxqfkne bfq k cfqi efjm~|mn nfccydm|} nkxknm|} aymjlmd` md~mli |ei lm~k~|iq ckdk`icid| n}njikn|mrm|mi~$

    Nfccydm|} nkxknm|} md |em~ nfd|iu| qijk|il |f |ei nfdnix| fb k qi~mjmidni nfccydm|}* pemne nfd~m~| fb|ei nkxknm|} |f ka~fqa ~|qi~~&lm~k~|iq mcxkn|* nkxknm|} |f qi|kmd niq|kmd ak~mn bydn|mfd~ lyqmd`

    iciq`idn} nfdlm|mfd* kdl nkxknm|} |f afydni#akng kb|iq lm~k~|qfy~ irid|$ ^iriqkj k~xin| pemne

    l}dkcmnkjj} mdbjyidni |ef~i |eqii nkxknm|} kqi kj~f aimd` nfd~mliqil* ~yne k~ jikliq~emx pm|emd

    nfccydm|}* fq`kdmzmd` nkxknm|}* di|pfqgmd`* knni~~ |f qi~fyqni~* kdl |inedmnkj nkxknm|}$ Md#lix|emd|iqrmip* `qfyx lm~ny~~mfd* bmijl fa~iqrk|mfd* kdl jmri md kn|mrm|mi~ ek~ aiid lfdi bfq nfcxmjmd` k~

    pijj k~ kdkj}zmd` lk|k kdl mdbfqck|mfd qijk|il |f |ei m~~yi$ Fd |em~ fnnk~mfd* nfccydm|} fq`kdmziq

    kdl |ei aidibmnmkqmi~ ekri ~ekqi |eimq iuxiqmidni kdl |efy`e| pemne |ei} aijmiril ekri mcxqfril |ei

    nfccydm|} nkxknm|} qijk|il |f lm~k~|iq qm~g$

    Bqfc |ei qi~ikqne kn|mrm|mi~* m| aijmiril |ek| xf~| lm~k~|iq kn|mrm|mi~ ekri mcxkn|il |f nfccydm|}nkxknm|}$ \ef~i mcxkn|~ kqi df| fdj} qijk|il |f afydni#akng nkxknm|} kb|iq lm~k~|iq irid| pemne

    mdm|mk|il |ei kn|mrm|mi~* ay| kj~f |f nkxknm|} md ~|qid`|eidmd` qi~mjmidni qijk|il |f by|yqi qm~g kdl

    mcxqfricid| md ak~mn bydn|mfd~ |ek| mcxfq|kd| bfq iciq`idn} nfdlm|mfd~$ Pi nkd kj~f jikqd |ek| |eiqi

    kqi ~iriqkj bkn|fq~ |ek| li|iqcmdil |ei ~nkji fb nfccydm|} nkxknm|} aymjlmd` md fdi nk~i |f kdf|eiq$\ef~i bkn|fq~ qijk|il |f jikliq~emx md |ei nfccydm|}* jfnkj `friqdcid| qi~xfd~i kdl mdrfjricid|*

    lm~k~|iq qm~g gdfpjil`i kdl iuxiqmidni kcfd` nfccydm|}* kdl kj~f dfqckj nfdlm|mfd pm|emd |einfccydm|} aibfqi |ei lm~k~|iq$

    ;- @qklyk|i ^|ylid|* Qi`mfdkj kdl Nm|} Xjkddmd`* Md~|m|y| \igdfjf`m Akdlyd`$Qi~ikqne K~~m~|kd|* Qi`mfdkj kdl Qyqkj Qi~ikqne @qfyx* ^neffj fb Kqnem|in|yqi Xjkddmd` kdl Xfjmn} Lirijfxcid|*

    Md~|m|y| \igdfjf`m Akdlyd`$ Nfd|kn|? aqfpdmi~$mdfijH`ckmj$nfc fq '215;08181

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    M$ Md|qflyn|mfdKb|iq k lm~k~|qfy~ irid|* pi fb|id pmjj ~ii

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    lyqmd` m|~ mcxkn|$ K~ Ayngji %Md Xk|fd kdl

    Ofe~|fd* 1882* X => =

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    mdlmrmlykj~* fq`kdmzk|mfd~* kdl ~fnmkj di|pfqg~

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    xkq| %Nek~gmd* 188;-$ K~ bfq nfccydm|}

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    nfccydm|mi~$ %Dk|mfdkj Fnnyxk|mfdkj

    ^|kdlkql~ bfq Nfccydm|} Lirijfxcid|

    Pfqg-$

    Md `idiqkj pi ck} njk~~mbmil nfccydm|}nkxknm|} aymjlmd` kn|mrm|mi~ md|f |eqii |}xi~

    pemne kqi? ;- \ei lirijfxcid| fb ~gmjj~ #

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    lirijfxcid| fb ~|qyn|yqi~ fq fq`kdmzk|mfdkj

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    bfq Nfccydm|} Lirijfxcid| * |eiqi kqi ~fci

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    |ei ium~|md` ~|qid`|e~ kdl |kjid|~ pm|emd

    nfccydm|mi~ k~ |ei ~|kq|md` xfmd|7 bfq

    lirijfxcid|7 $;0

    ;85f

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    Bm`yqi ;$ ^|yl} Kqik

    MMM$ Xkd`kdlkqkd \~ydkcm md 1882 K|@jkdni

    Xkd`kdlkqkd \~ydkcm ~|qyng kb|iq kd

    ikq|e{ykgi md Oyj} ;0|e }ikq 1882* md ;9?;=?11

    jfnkj |mci$ \ei ck`dm|yli fb |ei ikq|e{ykgi

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    bqfc |ei LCN Xkd`kdlkqkd$

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    2- \ei ijin|mfd bfq AGC cicaiq ~|kq|ilbqfc Qygyd \i|kd``k %Q\ &

    dim`eafqeffl- jirij* Qygyd Pkq`k %QP &

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    Bm`yqi

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    ^fyqni ? LCN Xkd`kdlkqkd Fbbmni

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    pfqg~ md mcxqfrmd` lqkmdk`i ~f |ek| m|

    pfd| qm~g |ei nqfxjkdl pm|e bjffl$

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    k~ |f nekd`i |ei aiekrmfq fb |ei

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    pk~ |f xqfrmli |ei nfccydm|} ckd} nekdni md

    aymjlmd` |eimq fpd nkxknm|} md rkqmfy~

    lmcid~mfd ~f |ek| |ei} ck} idekdni |ei

    qi~mjmidni |f lm~k~|iq qm~g pm|e |eimq fpd

    kloy~|il }i| ai||iq xfmd| fb rmip$

    Qibiqidni~

    ########## $ 1889 $ Lm~k~|iqQm~g Ckdk`icid| md

    K~mk $ Akd`gfg ? K~mkd Lm~k~|iq Xqixkqildi~~

    Nid|iq

    ########## $ 1880 $ Kqkekd Xickdbkk|kd Qykd`

    Xkd|km ^ijk|kd Okpk Ak`mkd Akqk| $ Okgkq|k ?

    Mdlfdi~mkd Cmdm~|q} fb Xyajmn Pfqg~

    ########## $ 1885 $ Xkd`kdlkqkd Rmjjk`i

    Nfccydm|} ^i||jicid| Xjkd $ Xkd`kdlkqkd ?

    LCN Xkd`kdlkqkd Fbbmni

    ########## $ 1881 $ Dk|mfdkj Fnnyxk|mfdkj

    ^|kdlkql md Nfccydm|} Lirijfxcid| Pfqg$

    Xkyjf kdl \ei Nfccydm|} Pfqg Bfqyc

    Kaqmkd~}ke* \kybmg $ ^mdl* Id|fd ^yxqmk|dk $

    1880 $ \~ydkcm Xkd`kdlkqkd $ Akdlyd` ?

    Xidiqam| ^icidkdoyd`

    Ayngji* Xemjmx $ 188; $ Dip Kxxqfknei~ |f

    K~~i ~~md` Ryjdiqkamjm|} kdl Qi~mjmidni $

    Rmn|fqmk ? Lixkq|cid| fb Eyckd ^iqrmni~

    Nkq|iq* Dmng P $ ;==; $Lm~k~|iqCkdk`icid|

    ? K Lm~k~|iq Ckdk`iq ~ Ekdlaffg$ Ckdmjk ?

    KLA

    Nek~gmd* Qfaiq| O $ 188; $Aymjlmd` Nfccydm|}

    Nkxknm|} $ Dip ]fqg ? Pkj|iq li @qy}|iq

    Bykl}* Cmzkd Ay~|kdyj $ 18;8 $ \ei ^|yl}fb

    Nfccydm|} Qi~mjmidni md Xkd`kdlkqkd Rmjjk`i

    lyi \f Ikq|e{ykgi kdl \~ydkcm Qm~g$ Md~m|y|

    \igdfjf`m Akdlyd` ? ydliq`qklyk|i |ei~i~

    Cmji~* Ck|eip A $ Eyaiqckd* K$ Cmnekij $

    ;==< $ [ykjm|k|mri Lk|k Kdkj}~m~* Nkjmbfqdmk ?

    ^k`i Xyajmnk|mfd~

    Cyqxe}* Aqidlk $ Lfjkd* Efjj} $ 188> $ ^fnmkj

    Nkxm|kj kdl Lm~k~|iq Ckdk`icid| ? Aymjlmd`

    Nfccydm|} Nkxknm|} $ Pmjbqml Jkyqmiq

    Ydmriq~m|}

    Dk|kpmlokok $ 1880 $ Aidnkdk lm Mdlfdi~mk lkd

    Xidkd``yjkd`kdd}k

    Xk|fd* Lfy`jk~ $ Ofed~|fd* Lkrml $ 1882 $

    Lm~k~|iqQi~mjmidni ? Kd Md|i`qk|il Kxxqfkne $

    Mjjmdfm~ ? Nekqji~ N \efck~ Xyajm~eiq* J\L

    \pm``* Ofed $ 1880 $ Nekqkn|iqm~|mn~ fb K

    Lm~k~|iq Qi~mjmid| Nfccydm|} ? K @ymlkdni

    Df|i $ LBML Lm~k~|iq Qm~g Qilyn|mfd

    Md|iqk`idn} Nffqlmdk|mfd @qfyx