Community Capacity Building in Post Disaster Activities (The Case of Pangandaran, Indonesia)

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    Bm`yqi

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    lm~k~|iq kn|mrm|mi~* peiqi |ei nfccydm|} ck}

    bmdl kdl qijk|i |ei nfddin|mfd kcfd` |ei

    kn|mrm|mi~$ Bmdkjj}* |ei cf~| mcxfq|kd| |emd`

    pk~ |f xqfrmli |ei nfccydm|} ckd} nekdni md

    aymjlmd` |eimq fpd nkxknm|} md rkqmfy~

    lmcid~mfd ~f |ek| |ei} ck} idekdni |ei

    qi~mjmidni |f lm~k~|iq qm~g pm|e |eimq fpd

    kloy~|il }i| ai||iq xfmd| fb rmip$

    Qibiqidni~

    ########## $ 1889 $ Lm~k~|iqQm~g Ckdk`icid| md

    K~mk $ Akd`gfg ? K~mkd Lm~k~|iq Xqixkqildi~~

    Nid|iq

    ########## $ 1880 $ Kqkekd Xickdbkk|kd Qykd`

    Xkd|km ^ijk|kd Okpk Ak`mkd Akqk| $ Okgkq|k ?

    Mdlfdi~mkd Cmdm~|q} fb Xyajmn Pfqg~

    ########## $ 1885 $ Xkd`kdlkqkd Rmjjk`i

    Nfccydm|} ^i||jicid| Xjkd $ Xkd`kdlkqkd ?

    LCN Xkd`kdlkqkd Fbbmni

    ########## $ 1881 $ Dk|mfdkj Fnnyxk|mfdkj

    ^|kdlkql md Nfccydm|} Lirijfxcid| Pfqg$

    Xkyjf kdl \ei Nfccydm|} Pfqg Bfqyc

    Kaqmkd~}ke* \kybmg $ ^mdl* Id|fd ^yxqmk|dk $

    1880 $ \~ydkcm Xkd`kdlkqkd $ Akdlyd` ?

    Xidiqam| ^icidkdoyd`

    Ayngji* Xemjmx $ 188; $ Dip Kxxqfknei~ |f

    K~~i ~~md` Ryjdiqkamjm|} kdl Qi~mjmidni $

    Rmn|fqmk ? Lixkq|cid| fb Eyckd ^iqrmni~

    Nkq|iq* Dmng P $ ;==; $Lm~k~|iqCkdk`icid|

    ? K Lm~k~|iq Ckdk`iq ~ Ekdlaffg$ Ckdmjk ?

    KLA

    Nek~gmd* Qfaiq| O $ 188; $Aymjlmd` Nfccydm|}

    Nkxknm|} $ Dip ]fqg ? Pkj|iq li @qy}|iq

    Bykl}* Cmzkd Ay~|kdyj $ 18;8 $ \ei ^|yl}fb

    Nfccydm|} Qi~mjmidni md Xkd`kdlkqkd Rmjjk`i

    lyi \f Ikq|e{ykgi kdl \~ydkcm Qm~g$ Md~m|y|

    \igdfjf`m Akdlyd` ? ydliq`qklyk|i |ei~i~

    Cmji~* Ck|eip A $ Eyaiqckd* K$ Cmnekij $

    ;==< $ [ykjm|k|mri Lk|k Kdkj}~m~* Nkjmbfqdmk ?

    ^k`i Xyajmnk|mfd~

    Cyqxe}* Aqidlk $ Lfjkd* Efjj} $ 188> $ ^fnmkj

    Nkxm|kj kdl Lm~k~|iq Ckdk`icid| ? Aymjlmd`

    Nfccydm|} Nkxknm|} $ Pmjbqml Jkyqmiq

    Ydmriq~m|}

    Dk|kpmlokok $ 1880 $ Aidnkdk lm Mdlfdi~mk lkd

    Xidkd``yjkd`kdd}k

    Xk|fd* Lfy`jk~ $ Ofed~|fd* Lkrml $ 1882 $

    Lm~k~|iqQi~mjmidni ? Kd Md|i`qk|il Kxxqfkne $

    Mjjmdfm~ ? Nekqji~ N \efck~ Xyajm~eiq* J\L

    \pm``* Ofed $ 1880 $ Nekqkn|iqm~|mn~ fb K

    Lm~k~|iq Qi~mjmid| Nfccydm|} ? K @ymlkdni

    Df|i $ LBML Lm~k~|iq Qm~g Qilyn|mfd

    Md|iqk`idn} Nffqlmdk|mfd @qfyx