7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
1/42
Manekshaw PaPer no. 36, 2012
KNOWLEDGE WORLD
KW Publishers Pvt Ltd
New Delhi
Centre for Land Warfare Studies
New Delhi
Cen
tre
forlandwarfares
tudie
s
victorythrough
vision
cLAWs
rj sul
Civil Military Relations in India
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
2/42
Centre for Land Warfare Studies
rPsO Complx, Pd rod, Dli Ctt, n Dli 110010
Po: +91.11.25691308 Fx: +91.11.25692347
mil: [email protected] bit: .cl.i
T Ct fo Ld wf studi (CLaws), n Dli, i utoomou ti t dligit tiol cuity d cocptul pct of ld f, icludig covtiol d
sub-conventional conicts and terrorism. CLAWS conducts research that is futuristic in outlook
d policy-oitd i ppoc.
2012, Ct fo Ld wf studi (CLaws), n Dli
all igt vd. no pt of ti publictio my b poducd, tod i tivl ytm,
o tmittd i y fom o by y m, lctoic, mcicl, potocopyig, codig
o oti, itout t pio itt pmiio of t copyigt o.
The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not have any ofcial
domt. Ty do ot pt t vi of t Ct fo Ld wf studi.
.pub.com
Publid i Idi by
klp sul
kw Publi Pvt Ltd4676/21, Fit Floo, ai rod, Dygj, n Dli 110002
Po: +91 11 23263498 / 43528107 mil: [email protected] l .pub.com
KNOWLEDGE WORLD
Editorial Team
edito-i-Cif : Mj G Duv C ktoc (rtd)
Mgig edito : M Pllvi ad
Cen
tre
forlandwarfares
tud
ies
victorythroughv
ision
cLAWs
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
3/42
Contents
1. Itoductio 1
2. T Toticl Fmo 2
3. Globl Modl d Dbt 5
4. sti i t Idi Cotxt 14
5. rcommdtio 28
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
4/42
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
5/42
1
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
Civil Military Relations in India
rgdl of o upio t mility vi of itutio my b, t
civili vi tump it. I ot od, civili v igt to b og.
Pt D Fv
Introduction
Vitl iu of ttcft d tiol cuity dtmid by t ptt
of ititutiol itctio bt t civil d mility compot of tio polity. T odig of civil mility ltio (CMr), tfo,
li t t t of tio cuity fmo. wil big ootd
in the rm and unambiguous political control of the military, a robust
d vibt ltioip poduc polity tt i liv to t uc of
tiol cuity d i to t u of mility po. ntio ic
dvlop t igt blc i ti ptt of CMr v gt dvtg
i ti c fo cuity, it icd liliood of cig tigt to t optiv iu of tt policy. To ic fil to
dvlop uc blc td to gt vlopd by ti, qud cc
ouc d u uclcultd i. Idi i mid i t ltt pdigm
d c t ugt d to gvitt tod t fom. T n
Cd T Foc o Dfc rfom1 ffod yt ot oppotuity
to dd t ctl iu of itgtig t md foc ito t Idi
polity, coctig tby t i it CMr dicou. It d to b
mpid tt vid i t cotxt of t bod fmo of
dfc fom tt t committ b mdtd to dd, uc
itgtio, i t mot citicl. Idi tiol cuity pptu, ic
by tuctul dig d ccompyig buuctic dio to
xclud t md foc fom it mbit, i ot oly tiqutd i tm of
it bility to dd mod dy cuity cllg, but lo lily to flt
in the eventuality of crisis . Given the edice of the proven apolitical nature
of the Indian armed forces and the rm political control that they are
ubjct to, it i tim fo t Idi cuity fmo to mov tod
mo mtu cotuct i civil d mility tlt o mlly
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
6/42
2
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
tod gt tiol pupo i li it uc td i ot
mod, libl dmocci.
The Theoretical Framework
a bif fc to t volvig fmo of CMr oldid, my b
ptit i od to mu t lt of CMr i Idi. T pioig
colip i CMr, of cou, cm fom smul hutigto o mil
booThe Soldier and the State, ougt to t tio bt mility
pofiolim d libl politic. T toucto of t hutigto ti
i t cocpt of Objctiv Civili Cotol ic limit t utoity of
t mility to mtt mility but lo qui lf limitig by civilito ty out of t mility lm impmbl ly dmctig t
diviio of lbou bt t civili d t mility. I vitio to
t hutigto modl, Micl Dc pou cotuct it ti
pmbl ly optig bt politicl d d mility m
ubttil mility utoomy i t mility, tcicl d optiol
realms (how to ght wars) in return for complete subordination to civilian
control of politics and grand strategy (when, and whether, to ght them).2
T ti pmbl ly, pmit ubttil but oly xcptiol oom
fo civili itvtio i t ould omlly b t mility lm d
vic v ( v llo limitd oom fo t mility to ct politiclly).
Dc lo bliv tt t i good civili cotol civili pvil
i t vt of civili d mility pfc divgig.3
T subjctiv Cotol toy civili cotol by bluig but ot
dtoyig t ditictio bt t mility d civili lm. Moi
Joitz, ldig col ocitd it ti cool of tougt, t
t d fo mility ldip tt civili vlu4 cotol
occuig coquc of d vlu, ductio d t mility
dp of lf-tm d mol ot. I imil vi, Fuioim
d Cocodc modl cocivd to cotol t mility by odig
t diffc bt t to tditiol p d mgig ti
poibiliti.5 rbcc sciff, popot of t cocodc toy,
gu tt cooptio gid toug dilogu, ccommodtio d
d vlu mog t mility, t politicl lit d ocity ill p
t mility fom itfig i politic.6 Yt ot vit t ativ
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
7/42
3
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
Civili Cotol toy, cllg t vitu of mility utoomy d
mility pofiolim, il lyig o ititutiol mcim d
civili itvtio to ggivly miti civili domic i t
cftig, pig, mgmt d implmttio of mility policy. Pt
Fv ppli t picipl gt fmo to pu t civil-mility
poblmtiqu byod t tl coup / o-coup dicotomy il plcig
it it oig-iig cotiuum tt cptu ic vitio i t
ptt of civil-mility itctio.7 hi toy tt dy-to-dy civil-
mility ltio ogoig gm of ttgic itctio i ic
civili picipl vy t ituiv of ti moitoig, d mility
gt vy ti complic it civili pfc. Fv cotdtt i pctic, CMr i muc mi t tditiol toy ould
dmit d i oft bout bgiig, moitoig d ttgic clcultio
ov t to o o i. Dtmid mility cto c d ill
xploit t of civili picipl t cucil poit d ill do o
itout lucig foml coup o pcipittig full blo cii i t
relationship. Civilian principals, however, can manipulate the costbenet
clcultio v of vy luctt mility gt, d, tu pvil if tyare sufciently determined.8 h fut opi tt oud d dmoctic
civil mility ltio qui tt civili ld ly obyd v
ty og bout t i dd fo tiol cuity. eliot
Co i fcitig tudy of t itctio of d politic, Supreme
Command : Soldiers, Statesmen and Leadershipin Wartime,fo itc, cllfo mo itimt fom of civili cotol it mility commd big
ubjctd to dilogu i ic t politicl ld cox, bully, itogt
or probe, not a course of action to be ratied with no more than formal
coidtio it ti politicl upio.9
wt i mot impott i tt il t bov toi my giv t
impio of mly big tti o mtodologi to cotol d big
omt clcitt mility to od, dtild d of v t mot
tiv modl vl tt ty dvoct t tuctuig of opitictd
fmo i t civili picipl d ti mility ld tl
ggivly v t mility vipoit i ffodd mo t dqut
pc. I tt t od cotol i dcptiv, omtim v
offiv10; itfc my b mo ppopit. eliot Co, i i boo
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
8/42
4
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
Supreme Command, il xploig t itctio bt fou tim
ttm (Licol, Clmcu, Cucill d B-Guio) d ti gl
llud to complx g of bvioul ptt d motio t o
Licol xciig guil mqudig utic implicity; Clmcu
breathing deance and resolve; Churchill dazzling and exasperating with his
giu d it d B-Guio tudyig d ctoig i qul mu.11
h go o to y,
Ittigly oug, o of t m dicttd to ti ubodit.
Ty migt cox o bully, itogt o pob, but ly do
tm iuig od o ctig li gliimo. ec toltd, iddpomotd m o digd it tm, focfully. (Gl) Gt,
Foc, Boo d Ydi ot lig d did ot itt to gu
wt occud bt pidt o pim miit d gl
uqul dilogu dilogu, i tt bot id xpd ti vi
blutly, idd, omtim offivly, d ot oc but ptdly d
unequal only in that the nal authority of the civilian leader was unambiguous
d uqutiod idd, i ll c tog t t d of t itd b t t bgiig.12
I ct tim too, t ifmou Us scty of Dfc, Dold
rumfld poitd t d to ubjct i gl to v
itogtio,
I md pctic of cllgig my cllg. I td to b u popl
digig t ty tlig bout. w cllg fild
to uppot i vi, I did ot ptd to b impd. But, i my vi
no professional let alone a three or four star military ofcer, should be
itimidtd ito ilc by bo o qutio d xpct ibl
.13
eqully, il o ggig d itogtig ti gl t civili
picipl too gt c to u tt ty, tmlv, uitbly
quippd. I t od of Co,
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
9/42
5
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
ec (of t ttm) xibitd mty of dtil d fcitio it
tcology. all fou gt l, o tudid it
ti o pofio d i my y mtd it ll did ti
gl.14
a if it ot oug, t ttm t to gt lgt to udco
t d fo oud mility liio toug bl mility itpt. I t
od of Co,
all t ld d to udtd t mod of tougt of ti mility
ubodit d dd illd itt to tlt ti i itodictiv, od, qut d uggtio. I t do of c of t
gures stood a military interpreter a Halleck, a Mordacq, an Ismay and
Ydi (ll pofiol oldi). Duig wold w II, admil willim
Ly vd ti ol by ctig Cif of stff to t Pidt. h d
o optiol poibiliti, o cumbom tff to mg, o li
poibiliti of y id. I fct, mility itt it oly o
cotitucy, t Pidt.15
Civili cotol of t mility i ot imply bout ubtfug o
piodic ccig of t ip, m to b t c big md out by
om commtto i Idi, but gt dl bout itlligt outc by
t civili picipl, pdictd o t dvlopmt of vy ucd t
of ill t.
Global Models and Debates
Conict between the civil and military components may not always be
miftly viibl but it i t udlyig tm co t politico-mility
itoi of tio. I tt , CMr i xquiit diput, mbody
it do, myid complxiti d uc of t ltio bt civili
d mility ldip. By y of illuttio, i t Usa, ic wold w
II, there have been seventy eight documented instances of major conicts
bt t civili d mility ldip, c it it o t of div
d coquc. T citicl diffc bt t Idi xpic
and parallels abroad, however, is that while conicts in the latter case have
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
10/42
6
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
b follod by it itopctio d ubttiv fom ldig to
cott volutio of t civil mility ltioip (ov impfctly),
i t c of t fom lgly tuc i dil pdictd o t
tio, tt t ytm do ll d, tfo, mut b pvd.
Ti i cu fo om oy but lo ug oppotuity fo t n
Cd Committ to dliv, bcu if Idi do ll, it i dpit
d ot bcu of t ytm d i y c gciou ytm d to
cottly volv.
a tudy of viou globl CMr modl to up om ittig
features. In some of the pacist powers of Asia and Europe, the control over
t mility b o tgultig tt t dfc vic ti, mo li civili i uifom, ucoold d utid i d combt
d t u of foc. T ot xmpl fom amic hitoy
tog ug to t civili cotol ov t mility (Mcm
d rumfld) ld to mbig mility filu(Vitm d Iq).
T igt blc i civilmility ltio cotiu to lud dvcd
tio li t Usa, dpit t vy opitictd tuctul itumt
fo itfc d ovigt t ti dipol. Ili ot fcitig ctudy lbyiti ltioip v volvd bt Il mility
pofiol d civili politicl ld d ititutio, to p poful
Il Dfc Foc (IDF) ubjct to qully poful civili cotol,16
by t Pim Miit, t Cbit, t kt d icigly v t
supm Cout. a pott mility d obut politicl cotol ot xctly
titticl. autoiti Ci i puuig it o ditictiv til i CMr,
bld by uiqu ltioip bt t Pty, t Ctl Mility
Commiio (CMC) d t Popl Libtio amy (PLa). wil t
PLa i udoubtdly o t pt of pofiolim; it do ot m to b
dpoliticiig.17 T ltioip bt t Pty d t PLa i cgig
fom o of ymbioi to tt of itt ig, poig cut cllg.18
T tditiol poitio of politicl commi o CMr too i udgoig
titio, it ti pcptio pofiol oldi gtly xcdig
tt of pty cd. T sout ai gio too, off vigtt of bot, t
gtiv d poitiv. wil, t t o d of t pctum it off modl
of vy udibl politicitio of t mility (Pit d Bgld);
t t ot d i npl, ic to up t moot qutio of t,
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
11/42
7
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
omtim, lgitimt tio by t mility i cy to pv t
professionalism of the force. Equally, it highlights the difculties of integrating
volutioy md cd it t gul mility i ucgd politicl
atmosphere. In some ways it also exemplies the coming together of the
mility, t judiciy d ctio of t politicl cl to pv t
mility to d cct i t lg cotxt of tiol itt.
aco t glob, t xit it tio bt io
mility ld d ti civili ov. accodig to Micl Dc,
t civil-mility ift duig t Vitm w div by dbt bout
t u of foc, it (coty to popul pcptio) luctt io
big pittd git i civili.19 T dciio to itv i Vitm, div lgly by t civili ldip: Pidt Jo F kdy
d Lydo Joo, scty of Dfc robt Mcnm, scty
of stt D ru d ntiol scuity advi McGog Budy.
Fom t bgiig, t io mility ldip utuitic
bout committig t Us goud foc. ev ft t civili ldip
pudd tm tt vitl tiol itt t t, t mility
ldip d iou vtio bout wigto ttgi fot goud d i . By t umm of 1967, mility dicott d
cd uc lvl tt t t Joit Cif of stff (JCs) potdly
coidd igig m.20 ev toug ti cii voidd,
many military ofcers in the USA came to believe that their unquestioning
obdic to civili ld d cotibutd to t dbcl d tt i
t futu, io mility ld ould ot quitly cquic t
civili i wigto tt ldig tm ito ttgic blud.21 Coli
Poll d i Vitm collgu (c cpti, mjo d liutt
colol od i tt ) t o f to vo tt ti tim
cm to cll t ot, ty ould ot quitly cquic i lf-td
f fo lf-bd o.22 T oudig ucc of Optio
Dt stom poibl coquc. T ubqut qugmi i
Iq, bougt bout i o mll mu by t rumfldi23 obio of
tig civili cotol, iititd ti o t uful limit of uc
cotol . T focu, of cou, o rumfld d i civili coot
i t Dptmt of Dfc (DoD) o ud t picipl of civili
cotol, to igo d ubvt oud mility dvic.
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
12/42
8
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
exciv cotol could lo do t dmg of pomotig dply dividd
d upi mility ldip ic do ot v t tio itt
ll. T amic mility xpicd ti duig t Vitm d Iq
wars, while it happened to India in the build up to the Chinese conict of
1962. I amic mility cicl, t i muc cou bout o ti
pofiol coc i afgit d Iq idd ougod by
rumfld d i ocit. suc cou, ov, d to b giv
lity cc did t amic md foc mt ti o tdd
outlid i t Clil suvy of t 1970, pot Vitm? If ty didt,
ty mut t lg pt of t blm fo t dbcl i afgit d
Iq. Focu mut lo b put o t dl rumfldi obio of -ititutig civili cotol ic i tim ld to mility ivld i ttu
and spirit. As a result, in the build up to the Iraq conict,24 mogt t 950
odd t / fou t tt t amic md foc botd of, oly to
gl Ggoy nbold d eic sii ummod t coug
to xp ti pci dit git t m i ic t
big pocutd. T t (948 odd ic giv u m 0.21 pct
dissenters, reects rather poorly on the exalted military ethic) did eventuallygo log it t pl of t civili ldip. so ll ti cmig, lt,
of how professional opinion knew all along that the plans were awed is
lly ot fi. Civili ldip d CMr xpt, t old ov, mo
t ti mility coutpt d to t otttt d fo tog
ticl climt tt dicimit bt plit, goig log d picipld
pofiol oppoitio i oft t diffc bt dft d victoy.
ecougig timid mility my b good fo civili go tip, but qully,
o poo ttgic . nit i, ditcig fom mility oig t
o i t rumfldi ot of cmig, cmig d bullyig
t pudt y.
T picipl lo fom t bov ccout i tt v t mot
dvcd dmocci uc t Usa d to cotiuouly -o d
-clibt ti picipl, tuctu d tool fo civili cotol mo
sagacious choice for the ofce of Secretary of Defence than Rumsfeld for
itc,25 my v md ll t diffc to t i Iq d t Bu
pidcy.26 Ittigly, i ti itc too, ituiv civili cotol, i
t full of tim, coumd t civili picipl tmlv Dold
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
13/42
9
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
rumfld ould m y fo mo pctful robt Gt, Dougl
Fit, t udcty t t Ptgo ould mov to cdm il
Pul wolfoitz t dputy dfc cty ould b idtppd to t
wold B.27
wil compig globl CMr modl it t Idi modl, p t t
volutio of t CMr poc i t Usa my lo b uful fo futu policy-
mig. I dbt iti t ttgic commuity i Idi, compio
it dvlopmt i t Usa oft d t fi O! But ot
amic. Y, lgly Idi i ot, but i om citicl y Idi i. T
Us Cotitutio fmd by m ditutful of tdig mi d y
cocttd po.28 Idi politicl ld t t d of idpdc pp, imilly ditutful of t md foc.29 Bot tio v
go ito vibt dmocci it militi tt xtmly loyl d
ubodit ititutio. T big of cg i bot couti t
civili picipl vot, lgilto d politicl ld ot pticully
ll ifomd o mility mtt (v toug i t Usa, t itutio
i dciddly btt). Yt, dpit imil cctitic d cotit of
t CMr tuctu, qutio d poc i t Usa v poducdvolutioy cg d fom , t tc cod of Idi i t
bl.
a poibl o fo t amic ucc could b tt itoiclly,
t politicl xcutiv, Cog d t md foc i t Usa , idd by
ttgic ti-t d ctio of t cdmi d mdi v coittly
ggd d tld vigoouly o ttgic d mility iu. Ov t
years, as the CMR equations acquired energy, condence and maturity, myriaddimio of t ltioip bt t civili ldip d mility
cm to t fo, pcilly i piod of t d cii. wil, i om
c, t cott t tditiol o bt t civili o o
id d t mility o t ot (fo itc, t Mcnm volutio
d t rumfld tfomtio); i my ot, t divid mly o
of id it idtiol llic of civil mility goup pittig tmlv
git c ot. It t co cultul xcg ( ditict fom
tditiol divid) tt ld to iovtiv id gttig oticd, dicud d
ercely contested before becoming accepted wisdom and, nally, leading to
tfomtiv mu. 30 Fo itc, t vi of Cog, log it
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
14/42
10
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
some senior military ofcers, prevailed over the most determined opposition
of t xcutiv bc, v ov objctig mility ld (of t ttu
of G Dougl Mcatu), to itgt t mility toug pt big
mu uc t By Goldt-nicol act . T rvolutio i
Mility affi (rMa) imilly div.
aot ftu of t amic ytm i tt t Us md foc
v b o gtly puid by ti to mt (t politicl
xcutiv d t Cog) to fom tt ty v oft flt complld
to tu to o fo lif fom t ot. I Idi, t oppoit i tu
ptd tti fom t md foc to ti to civili picipl
fo cg v lgly go udd. T lo fo Idi obviou:o i, of cou, tt civili cotol i Idi i ovly tigt, it i bly
utiliti d ctily do ot iduc cg . scodly, it i oly
t CMr qutio d poc gt mo gid, vibt d co-
cultul, ill li-midd popl co t civil d mility pct b
bl to v gt iff of t d d idom fo cg. Tidly, t
tuctul tovpip tt Idi opt i, t lyd ici t
svic, t civil buuccy i t Miity of Dfc (MOD), it-miitil buucci li t Committ of scti d px
structures like the Prime Ministers Ofce (PMO) and the National Security
Coucil, c optig motly li ctum-ctoum it t politicl
cl dtcd ov, oly pptut t pcptio d t lity
of t civilmility divid. If Idi do gdut to co-pollitio d
itgt co fuctiol xpti toug t lgt d bdt of
t tuctu, it my, i t m of t amic com to litt i my citicl t divid i ot t tditiol o (civili o
o id d t mility o t ot) but oly o of id it cojoit
civilmility llic gd git c ot.
wt bout lgitimt mility dit? T ccptd cotou of
mility dit v ug idly, dpdig o t politi ivolvd,
t cuity of piciplgt ltioip d, omtim, t foc of
public opiio. CMr lyt li Do sid v tid to m clculu
of dit xplicit compot of t mility pofiol tic i
ttmpt to lg optio byod t tditiol o of blid obdic
o igtio.31 To ct piod ivolvig Gl si ricd Dtt
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
15/42
11
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
d Gl stly McCytl t vlop big pud fut il
toig up vlubl lo fo ffctiv CMr mgmt.
G si ricd Dtt, Cif of Gl stff (CGs) of t Biti amy
fom augut 2006 to augut 2009, il till i vic, t public bout i
digmt it Pim Miit Godo Bo ov t oucig of t
mility miio i Iq d afgit,32 goig o f to ccu t PM
of violtig t mility covt (t bod bt tio d it mility)
il ig t obiqut of big t mot outpo Biti amy Cif
i dcd. Ioiclly, v G Dtt d public opiio o i id,
t tig of Godo Bo plummtd.33 O t ttgy i afgit,
t dli pud v fut t Pim Miit, t scty ofDfc, t sdo scty of Dfc d t CGs ud t pltfom of
t Ittiol Ititut of sttgic studi (IIss) i Lodo, to i diffig
vi o t ufoldig itutio i afgit, uggtig tby tt t
pmt of f pc d mility dit could b id, vid d
v public.34GDannatts extraordinary dissent did fulll a useful national
cuity fuctio fudig fo t Biti miio i afgit impovd
coidbly it upot i toop mol.T politicl po to GDtt cg of violtio of t mility covt lo b gciou
d quict covt i o i t poc of big id i l
ft om uful xcg bt t PM Dvid Cmo d t royl
Biti Lgio ptig t md foc commuity.35 T covt ill
pply to ll t vic d i xpctd to t out igt to ltc,
ouig d ductio fo t fmili of t md foc pol,
icludig doublig of tx lif. T royl Biti Lgio, ic b
itumtl i puig t poc toug, id tt t oucmt
marked a historic breakthrough and would benet servicemen and their
fmili fo gtio to com.36 T Dicto Gl of royl Biti
Lgio, Ci simpi, obvd: Ti i impiv pcg of uppot,
but v mo impiv i t ivocbl lgcy of t lt gttig t
picipl of t md foc covt itt ito l.37
Gl stly McCytl (Commd, Ittiol scuity
aitc Foc (IsaF) d Commd, U.s. Foc i afgit
(UsFOr-a) fom Ju 15, 2009, to Ju 23, 2010) vy public pticiptio
i t Obm dmiittio itl dbt bout it afgit ttgy
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
16/42
12
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
drew multiple reactions. Gen McChrystal rst waded into the strategy debate
it t ld mt of t itutio i afgit (commdig tt
t ttgy b iftd to popultio cuity it dditiol commitmt
of bout 40,000 toop). Lt, i dd t t IIss i Lodo, t o
to dub Vic Pidt Jo Bid ttgy of cuttig Us lo d pocutig
t cmpig uig Pdto d cui miil ti otigtd. Ti
pd off vigoou dbt, il iig i of qutio: w t
Gl puig t Pidt i public to dopt i ttgy d, tu,
plily violtig t picipl of civili cotol?sould t Gl v b
mo ucd i i ppoc to ti itiv mtt? w too blut d
impolitic? w t l dlibt, pt of octtd ttgy toudcut oppoitio to t popod ug? sould mility dvic dd
in condence, be leaked for political ends? And if that is justiable, can you
t bt t gl fo goig public it t ould v idlly b
dvic up t ci of commd? Giv t fct tt t Gl dd t
t IIss d pio politicl clc (duig t dd fud to
pitt qutio o t ug, citig t pdig Pidtil dciio),
could b fultd fo givig i pofiol vi o t cout toimttgy imply bcu i , by implictio, td t Vic Pidt
vi? w ot t o o btig t Gl fo big upfot, t vy
popl o d citicid gl fo ot big vocl oug o rumfld
pl fo t ivio of Iq?38 h ot t Us dmiittio, i t pt ud
opd pic by Gl i pp (Gl Ptu pic o t
pog t Iqi cuity foc mig, i t wigto Pot of 26
sptmb 2004 fo itc) to jutify policy dciio?39 so t ti
bou bout McCytl goig public ll bout? Did ll ti ttmout
to bu of mility pofiolim fo pti politicl pupo? hd G
McCytl vi b admiittio fidly, ould ot v b
quoted ad innitum, with nobody even bothering about the public nature of
i dvic? I t vt of pofiol diffc dvlopig, do ot t
vild tt of Gl goig public xt ubtl pu o t politici
to b ccommodtiv of ti vi, tu, futig t cu of tiol
cuity?
T vibt dbt bougt to t fo t my complxiti, uc
d iftig dli i t lgitimcy of mility dit. Dpit t ppt
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
17/42
13
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
dicod, it my ot b i to pfuctoily dimi t dbt ty
do v ubttiv vlu.wt my p off mly mility dit i of
imm vlu i t tt t iu d t multipl uc tt gt
to up, lp i povidig iigt i bidgig t civil-mility divid.
T McCytl g did ot d t livd of commd i
afgit i Ju 2010, ft t rollig sto mgzi, quotd im
d i ubodit dipgig io civili ld. T piod
otittdig, amic Dfc scty robt Gt ttdd i
fll cmoy d pid m tibut to im podigiou tlt d
o of amic gtt io.spig t t cmoy, McCytl
imlf td tt t mipcptio tt xit bout im o i tffould ultimtly b coctd.40Coctd ty i apil 2011,
ivitd bc to public vic by t Obm dmiittio to lp
oversee a high-prole iititiv i uppot of mility fmili clld Joiig
Foc, to coug compi, cool, piltopic d ligiou goup
ll locl commuiti to cogi t uuul t tt i dud
by fmili of ctiv-duty pol, vit d vt d to tiv
to mt ti d. soo, t Ptgo oucd tt iquiy by tDefence Department Inspector General into the magazine prole d cld
t gl, i mility id d civili dvi of y og doig i
t rollig sto piod. G McCytl dmptio oc gi vl
t gcity, iciiv, poiv d mtuity of t poc i t
Usa.
In western countries, the views of the top military ofcial on national
cuity mtt lcomd. T pc of Biti Cif of Dfc stff
(CDs) t t royl Uitd svic Ititut (rUsI) i Dc 2011 i xpiv
i it p it ly foig policy d dfc cllg oud t
old fom t euo zo cii, t ab ig, titio i amic
foig policy, dvlopmt i I t l; it d li, a stt Of T Uio
add. I Idi, t Cif of amy stff (COas) oly to tt i
vi o Pit o m fc to ttd cpbility d om otd
joulit d ttgic ffi lyt, cy foul. T ldig Idi dili
li t Idi exp pott v loud, fig to t Cif loo
co. a mdi d t lg polity too cgy bout mility dit i
Idi?41
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
18/42
14
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
Stasis in the Indian Context
T o outtdig ucc of CMr i t Idi cotxt i tt vt
d mility tov, v toug t i o vidc to uggt tt
t v iou tt. altoug, tt fty fom coup i
dly dqut mu of lty civil-mility ltio.42 I y c,
lc of coup (o t tt of t m) i f too lo b fo libl
public foudd o t picipl of t ul of l.43If o to mov
t diptic of ucc, tfo, byod t coup o o coup dbt, CMr
i Idi ould ot v my ucc to bot of. I fct, muc tt i
mi i Idi tiol cuity fmo tody, could b ttibutd
civilmility ltioipic fild to go d mtu i tp itt d of mod-dy cuity cllg. T ultt dioc
vly impid t to d to of Idi tiol cuity dicou,
dvly impct ot oly t lg iu of d pc but lo t
strategic decision-making process, nuclear strategy, war ghting capabilities,
covtiol optiol di, log tm dfc & optiol plig,
pocumt poc, mol, d um ouc mgmt i t
dfc vic.T umblig d iitt i t dy-to-dy bui poc v ld
to piodic uptio of cl bt t civili d mility ldip,
vidt i t Viu Bgt piod d t cotovy ov t sixt
Py Commiio omli. ev toug t fo ttd vt cquid
ot uvouy ovto, i c, t vt igligt t d fo
t icluivity d itgtio of t dfc vic iti t dciio
making polity. For a while after the Bhagwat episode and the Kargil conict,t idpd xpcttio i t Idi ttgic commuity tt t
MOD d ocitd fom ould b ud i it pd. ev toug
om cg md, t cg lbit oly comtic t
ctl iu of itgtig t md foc it t civili fmo, till
mi uddd.44 Pgmtit ugig, cocutly, v ld to igd
ccptc fom t foc, it t vic ig to o oud t
obtcl, t t oig collctivly it t civili utoiti to
tuctu d dimtl t p i t xitig fmo. ev
dilogu bo do tim-d-gi d ptd ugig to tuctu
d fom v fll o df , fl quilibium m to v b
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
19/42
15
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
cd. Ti fl quilibium i pticully dgou bcu bt t
ll-i-ll public potu, li mippio, d zlou gudig of o
ttd poitio d tuf.45
a cti mout of tio bt t picipl (t politicl cl) d
t gt (t mility) i ivitbl; ctiv tio, vidt i civil-mility
disputes across the globe, may even be helpful in rening existing structures
d po. wt ditot t ltioip i t Idi cotxt, i t
ugily ol t civil buuccy ply i i t civil-mility ltioip.
The systemic aw has been alluded to most recently by the former COAS
G Vk sig o, il tig tt t ot igl diffc
bt im d t dfc miit,46 td tt t ytm ol ot poiv.47 Uig civili cotol lv, t buuccy
ogtd to itlf ggtu ol o tt i ootd it i pvlt
toi o i t my modl tt i pctic oud t glob.
The resultant skew has given llip to a bureaucratic system which seeks to
xci cotol ov t mility by ioltig oldi fom ti politicl
mt toug lyd lbyit.48 I ccut, toug omt
colouful dciptio of t ytm, ppicciou nid C Cudui ocobvd tt, t buuccy i Idi, fo it o dvtg, plcd
the military rmly in a cage; leaving the latter to fret, fume and ap their
ig git t b of tt cg. suc diptio go git t
gi of t mod cuity dymic, ic do ot pmit t luxuy of
lboiou itfc bt Idi glip d t politicl cl toug
opcilit buuccy. It i lo miom, if ot dlibt cd,
that Indias political leadership is neither sufciently interested nor informed
to dl dictly it t mility, cittig tby, tt t buuccy
pfom tt ol, by poxy.49
The rst step to restore equilibrium in the civil military relationship will
b to coct t pvlt ditotio by cotiig t civil buuccy
d libtig t md foc fom t clutc of buuctic cotol. a
p tblid tt d globl pctic, il t civili picipl my
vt politicl ld, lgiltiv ovigt d v t lctot ( t
ultimt civili picipl it obligtio to pui t lctd civili
ld if ty do ot mg t mility poibly d pupofully); t
civil buuccy v cocivd picipl i ti qutio (t ol
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
20/42
16
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
tt it ogtd fo itlf i Idi) but li t mility, mly, gt
to xcut t i of t politicl picipl. Mo obly it could b
vitl moitoig mcim, lbit, pt of multidicipliy, itgtd
hierarchy and not as a standalone efdom.
T did icicl tuctu, tfo, mut ly b totid:
multipl picipl i t top ti it t mility d civili buuccy
gt poibl to t multipl picipl i t bottom ti d ot
ttid, i ptly t c, it t politicl picipl i t top
ti, t buuctic picipl i t cod ti d t mility gt t
t bottom of t pit. Civili ivtd t mility, cotctig it it, to
potct ocity fom mi bcu libty mut b dfdd it it vytiti: cocio d mility foc. Cocutly, cotol mcim
d to b dvid o tt t mility do ot tt civil ocity itlf.
eqully, t mcim if llod ubidld po, cqui iidiou
pupo d t mility itumt o to dft t vy io
dt fo i ctio. It m littl to pitigly d iduouly
build a military organization and combat ethic in the rst place and then
pocd to tmpl it vy ititutiol tgt it ly d ly ofbuuccy.50
I yt ot tvty of Fv o-i fmo, t
i i t Idi cotxt my ot b t uul upct, t mility, but
t civil buuccy ic tlld ll ttmpt t fom, v t mot
ubttiv commdtio of t kgil rvi Committ d t Goup
of Miit (GoM) o ntiol scuity rfom, mly itgtio of t
MoD.51 Ctl to t CMr dymic i Idi i t qutio of cotiig
buuccy ic cotiu to t lofty picipl (of civili cotol of
t mility) to ptty pupo ( lf pvtio), bcu, Pt Fv
gu, pioity fo obv of civil mility ltio mut b ffot
to old civili ccoutbl it t m o gt vigou it ic
mility gt ld ccoutbl.52
Idi lo d to tit, i t m of mod dfc ytm (i
67 couti co t politicl pct, mot otbly t Usa d Uk) to
itgtd tuctu fo mility mgmt. Mod cuity cllg
dmd politico mility fmo , i politicl ld
ti mility cig qutio (toug poc of dict d obut
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
21/42
17
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
itfc), il big qully poiv to ti d. T i lo t
d to dd t itgtio imp it fi pvlt
and deciencies must be addressed squarely. The integrated structures that
to put i plc mut b fi, quitbl d o of umbug. It
opd, t ctio of t Cif of Dfc stff (CDs) d Itgtd
Dfc stff (IDs)ould itgt t md foc it t govmtl
dciio mig poc, il lo itgtig t t vic mogt
tmlv. wil t fom b put i om id of limbo, ll id
of ttmpt big md to u toug it t ltt. Mil,
t piodic pot doig t oud gdig popol to lvt
the Defence Secretary to Principal Secretary, defence citing difculties ofcooditio i t MoD. Ti toy coobotd by admil au
P (rtd), il itig i t Idi exp of 27 augut 2007.
eoou fc md to imil cg vig b md i
t Uk MoD, il igoig t ttdt lity tt i t Uk, uc
cg pcdd by log poc of MoD itgtio d fom. I t
UK, for example, a unied MoD with the three service ministries assimilated
ud igl scty of stt fo Dfc ctd y bc i 1964.The Heseltine Reforms of 1985 rened the process further by developing
t modl of, Itgtd hici it policy mig cocttd i t
MoD hdqut i.. mility d civili tff oig togt [logou
to Dicto i t nvl hdqut (nhQ) potig to Joit
scty (Js) (nvy) o i tu pot to t Vic Cif of nvl stff
(VCns)]. Idi, to, lo, v bfo itlf t amic modl t
scty of Dfc (Dfc Miit) i dvid by Mility aitt d Civili aitt, bot it qul cc d utoity, tu, povidig t
cy blc i dvic d ppctiv i mtt of tiol cuity.
T citicl poit, i tt cotol ov miitil tim, outi cc d
le process is equalised and more evenly balanced between civilian and
military ofcers. In the Indian context, while there is no denying the fact
tt t civili buuccy i t MoD, dd by t Dfc scty,
i vitl lmt i t ig mgmt of dfc, comp it
does the wider ambit of defence functions defence nance, Research and
Dvlopmt (r&D), dfc poductio mog ot fuctio, t
i lo o cpig t fct tt by clv poitioig d mipultio of
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
22/42
18
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
the rules of business and le processes, the power equation in the MoD
i gtly d i fvou of t civili buuccy. Tt by itlf i ot
gt dit, but t ultt ult i t politicl ldip
civig uboptiml d tiltd buuctic dvic, it dv cuity
repercussions. If the decision making polity is so congured that the military
dimio i ot dqutly itgtd d pcilit mility dciio
t by glit buuccy o it blf, it i oly tul tt t
qulity of to dciio ill lc i mility obut.
wt i big itd tody, ov, i pcily t oppoit t
glit to i t Idi MoD i icig xpotilly if t cquiitio
poc ot fuctioig ll, put i plc DG acquiitio fom tIdi admiittiv svic (Ias); if t i toubl it ex svicm
wlf scty lvl pot fo t Ias i ctd; to optimiz mgmt
of ministerial time addition of a Joint Secretary level ofcer from the IAS
t plc. Fo vy toubl i t MoD, t toubl ootig bui i
pd oto t buuct, o v limitd o o oldg of dfc,
T ddl go i tp it t poblm v outcom cotiu to
lud t dciio-m i Idi. Cott ti it t dg of co-pollitio i t cquiitio poc i t Biti MoD fo itc
how the armed forces drive processes as part of both: capability denition
poc d dlivy ogitio. Dputy Cif of Dfc stff Cpbility
is responsible for capability denition, spelling out the customer requirement
d budgt cotol of t gd quipmt pl d t d of t
Dfc equipmt suppot ( Des) i poibl to tlt t cutom
quimt ito vibl m d quipmt upply. T to ppoitmttogt lp i tgtig t cutom uppli ltioip i t
UK MOD. The heads of both the arms, capability denition and equipment
upply DCDs Cpbility o ly do pitiol objctiv d Des
who trades off practical concerns are three star ofcers from the three
vic. ad o i t ov of cquiitio poc? a pofo
from Cambridge, Bernard Gray, who rst drafted a widely acclaimed report
o dfc cquiitio fom d lt iductd ito t miity to
ov t implmttio of t fom poc.
T ct fom iititiv i t Uk: cquiitio fom, t t foc
o t md foc covt d t ogoig dfc fom big
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
23/42
19
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
td by idpdt pofiol, cdmic, copot d ttgic
po of t mic of Bd Gy, Pofo h stc d
Lod Lv. Idi d to cogi tt pcilitio d co-pollitio
i t Miity of Dfc i impott, iu ltd to dfc d
muc pcilitio do y of t coomic miiti. I mtt of
tiol cuity, it i impott to v pcilid udtdig of t
iu d complxiti ivolvd tt oly mid coold i t y, d
d to of t mility c povid (eliot Co cocpt of mility
liio d itpt). Tody, t coomic miiti td by
dyd i ool coomit o glit buuct o ov t y v
pcilid i coomic mtt; imilly i t MoD, t glit tomut giv y to pcilit o. Oc t tp t, pcilit
tmopic ill bgi to pvil, d tu givig motivtio fo glit
buuct to pcili. It lo d to b vy cl tt, itgtio d
joitmip i muc bout politiclmility itgtio t t px,
ll dict d obut itfc bt t mility d t politicl
leadership, as it is about combat and functional efciencies in the eld. If
you are shut out at the top, you cannot be efcient at the bottom. Thefom mut pcd o t lt ccompy t ltt. It i i ti cotxt
tt t ppoitmt of Cif of Dfc stff (CDs) t picipl
mility dvi to t politicl ldip i citicl. If t policy-m i
Idi to tuctu civil-mility ltio it oty d gcity i
ic, t politicl ldip il oig it t ititutiol uppot
of both the CDS and the Defence Secretary, benets from the right kind of
optiol d dmiittiv policy dvic d iput (pofiol milityacumen tempered by generalist bureaucratic advice), incremental benets to
Idi tiol cuity ill ccu. Icd pttio of uifomd
pol i t MoD t mid d io lvl, it vi to bl gt
cooditio bt t civil d dfc vic i ptip bft
of competition for primacy as also to allow the political leadership to benet
fom cojoit mility d buuctic iput, i til.
T logic of ititutiol pfomc of t Idi md foc
mut b lo coidd.If, ft 62 y of idpdc, t Idi md
foc idly pcivd to b t tio mot tutd ititutio,
d fo pfomc d upio tc cod mut b fotcomig
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
24/42
20
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
by y of gt icluivity i t dciio-mig poc, pcilly
it com to mtt of tiol cuity. T i lo d fo t Idi
polity to go out of it obio of pig t Idi md foc i
pculi limbo. Fo mtu polity, cu i it libl tditio, it do
m culi, v littl puil, tt it mility b o lgtd to t
fig of dciio mig.T dfc vic gud d fougt fo t
tblimt of t ntiol scuity Coucil (nsC) t px icy of
t tiol cuity buuccy, tody, ov, i tm of t ntiol
scuity advi d t to Dputy ntiol scuity advi fom
mmb of t Idi Polic, admiittiv o Foig svic; t amd
Foc, ov tgly ud-ptd. T md foc, tpicipl told i tiol cuity ould b icludd i t px
dciio-mig body uc t nsC. Fom m implmttio, t
vic d to gdut to big ctiv pticipt i dtmitio of
tiol cuity polici.
I t Usa, 80 pct of itlligc d tiol cuity pot,
including internal security, are held by service ofcers of the armed forces;
lmot vy tid ntiol scuity advio i fom t mility. Of ttty igt dicto of t Ctl Itlligc agcy (CIa), igt v
b fom t mility. I t Uk, dvio to t Biti govmt o
toim v b fom admil uc admil (rtd) si al
wt. Coli Poll, t Vitm w vt, mility itt
to t Dputy scti of Dfc, sio Mility aitt to
scty Dfc d ntiol scuity advi v bfo bcomig
Commd-i-Cif, Us amy Foc Commd (C-i-C FOrsCOM)d tft Cim Joit Cif of stff.55Vt affi i Usa
i t d of fom Gl eic sii. Idi tiol cuity
buuccy d ugicl coctio: it d to gdut to modl
bd o copollitio, dig o t collctiv tgt of t
buuccy, t md foc, cdmi, t ttgic commuity d
multi-fctd pofiol; l d l of t civil buuccy (bcu
ty ldy v dipopotiot of ppoitmt) tu uig
ogiztiol d policy blc. suc ytm, it diffud po, ill
lo l Idi dciio-m itiol obio it tuf d udg
Idi tod gt poductivity.
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
25/42
21
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
Idi ipitiol glid pt to got d popity i lid it
cllg coomic, iftuctul, ocitl, ociopoliticl d o tt
impig o it tiol cuity. Idi coomic fom, oov ltig,
v cquid cti ivibility. T pu of lctol politic
ill m u tt t ocil iquiti gt ddd, oov loly;
d t dymic of t mtplc ill imilly m u tt Idi
iftuctul fom cotiu. T of tiol cuity, ov,
il poitd it qul cllg, i t bc of imil div (mt
foc, lctol pu) td to lp ito comfot zo ldig to ub-
optiml tuctu d pfomc.
a vibt CMr poc ill lp to pu, pod d cjol Idi out oft ictivity of dfc fom. Citicl to uc poc i t ol of t
ttgic commuity d t volumiou but utppd tlt tt li outid
the government, even as government ofcials complain of lack of useful inputs.
Ofcial cussedness has led to a kind of strategic brain drain with reputed
ttgic commtto d lyt uc aly Tlli, Fd Zi, C
rj Mo, kti Bjpi, rj Bu, sumit Gguly, h Pt d sw
kpu, to m oly f, pd i ti-t d uiviti bod,with the Indian government and think-tanks nding no place for them.T
pvlt itutio, i om y, i tobctothe stiing environs of
the licencepermit raj when much of Indias entrepreneurial, scientic and
bui tlt bod util liblitio got it bc. w d ttgic
liblitio (opig up of ttgic poitio i govmt d i ti
t to cocultul tlt), to ttct uc tlt bc.a good plc to
bgi i t ttgic ti-t i Idi, ic ould op up px poitioto t ttgic commuity d cdmi, d v t cut td of
ti t bcomig sarkari (govmt) otbd. It i oly if t ti-
t o t y, c ty t xmpl fo t govmt. It ould
lo b mtt of om coc fo Idi tt t mgig globl ub fo
ttgic tudi ould b t t s rjtm scool of Ittiol studi
i sigpo d ot i Idi,56 that a country with no signicant security
threats should nd the energy, time and resources to facilitate the growth of
uc ititutio of xcllc, il ti-t i Idi ( couty it
f gt tt d cllg) ould b ltivly moibud. sould
ot ti-t i Idi lo bcom puiv div of cg? aft ll
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
26/42
22
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
mogt t mo pomit cto i t pu fo itgtio i t Usa
ti t li t hudo Ititut d t hitg Foudtio.57
sic t CMr qutio i Idi ot vibt oug, pcilly i tm
of t cy cocultul itfc, Idi cdmic it
ipid, o quippd to ivtigt co mility iu it t cy
igou d dpt; o my citicl iu, tfo, t i vy oft oly,
a supercial scraping of the surface, with little understanding of the deeper
uc.
T itgtio dbt i Idi i c i poit. Mot dicuio i
Idi bout itgtio td to volv oud t iu of CDs, t
coqutil po tt my ccu to t md foc d t ocitditvic ivli. wil t CDs, if d t poitio com bout,
ill b vlubl top do div, i t ogoig dbt it i oft t
d ig, if ot t fl dbt. T l iu i t itgtio of t
mility i t dciio mig dymic t t top d t ll t y to t
bottom. T Us, ft ll, d Pmt Cim Joit Cif of stff
[PCJCs] ic t 1950. T tuig poit i t itgtio toy, ov,
t By Goldt & nicol act of t 1980, ic divby two factors. One of course, was the April 1980 Desert One asco in
I, ttmptd cu optio t oibly og du to lc
of ititutiol itfc d ot impl idquci li commuictio
fquci mog t t vic ot mtcig. T ot t
critical realisation that the benets of integration would far exceed the utility
of perpetuating interservice rivalry as a re alarm in the CMR process. 58
hc t act div by bot, civili d mility mid, cu i
ti CMr ltioip, d impod ov t oppoitio of om of t
mot poful voic scty Dfc Cp wibg, scty
nvy Jo Lm d om of t mot poful admil i t Ptgo
o id imgiy f ov t -mgc of t Pui Gl
stff.59 T Cif of nvl stff (CnO), admil Jm wti, out of
all agreements, simply ew into a rage and said You know this legislation
i o bd it i imply u-amic.60 But oc t ct cm bout, it
ud tt optiolly mpod Cim JCs, ot oly bougt
to politicomility dciio mig tog optiol dymic, but lo
lpd i movig lot co t mility tblimt, ultig i uc
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
27/42
23
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
outtdig mility ucc uc Optio Dt stom, eduig
Fdom d Iqi fdom. ev i t Idi cotxt, dfc itgtio
ill b imil to t libliztio momt i ou coomic tjctoy,
Indias entrepreneurial talent came alive once after the stiing economic
cotol i p-liblid Idi do y it. T itgtiv
energies will never quite ow to the soldier /sailor / airman in the eld,
ul fomtoy tp t to itgt t md foc i t px
dciiomig. If Idi do ot itgt, it ill v b bl to fully
exploit the benets of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), and the space
d opc volutio. Ti i t mo ubttiv iu d ot t
juvenile fear and blatant implausibility about whether a ve star CDS (in anyc tt i ot t t au sig T Foc popod ot vit
vilbl) ill u mbitio bout coup. Idi ldip d to
iouly itopct. To div t cg poc, Idi d mo d
mo cdmic d pcilit i div domi mility itoy, mility
ociology, mility ffctiv, mility cpbility d mility di
c oc by itlf, itig to b itllctully xplod d dictd.
w d to ct tlt pool of m of t clib of Micl C Dc,ricd h ko, Lc J kob, ricd k Btt, amd him, Mti
Cvld, Micl hdl, Buc Ctto, Jo kg, ri Boo, stp
Biddl, D rit d t li, civili o udtd t mility btt
pp t my mility m tmlv; yt ivtigt it i dpt, bfo
pocdig to b it.
T CMr qutio lo uff fom t idqucy of ttgic vigil. T
idqucy bcom glig cottd it Idi upitdcof coomic iu. I couty t i d fll i vy pctg
point of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth or ination is
lyd tdb d vy micocoomic dtil i xmid bfo
poouc mcocoomic judgmt, it i mtt of gt upi
tt Idi dfc xpditu plummt to 1.9 pct, git
recommendations of successive nance commissions that India spend 3
percent and even against the somewhat consensual gure of 2.6 percent,
t mtt dot gt t tttio dd. som ti-t lp
o t i o, toug poc of covolutd mtmtic, v go o
to coclud tt t vg dfc pdig i jut igt. suc ttitud
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
28/42
24
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
pp littl cllou, pcilly Idi biggt igbou Ci i
i t midt of t mot miv mility moditio i t itoy of
mid. Ti i lgly, bcu t dbt o Idi dfc ppd
jut ot dp, ifomd d piot it coomic dbt.
ad o t toy go o it com to t Idi dfc iduty,
Idi cotiu to idulg i cototd logig but i lo xcucitigly
lo it com to coldgig domtic idquci.61
Idi lo lc t pcic to t ot of t cgig tu of
global debates trends in conicts and defence acquisition processes and
tfo t mility, buuccy d t id ttgic commuity fil
to big tm to t otic of t politicl mt. I t Uk, fo itc, committ dd by multi-fctd gtlm (mdi pofiol,
bui ld d ttgic lyt), Bd Gy, ctly cm up it
pot tt pig fom i cquiitio, commdig tt
t litmotif cg fom obiv pocdu d pobity to o of timly
optiol dlivc.62 T pot b ubttilly ccptd by t
Biti govmt d Bd Gy lo b d to ov it
implmttio. Idi m to b immu to it impct d ctl mg,d t civili buuccy cotiu to f t politici f it gd
to nancial scandals. If India doesnt take the necessary steps to ensure
timly moditio i vly pd out m, Idi ill b fcd it
t poibl popct it it md foc ill ot b ppd fo
cllg ty mg, l Idi ill u to m ty puc
in the manner of the Kargil conict, in near desperation thus exposing
itlf to mipultio by m , o it ill d up otig to fzid
moditio to m up fo t lot y, tu ippig up dl
yti, i cutly t c it Ci.63 ec of t cio, m
littl o o ttgic . a i vidt fom t Biti xpic, il
t d fo pobity i gt, t d fo optiol dlivc i gt.
Iciiv dmocci li Idi d to t ot. But fo tt to pp,
rst the vigorous, informed debate must occur, but unfortunately it does
ot, bcu t viou compot of t civilmility dymic ot
sufciently energised.
T m i ic libl d covtiv tic juxtpod
i t Idi civil ocity d politicl pctum lo big o it
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
29/42
25
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
CMr div. Coty to om pcptio, t mility i ot compod
tily of i -mog o v to it covtiv lig;
t mility tic, tid bot, t libl d covtiv divid. T
military ethic, however, does play a signicant role in building a robust
ttgic outloo. It dvoct fo itc, focud cpcity buildig tt ill
either deter war in the rst place, or, at the very least, ensure the utilitarian
u of foc, i t vt tt pc i bcd. I t Usa, o of t
reasons why the armed forces play such a dening role, is because of the
tgt of ti pttio i t Cog d t Cbit. I Idi,
uc pttio i copicuou by it bc. w compoudd by
imil lc of pttio i t lm of buuctic policy-mig,t mg ttgic ldcp t tiol cuity dciio-
mig lc t quid ttgic, optiol d mility dymic. It
v tlt ito didi fo t lt of itumt of foc
omt ucy bud.64 Ti my i pt xpli y v
ytm tt i t od of C rj Mo i c of potto, ubl to
build od to dfd it bod d icpbl of v oppig fo po
it pottilly dltiou coquc.65
Idi d to itopct: tlibl tditio mut bcom t foudig glu fo obut tiol cuity
citctu d ot impdimt.
wt bout t mility itlf? I it bov poc? Ctily ot. ho
do we place the role of the military, especially its ofcer cadre in perspective?
I t iitil y ft idpdc, t Idi PM Jll nu too
a dim view of the militarys ofcer cadre as one that was shallow, westernized,
Bitipig poduct of t Biti rj lcig omt i itllctul
cpciti.66 ev it cm to mility lgd li G kM Cipp
d G ks Timyy, il ty m of outtdig itgity,
moral bre and other qualities that the military profession demanded, in the
itllctul domi, t gl vi tt t Gl did ot quit
mtc up to Pim Miit nu ttu. T Pim Miit vd,
tfo, tod civili buuct fom t foig d civil vic,
to ly o impott policy mtt, tu ctig void ito ic t
buuccy dug dp. nu d i cotmpoi lo pp
excessively inuenced by the unseemly clash between Viceroy Curzon
d CommdiCif kitc t t tu of t ctuy, cl
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
30/42
26
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
fom ic t mility gid cotitutiol cdcy.67 a umb of
ucy mu coqutly t to dogd t mility
t t imilt it ito t mciy of govmt. Ov t y,
t clly btio o bcom ititutiolid ytm
of buuctic cotol. T v b piod toug dit
of polity, m li G sm M, v idd ougod ov
t ytm to pupoful ffct. Ot ttmpt li tt of G Timyy
d admil Viu Bgt, did ot quit uccd. som li G BC
Joi imply did ot liv log oug il pottil tfom li Lt
G sk si do i by buuctic cicy. T i, of cou,
the valid critique that military ofcers simply do not think, read and writeoug. w v ot quit d rupt smit o Toy Zii cppig ti
pofiol c it mility mtpic li The Utility Of Force The
Art Of War In The Modern World d The Battle For Peace pctivly. T
ytm ould toug dicl ovul of it tuctu d poc
coug t itllctul tditio,68 tt poduc oldi of t ttu of
G Dvid Ptu, om t amic Dfc scty robt Gt
coldgd o mo occio t o oldittm.69
That should be the aspirational ideal of the Indian military ofcer cadre
itout i y y ubtctig fom t bdoc of optiol dlivc,
ethical and other regimental virtues that dene the Indian military tradition.
wil cocptuliig t mility itllctul tditio,70 cvt my b
i od. will t t of t ytm, mily t civil buuccy, b bl
to ittd t vigou tt uc itllctul tditio ill big to t
tbl? aft ll t lt tim uc gtlm G kimy sudji
(ombody o, by my ccout, m imply d of i tim)
t t lm, t ytm quit out of it dpt i podig to im.
ad, ltly, t i mot oyig bout t lt of t mility gt, i
t viibl dcli i t mility tic d t ppt buuctiztio of
the military, with some ofcers making peace with the powerful bureaucracy
d gttig ubumd by it byzti y.
A word about the CMR interface in the eld of diplomacy. Lgly du
to Idi goig coomic po, youtful dmogpic d v om
ctiv diplomcy, t globl pcptio of Idi bgu to cg. It i o
log locl po i sout ai tid do by it pil ivly
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
31/42
27
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
to Pit. I t mgig blc of po, Idi occupi bot, ttgic
locl lo poitio of covtd pimcy. T fomot cllg i t
y to com ill b t idom d gcity it ic Idi ppoc
it o ivitbl i to po. T doit it ic Idi m it
itumt of foc d diplomcy, ill b t fomot cllg fo Idi
ttcft.
a itgtd politico-mility-buuctic diptio tt udtd
d i dpt i t u d pplictio of foc i ctl to uc tpi.
Idi policy-m mut bgi to t dvt of migful mility
diplomcy ot to jcboot oud t gio, but y to polic Idi
vitl itt i viou co of t glob toug big but pcipo pojctio cpbility. hd po could lo b ucd uitbly
fo oft pupo d dft politico mility igllig. wt i dd i
illig to itgt midt d tuctu. a op-d i t Idi
exp o 11 July 2011, by G VP Mli d ait Muj ugig dfc
fom, cid logid ot pic by Il Pti ugig coomic
fom, pomptig compio i uc d ubtc. wil Il Pti
md puiv c fo fudmtl lgl, govc d ititutiolfom if Idi to uti ig got, ait d t Gl, cy
picd o t iu of CDs il poig t toicl qutio, Do
d Cif of Dfc stff? Idi ctily do, povidd t ctio
of t CDs i ootd i bod, mo fudmtl dfc fom. Jut
Il gud tt il fom by tlt good oug to ul
Idi got toy, but ty idqut to uti it. similly, t CDs
by itlf ill b of littl u ul dfc fom pcgd i moubttiv fmo. If Idi i iou bout t ltt, it dot d t
n Cd Committ to udg it; t dciio-m mly d
to dut t kgil Committ rpot d t ubqut GoM rpot d
implmt ti to mot fudmtl commdtio: MoD Itgtio,
t til p-cuo to ic tt t poc, d t ppoitmt of
CDs, t logicl coolly, i tt od. hvig do o, t committ
could dd ot mgig domi i t tiol cuity dymic t
larger issues of war and peace, strategic decision making, nuclear war ghting,
cyb cuity / f, t globl commo, foc pcgig, pocumt
fom, t l. Ctig CDs i ti tdlo m, ill ot v
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
32/42
28
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
poduc fom by tlt tt t coomic fom of 1990 bougt
bout. T CDs dbt, ov, i uful i tt it igit t dbt o
t itgtio imp il focuig yt gi o t d to itgt t
viou ply i t tiol cuity citctu. wt, y d i ic
m do Idi d to itgt i t y qutio. simply put, Idi
d to itgt t civil d mility compot of it tiol cuity
pptu o to mximi tiol cuity outcom. T CDs tt Idi
d i o o ill ot oly itgt t oig of t t vic,
but mo impottly, o o, duly oitd t picipl mility dvio
ill povid t politicl gt PM d t rM it mility lly o
miityid, opocil ppoc, puttig d to t tivil,civilmility tu of diput tt cutly ccti t MoD. Tt
ill pp oly t CDs tt Idi ct i o ootd i bod,
mo ubttiv cg i t MoD, dicud.
Recommendations
It i quit ppt tt i t fc of mod cuity cllg d i
t ligt of t id ittiol xpic, Idi CMr fmo ivily d i fvou of t civili buuccy. If t dfc vic,
t y ply i t tiol cuity mtix, xcludd fom t
dciio-mig poc, t dicou i boud to b toubld. sic t
dfc vic v mjo t, ty ould lo v lgitimt y i
mtt of tiol cuity. T i clly d fo t CMr dicou
to mov tod mo cu ltioip, pmid o poximt d
dict politicl cotol of t mility git t cut mcim of
buuctic cotol. Buuctic cotol i ot tl dbt om
ould v, but t gim lity i Dli lo t picipl odbloc i
t CMr dicou, t d fo oot d bc fom i omtig tt
ppicciou politicl cl c o log y y fom.71 Icluivity to b
t div, ldig to itgtd d vibt tuctul mcim i
div tlt d fom dipt ubcultu o logid d t
t tiol cuity dicou tod gt pupo. adoptio of
itgtd ytm itlf, ill to up tul cc d blc, obvitig
i t full of tim, t vy d fo cotol. suc itgtio, ov,
ill occu oly if t i fudmtl cg i t CMr dicou by
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
33/42
29
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
lloig t mility gt pticiptio i policy dtmitio bd o
the principle of equal dialogue and unequal authority, with the nal authority
lyig uqutiobly i fvou of t politicl picipl.72
It i opd tt t n Cd Committ lood t t iu,
in depth, and addressed three major inrmities in the CMR discourse. One,
civili cotol of t mility pupot umbiguou politicl cotol d ot
buuctic cotol. T ug d go ditotio tt v cpt ito t
Idi ytm o ccout of t ltt, d to b coctd ugiclly d
it diptc. To, t dicou mut mov tod f gt icluivity
of t md foc, cdmic, domi xpt, coultt d copot
tlt, il limitig coyim totl domitio of t cuitypoc d px poitio i t tiol cuity tuctu by t Idi
admiittiv svic d t Idi Foig svic. T, politiclity
mut ot b llod to bcom t v to otci t md foc,
T i d fo t civili lit d mility to gg obutly, toug
mod dmoctic mcim d tuctu. T folloig fcilittoy
tp my b iititd igt y.
l Itgtio of t MoD to b udt fotit t tilpcuo fo fom. advic dd to t dfc miit mut
be integrated, based on a single le system, with ministerial time and
access being shared equally by the service and civil ofcials. Independent
coultt mut lo b bougt i to div citicl poc uc
cquiitio. T d to itgt i ot mly obio of t
dfc vic i Idi but t d of t ou. smpl t si Bill
Jffy, t Biti Pmt Ud scty(PUs) t t Uk MoD
(t miity top buuct) d to y, duig i dd t rUsI i
December 2009, on the benets of integration and the need to take the
poc v fut,
I ccly d to m t poit t rUsI, but o of t tig
tt i ot idly udtood outid t dfc commuity i
tt, compd it mot Dfc Dptmt ittiolly,
operate an extraordinarily integrated model. The Head Ofce of the
MoD combi t fuctio of Dptmt of stt d ttgic
mility dqut. T Cif of Dfc stff (CDs) o md
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
34/42
30
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
i o vy pofoud lctu d I v difft ol: i
to ld t amd Foc, povid ttgic commd fo dployd
optio, d povid Miit it mility dvic; mi to b
Head of Department, Accounting Ofcer, to lead the civil servants,
d to dvi o policy, jut my oppoit umb do l
i witll. But i my clot collgu, d t vy lvl i t
MoD o cout imil ltioip. Dfc dpd o tm.
at ti bt, ty mutully uppotiv, d t ol ffct of t
mility d civili combid, i gt dl mo t t um of t
pt.73
India has not as yet taken even the rst baby step towards integration
(omtig t Biti did f bc 1964). Idi i ligt y y
from the issue that the UK PUS highlights, that of rening integration
fut by y of btt ol-clity d ccoutbility fo t difft
actors involved in the CMR process. Only if we jump the rst hurdle will
gt to t cod. T n Cd committ mut povid t
citicl pigbod Idi imply cot ffod to t y mo timit dfc fom. a ubttiv mdmt to t alloctio of
Bui rul mut lo b udt, fotit, o to itgt t
vic it t px tuctu of t Govmt of Idi fom ti
cut poitio of ublt outli.74
l hvig itgtd t MoD d oly t, mut Pmt
Cim Joit Cif of stff (PCJCs) b ppoitd t Picipl
Mility advi to t govmt. T PCJCs ( fou t), co
from amongst the serving Single Service Chiefs with a xed four year
tu, ill b y ttgic ply d bidg bt t ttgic
d optiol lvl. a t Pim Miit picipl mility
dvi, ill b i t policymig loop of ll tiol cuity
ogiztio li t nsC d miiti cocd it cuity
like home, external affairs and nance.75 T PCJCs d t Cif
of Itgtd stff Committ (CIsC) togt, my b tutd
it t poibility of divig t poc of joitmip, tt of
dvlopig clo oig ltioip mog t t vic d
the development of joint capabilities especially in the eld of cyber
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
35/42
31
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
f d Itlligc, suvillc d rcoic (Isr). at
some point in the future, India may even upgrade this position to a ve
t CDs, it fou t Vic Cif of Dfc stff (VCDs) (CIsC
citd), to div joit d ttgic poc.
l Concurrently, India must move towards signicantly enhanced cross-
pollination in the Prime Ministers Ofce (PMO) and the National Security
Coucil (nsC), it muc id pttio fo t mility. Util
now only IPS and IFS ofcers have held the position of the National
scuity advi, myb it i tim fo t govmt to p o t
baton to a military ofcer. One of the Deputy National Security Advisers,
ould, i y c, ly b fom t dfc vic. T pcticof vig Liutt Gl o quivlt Mility advi, i t
NSC, because only secretary level ofcers can hold the appointment
of Dputy ntiol scuity advio i clv buuctic u tt
ould ot fool t politicl cl. T y dtmit mut b xpti
d comptc d ot clicl otio of quivlc if t civil
services so deem t they may offer only Secretary level ofcers for the
pot, i o f t Dfc svic cocd, y LiuttGl o quivlt ould b ligibl, domi xpti d pol
comptc big t clicig citio.
l T ttgic commuity mut b gid it vi to dvlop
domi pcilti, coug dp dbt d u cott
ttgic vigil. Idi mut mov fom sarkari otbd ppoc to o
bd o co-fuctiol xpti. It my b good gtu to ivit
od ttgic ffi xpt, of t clib of C rj Mo,
amitb Mttoo, sumit Gguly o Moj Joi to d t Ititut
fo Dfc studi d aly (IDsa).76 I Uk, ttgic ti d
idpdt coultt big bougt i to div poc i t
MoD. I Idi c, ty big pt ot oly out of MoD but lo
out of ttgic ti-t . T n Cd Committ ill do
ll to dd t omly.
l witi t MoD, utoity, poibility d ccoutbility mut
b compivly vid. at t px lvl, Dfc Bod
coitig of t Dfc Miit, t Miit of stt fo Dfc,
Idpdt Coultt, t CDs / PCJCs d t Dfc scty
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
36/42
32
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
my b cotitutd to povid ttgic dictio d dtmi t
dfc quimt. Cocutly, ubttil dlgtio of po
d utoity to svic Cif mut t plc ty mut b md
tily poibl fo optiol pl d quipmt, lbit it
precise budgetary backing as also the authority to ex their budgets.
hvig b llod gt cotol of ti lloctd budgt t
svic Cif mut div cpbility plig d dtmi t bt
blc bt mpo, tiig, quipmt d uppot, tc, tt
dd to dliv t dfc quimt.
l Idi c o log ffod to cotiu it idolt oll itout
iciiv uvy of t dg d oppotuiti i it cuity pt. Tpoc of fod plig mut b ubjctd to f gt igou.
T fi tt it i ot i t Idi to to cy out uc plig
i lzy, lf vig ubbi d mut b bdod. Idi my li to
t ipitio fom t ogoig cuig i t Uk dfc d do
lii.77 a ntiol scuity sttgy rvi, sttgic Dfc d
scuity rvi d Dfc rvi,78 i tt coologicl od but
it t xp pupo of o complmtig t ot, it cllyucitd mit, mut b iititd fotit if t tio cuity
is to move from accidity to greater strategic purpose. These reviews
ill lp Idi ct ubl d po cpbility tt povid vibl
ttgic optio i cii itutio. suc optio my ot dliv vy
tim but ty ill oft oug. It ill lo c t cdibility of
Idi ttgic tit cfully co lttiv d ot
focd coic.79
m National Security Strategy Review (NSSR): suc vi
mut lp tc ol of govmt ppoc to cuity, il
cllgig lgcy umptio bout t tu of t cuity
viomt compig tt fom t immdit to t
ditt toim, covtiol tt fom Idi dvi
i t igbouood, t popct of dtbiliig i
places that matter to India, the possible loss of political inuence
i gio fom Idi ouc it gy, t popct of
mility comptitio, t mgig tt of tt-o-tt cyb
ttc, t m i ic Idi ould dd tt d
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
37/42
33
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
oppotuiti i t globl commo, t fct tt t c o
log b ditictio bt om d bod t d to
itgt xtl d itl tt i ml fbic om
of the issues that the proposed NSSR must address. Having dened
t tt d xplod t y to mg i, t nssr mut
to li t ol d miio of t md foc to t
govmt id foig d cuity policy d lp dduc
t gd-ttgic d mility-ttgic tt of plig d
dictio. I um, t nssr mut ty d tbli t cotou of
t volvig ttgic cotxt.
m Strategic Defence and Security Review(SDSR): T sDsr,ft dig fom t nssr, mut ttmpt to t t poc
fut d iv t t pci cpbiliti Idi d to ivt i,
i od to u ffctiv dlivy of tiol cuity policy. suc
vi mut to big dfc policy, pl, commitmt d
co govmtl ouc ito blc, il idtifyig t
cpbiliti t tio ould ivt i t futu.
m Defence Review: T Dfc rvi mut focu o tmgmt, tuctu, ogitio, poc d o cultu
in the MoD with the specic purpose of delivering the precise
cpbiliti outlid i t sDsr. T m ill til pdigm ift
fom buuccy to mpomt d dictio. ky dciio
m (svic Cif /Vic Cif) mut b mpod to t
dciio, llod gt dictio to m t dciio il
big ld poibl d to ccout fo ti dciio bot fo
t coic ty m d t coic ty df. accoutbility
fo t coct of coic md mut b dtmid ot by
t tgt of poc but by t vibility of outcom. To b
poply ccoutbl, o lo d t po to ct, tfo,
ccoutbility mut b mtcd it commut dciio-mig
po.
m Acquisition Reform: rfom cquiitio poc d t dfc
iduty, i ccodc it globl td, oud mgmt
pctic d pgmtic coic uc lf-lic i ttgic ig
d , vibl domtic iduty bd o it tgt,
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
38/42
34
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
raj shukla
pivt cto pticiptio d Foig Dict Ivtmt (FDI)
lo globl off-t-lf puc til d fibl, mut
form the edice of our approach.
Ititutiol quity, ic i t picipl gumt of ti pp, ill pv
t y fo gt ttgic cuity. I doig o, t civilmility ltioip
i Idi ill lo gdut fom ifcy to dolcc. all t y, t
dtcmt of t politicl cl giv t buuccy cy iggl
oom to pu t mility to t fig of dciio-mig. It i icumbt,
tfo, o t m politicl cl to m md d to t blc.
suc totio mut b pdictd o t ti picipl of umbiguoupoliticl cotol d itlligt outc. Idi i i momt i it CMr
dicou it d gcity mo t ytig l to big tiqutd
fmo i li it mod ibiliti; my lo li to t ot of
t kutily dg tt t ciot of tt i my ld mcim
d tfo cot t o o l lo. T mility d civil l
cojoitly mut povid t tiol cuity udpiig to div t ciot
of state. Sixty ve years since independence, we need to breathe new life intot b ltioip bt t politicl picipl d t mility gt.
Dimtlig t lv of buuctic cotol my b good y to bgi.
Notes1. a committ cotitutd i July 2011 ud t cimip of M. n Cd,
fom Cbit scty, to commd fom i t tiol cuity citctu. Tcommitt ctly ubmittd it pot ic i ud coidtio by t Cbit
Committ o scuity (CCs).
2. Foig affi, Obm d hi Gl sould McCytl slut d Oby?, ttp://.foigffi.com/ticl/65662/micl-c-dc/obm-d-i-gl, ccdo 11 augut 2012.
3 Micl Dc, Civili Cotol Of T Mility : T Cgig scuity eviomt, (Jo hopi Uivity P, 1999), pp 4 5.
4. D s rvo d Judit hic stim, Iid Dfc Udtdig t Us Milityi t 21t Ctuy, (Plgv Mcmill, 2008), p. 179.
5. Ibid, pp 179 180.6. Ibid, p. 180.
7. Pt D Fv, amd svt agcy, Ovigt d Civil Mility rltio,(hvd Uivity P, 2003), p. 285.
8. Ibid, p. 282.9. eliot a Co, supm Commd soldi, sttm d Ldip i wtim,
(T F P, 2002), p. 209.10. s pfc to, Dl r hpig, T Ptgo d t Pidcy, Civil Mility
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
39/42
35
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
rltio fom FDr to Gog w Bu, (Uivity P of k, 2005), p. xii,
t uto i id by t cott mpi o t od cotol toug littu oCMr i t Usa.
11. eliot a Co, supm Commd soldi, sttm d Ldip i wtim,(T F P, 2002), p. 208.
12. Ibid, p. 209.13. Dold rumfld, ko d Uo, a Mmoi, (stil Publi, 2011), p. 432.
14. To it t lgt tt t ttm t to mt mility dtil, eliot aCo, supm Commd soldi, sttm d Ldip i wtim, (T F
P, 2002), p. 214.15. Ibid, p. 214.
16. s Yom Pi, Gl i t Cbit room ho t Mility sp Ili Policy,(Uitd stt Ititut of Pc, 2006).
17. Fo dtild ccout , ad scobll, Ci evolvig Civil Mility rltio, in Li (d.), Ci Civil Mility rltio t tfomtio of t PLa, (routldg,
2006), pp 25-39.18. You Ji, Byod symbioi : T Cgig Civil Mility rltioip ft Mo, i wg
Gugu d Zg Yogi (d.), Ci d t n Ittiol Od, Ci Policysi, (routldg, 2009), p. 120.
19. Micl C Dc, Bu d t Gl, Foig affi, My / Ju 2007.20. Fo ot vi, hr McMt, Dlictio of Duty, (hp Pil), 1997, p.
329, t uto opi tt t CMr ltioip o of dcit, it botMcnm d t Cim JCs complicit. w t Cif dvic ot coittit i o commdtio, Mcnm, it t id of t Cim JCs, lid i nsC
mtig bout t Cif vi.21. Fo ot puiv d o t ubjct Dvid hlbtm, T Bt d t
Bigtt, (Bllti Boo, 1993).22. Coli L. Poll, My amic Jouy, (rdom hou Publiig Goup, 1995), p. 148.
23. a coig to dcib t mig ovdiv o t pt of t fom Us Dfc scty,Dold rumfld, to cotol t mility it pptly dltiou coquc.
24. Fo loqut dfc of rumfld iitil ttgy (ligt, mobil foc) i Iq bold viio of joit f Tommy F, amic soldi, ( rg Boo,
2004). Fo dmig citiqu of t t og ubqutly (icludig CMr), Tom e ric, Fico, (all L, 2008). a to y d o, t ug ud t
tc of scty Dfc robt Gt d Gl Ptu ( ptip ofmutul gd d tut), od billitly Tom e ric, T Gmbl, (all
L, 2009).
25. Fo citiqu of rumfld upm buuctic io d ombody o lcditllctul cupl, ad Cocbu , rumfld : hi ri, Fll d CttopicLgcy, (scib, 2007). T Idi d ill d of ti vy o ki
Mo.26. Fo piitd dfc of i ctio, Dold rumfld, ko d Uo: a
Mmoi, (stil Publi, 2011).27. Jo Bu, 9 / 11 w, (all L, 2011), p. 269.
28. Cl a stvo, wio d Politici : Us Civil Mility rltio Ud st,(routldg, 2006), p. 3.
29. s Fd Zi, T Pot amic wold, (Pgui, 2008), p 148, tl of
Nehru turning furious merely at the sight of uniformed ofcers in the defence ministry.30. Cl a stvo, wio d Politici: Us Civil Mility rltio Ud st,(routldg, 2006), p. 164.
31. Mcubi Tom O, Us Civil Mility rltio aft 9 / 11: rgotitig tCivil-Mility Bgi, (T Cotiuum Ittiol Publiig Goup, 2011), p. 79
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
40/42
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
41/42
37
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
civil military relations in india
fo fomultig dfc policy t itltio bt tt pcptio, policy
cotit, foc tuctu d coomic liti, tc.49. s pot of T stdig Committ O Dfc (2009 10), scod actio T
Report on Unied Command For Armed Forces, composed of Honourable Members OfPlimt ptig t dipt of Idi politic d it my coudum
M. stpl Mj, M. kml kio Commdo, M. Vu Gdi, M. kly sig,M. aduddi Oii, Pof PJ kui d M. sob Bti (to m jut f). T
pot i mbl fo it uimity, iigt d pvc, poibly, bcu of tmo dict tu of itctio(foml d ifoml) bt t lgilto d t
mility, ti.50. s, Jt sig, Dfdig Idi, (Mcmill, 1999), p. 109, t uto llud to
t ltioip bt t civil buuccy d t mility combtiv, o i ict MOD bcom t picipl dtoy of t cuttig dg of t mility mol.
Ioic coidig t vy v of it i ti poibility. T od m of t ttgt blutd by t tt itlf.
51. s D. rj rm, Y of Pilgimg, (Viig, 1991), p. 99, D. rmco imil vi i i ttmt tt ll dciio good o bd xmid by
t po bo i vi of ti vtd itt.52. Pt D Fv, amd svt agcy, Ovigt d Civil Mility rltio,
(hvd Uivity P, 2003), p. 302.53. rpot Of T stdig Committ O Dfc (2009 10), scod actio T rpot
on Unied Command For Armed Forces, p. 20.54. T Idi admiittiv svic (Ias) i t dmiittiv civil vic of t Govmt
of India. Indian Administrative Service ofcers hold key positions in the Union Government,State governments and Public Sector Undertakings. Over the years, ofcers from thevic v com to domit dciio mig i t govmt icy.
55. Coli L. Poll, My amic Jouy, (rdom hou Publiig Goup, 1995). Fo fcitig ccout of o illfully t md foc v b itgtd ito t
politico-ttgic dymic, ti boo i mut d. T boo lo vl to o bydig t amd Foc ito t dciio mig dymic d ctig ititutio li
t Cim JCs, civili cotol of t mility oly icd, ot dcd. Tltt i lo t cottio of Idi o ttgic doy, M. k submym.
56. s, itvi it kio Mbubi i Idi exp, 11 Juy 2009, y,If sigpo c t up old cl ititut of ittiol tudi, t Idi c do
muc btt. h go o to quot t xmpl of t L ku Y scool, ic
got a place for itself globally (rst league) in less than four years.57. Cl a stvo, wio d Politici : Us Civil Mility rltio Ud st,
(routldg, 2006), p. 170.58. Pt D Fv, amd svt agcy, Ovigt d Civil Mility rltio, (
hvd Uivity P, 2003), p. 82.
59. eli, t lgdy Dougl Mctu d oppod v t iitil bby tp toditgtio
60. C stvo,wio d Politici: Us Civil-Mility rltio ud st, (Tylod Fci, 2006), p.165.
61. See Indian Express, 04 January 2009, Will Antony nally Revamp DRDO? The P Ramaro pot o DrDO rtuctuig tt commdd tt, t ogitio focu
o igt to t citicl tcologi of ttgic impotc d dticlly doiz t
51 lbotoi tt im to poduc vytig fom juic to moquito pllt ddtl implt, v 70% of Idi mility quimt cotiu to b impotdd Idi cotiu to poduc dud glo . Ov t y, t nuvi cocpt
of lf lic i citicl ig d ttgic , gv y to clicd logig d
7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal
42/42
38
manekshawPaPerno
.36,2012
coqut lot. Idi , lo, ot b ivitig oug of pivt cto pticiptio
d v coittly igod ibl popol to tuctu it dfc iduty fomttgic commtto li Bt kd.
62. T Bd Gy rvi Of acquiitio ld by t Biti Dfc scty,Bob aiot o 15 Octob 2009. T tudy commiiod by t Uk MoD d
udt by Bd Gy. Fo dtil, viit .mod.u63. s Gupt, Oppotuity, Md i Ci, Idi exp, 07 novmb 2009.
64. An orientation exemplied by the reported views of Mr. Pranab Mukherjee likening Indiaspoid ucl potu to pt quzd out of tub tt could ot b pud bc
i. Fo ti , Bt kd, Idi nucl Policy, (Ptgo P, 2009), p. 92.65. s C rj Mo, T Dcidig Dcd : 2010-2020 Foig Policy, Idi exp,
01 Juy 2010.66. s Dk Plit, w i hig himly, (Lc Ittiol, 1991), p. 21.
67. I 1905, t Vicoy of Idi, Lod Cuzo of kdlto, focd to ig ult of digmt it i Commd-i-Cif, Lod kitc of ktoum. wt bg
mild buuctic ffi oo cltd ito mjo po bttl, d t c of t
struggle shifted, in turn, from the narrow connes of Indian bureaucracy to the exaltedcmb of Impil dciio-mig. Fo mo dtild ccout, stp P. Co(1968), Iu, rol d Polity: T kitc- Cuzo Diput. Comptiv studi
i socity d hitoy, Cmbidg Joul, Vol 10, Iu 3, pp 337-355.68. For an interesting view on the state of training of ofcers, see Brigadier SS Chandel,
Tiig of hig Commd, Ifty Joul, augut 1988.69. T Dily Bt, Ptu nxt Bttl, ttp://.tdilybt.com/
/2011/07/17/gl-dvid-ptu-o-lvig-fgit-d-goig-to-ci.
tml , ccd o 17 Mc 2012.70. a Mility Itllctul Tditio: a mility tt i focud ot tily o t itty-gitty
of optio d tctic but i lo ggd i t lg cocptulitio of tiolcuity iu.
71. Fo oud tig of t ll i ll vi adm (rtd) au P, T IviiblM, FOrCe, Vol. 9, no. 4, Dc 2011.
72. ricd k Btt, Micl C Dc d Pt D Fv, Civili, soldi d t Iqsug Dciio, Ittiol scuity, Vol. 36, no. 3, wit 2011.
73. royl Uitd svic Ititut, Mmb Lctu T Cllg Fcig Dfcttp://.ui.og/vt/f:e4B0D16aDB75aF/ , ccd 18 Mc 2012.
74. Fo iciiv lyi of t ttu of t svic Cif d ti mgil cotibutioi dciio mig adm (rtd) au P, T Iviibl M, FOrCe, Vol. 9,
no. 4, Dc 2011.
75. Pvi sy, a C fo CDs, FOrCe, augut 2011, p. 94.76. T Ititut fo Dfc studi d aly (IDsa), bd i n Dli, i o-
pti, utoomou body ddictd to objctiv c d policy lvt tudi
o ll pct of dfc d cuity. It miio i to pomot tiol d ittiolcuity toug t gtio d dimitio of oldg o dfc d cuity-
ltd iu.77. Fo dtild d of ogoig vi, Uk mod bit .mod.u, TsO Publictio
Uk (.toop.co.u) d t rUsI wbit .ui.og78. T vi uggtd div d modld o t o cutly udy i t Uk.
Fo t uig dbt, , M Pilip, Policy Mig i Dfc d scuity Lo
fom t sDsr, T rUsI Joul, Vol. 157, no. 1, Fb - M 2012.79. ks Bjpi, Ou Gd sttgy, Idi exp, 31 Dcmb 2009.80. ngd sig, T Dfc Mcim of t Mod stt pg 430 : ai Publiig
hou 1964
Top Related