Civil military relations in India - An appraisal

7/27/2019 Civil military relations in India - An appraisal

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Manekshaw PaPer no. 36, 2012

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KW Publishers Pvt Ltd

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Centre for Land Warfare Studies

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Civil Military Relations in India


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Centre for Land Warfare Studies

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Contents

1. Itoductio 1

2. T Toticl Fmo 2

3. Globl Modl d Dbt 5

4. sti i t Idi Cotxt 14

5. rcommdtio 28


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civil military relations in india

Civil Military Relations in India

rgdl of o upio t mility vi of itutio my b, t

civili vi tump it. I ot od, civili v igt to b og.

Pt D Fv

Introduction

Vitl iu of ttcft d tiol cuity dtmid by t ptt

of ititutiol itctio bt t civil d mility compot of tio polity. T odig of civil mility ltio (CMr), tfo,

li t t t of tio cuity fmo. wil big ootd

in the rm and unambiguous political control of the military, a robust

d vibt ltioip poduc polity tt i liv to t uc of

tiol cuity d i to t u of mility po. ntio ic

dvlop t igt blc i ti ptt of CMr v gt dvtg

i ti c fo cuity, it icd liliood of cig tigt to t optiv iu of tt policy. To ic fil to

dvlop uc blc td to gt vlopd by ti, qud cc

ouc d u uclcultd i. Idi i mid i t ltt pdigm

d c t ugt d to gvitt tod t fom. T n

Cd T Foc o Dfc rfom1 ffod yt ot oppotuity

to dd t ctl iu of itgtig t md foc ito t Idi

polity, coctig tby t i it CMr dicou. It d to b

mpid tt vid i t cotxt of t bod fmo of

dfc fom tt t committ b mdtd to dd, uc

itgtio, i t mot citicl. Idi tiol cuity pptu, ic

by tuctul dig d ccompyig buuctic dio to

xclud t md foc fom it mbit, i ot oly tiqutd i tm of

it bility to dd mod dy cuity cllg, but lo lily to flt

in the eventuality of crisis . Given the edice of the proven apolitical nature

of the Indian armed forces and the rm political control that they are

ubjct to, it i tim fo t Idi cuity fmo to mov tod

mo mtu cotuct i civil d mility tlt o mlly


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tod gt tiol pupo i li it uc td i ot

mod, libl dmocci.

The Theoretical Framework

a bif fc to t volvig fmo of CMr oldid, my b

ptit i od to mu t lt of CMr i Idi. T pioig

colip i CMr, of cou, cm fom smul hutigto o mil

booThe Soldier and the State, ougt to t tio bt mility

pofiolim d libl politic. T toucto of t hutigto ti

i t cocpt of Objctiv Civili Cotol ic limit t utoity of

t mility to mtt mility but lo qui lf limitig by civilito ty out of t mility lm impmbl ly dmctig t

diviio of lbou bt t civili d t mility. I vitio to

t hutigto modl, Micl Dc pou cotuct it ti

pmbl ly optig bt politicl d d mility m

ubttil mility utoomy i t mility, tcicl d optiol

realms (how to ght wars) in return for complete subordination to civilian

control of politics and grand strategy (when, and whether, to ght them).2

T ti pmbl ly, pmit ubttil but oly xcptiol oom

fo civili itvtio i t ould omlly b t mility lm d

vic v ( v llo limitd oom fo t mility to ct politiclly).

Dc lo bliv tt t i good civili cotol civili pvil

i t vt of civili d mility pfc divgig.3

T subjctiv Cotol toy civili cotol by bluig but ot

dtoyig t ditictio bt t mility d civili lm. Moi

Joitz, ldig col ocitd it ti cool of tougt, t

t d fo mility ldip tt civili vlu4 cotol

occuig coquc of d vlu, ductio d t mility

dp of lf-tm d mol ot. I imil vi, Fuioim

d Cocodc modl cocivd to cotol t mility by odig

t diffc bt t to tditiol p d mgig ti

poibiliti.5 rbcc sciff, popot of t cocodc toy,

gu tt cooptio gid toug dilogu, ccommodtio d

d vlu mog t mility, t politicl lit d ocity ill p

t mility fom itfig i politic.6 Yt ot vit t ativ


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Civili Cotol toy, cllg t vitu of mility utoomy d

mility pofiolim, il lyig o ititutiol mcim d

civili itvtio to ggivly miti civili domic i t

cftig, pig, mgmt d implmttio of mility policy. Pt

Fv ppli t picipl gt fmo to pu t civil-mility

poblmtiqu byod t tl coup / o-coup dicotomy il plcig

it it oig-iig cotiuum tt cptu ic vitio i t

ptt of civil-mility itctio.7 hi toy tt dy-to-dy civil-

mility ltio ogoig gm of ttgic itctio i ic

civili picipl vy t ituiv of ti moitoig, d mility

gt vy ti complic it civili pfc. Fv cotdtt i pctic, CMr i muc mi t tditiol toy ould

dmit d i oft bout bgiig, moitoig d ttgic clcultio

ov t to o o i. Dtmid mility cto c d ill

xploit t of civili picipl t cucil poit d ill do o

itout lucig foml coup o pcipittig full blo cii i t

relationship. Civilian principals, however, can manipulate the costbenet

clcultio v of vy luctt mility gt, d, tu pvil if tyare sufciently determined.8 h fut opi tt oud d dmoctic

civil mility ltio qui tt civili ld ly obyd v

ty og bout t i dd fo tiol cuity. eliot

Co i fcitig tudy of t itctio of d politic, Supreme

Command : Soldiers, Statesmen and Leadershipin Wartime,fo itc, cllfo mo itimt fom of civili cotol it mility commd big

ubjctd to dilogu i ic t politicl ld cox, bully, itogt

or probe, not a course of action to be ratied with no more than formal

coidtio it ti politicl upio.9

wt i mot impott i tt il t bov toi my giv t

impio of mly big tti o mtodologi to cotol d big

omt clcitt mility to od, dtild d of v t mot

tiv modl vl tt ty dvoct t tuctuig of opitictd

fmo i t civili picipl d ti mility ld tl

ggivly v t mility vipoit i ffodd mo t dqut

pc. I tt t od cotol i dcptiv, omtim v

offiv10; itfc my b mo ppopit. eliot Co, i i boo


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Supreme Command, il xploig t itctio bt fou tim

ttm (Licol, Clmcu, Cucill d B-Guio) d ti gl

llud to complx g of bvioul ptt d motio t o

Licol xciig guil mqudig utic implicity; Clmcu

breathing deance and resolve; Churchill dazzling and exasperating with his

giu d it d B-Guio tudyig d ctoig i qul mu.11

h go o to y,

Ittigly oug, o of t m dicttd to ti ubodit.

Ty migt cox o bully, itogt o pob, but ly do

tm iuig od o ctig li gliimo. ec toltd, iddpomotd m o digd it tm, focfully. (Gl) Gt,

Foc, Boo d Ydi ot lig d did ot itt to gu

wt occud bt pidt o pim miit d gl

uqul dilogu dilogu, i tt bot id xpd ti vi

blutly, idd, omtim offivly, d ot oc but ptdly d

unequal only in that the nal authority of the civilian leader was unambiguous

d uqutiod idd, i ll c tog t t d of t itd b t t bgiig.12

I ct tim too, t ifmou Us scty of Dfc, Dold

rumfld poitd t d to ubjct i gl to v

itogtio,

I md pctic of cllgig my cllg. I td to b u popl

digig t ty tlig bout. w cllg fild

to uppot i vi, I did ot ptd to b impd. But, i my vi

no professional let alone a three or four star military ofcer, should be

itimidtd ito ilc by bo o qutio d xpct ibl

.13

eqully, il o ggig d itogtig ti gl t civili

picipl too gt c to u tt ty, tmlv, uitbly

quippd. I t od of Co,


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ec (of t ttm) xibitd mty of dtil d fcitio it

tcology. all fou gt l, o tudid it

ti o pofio d i my y mtd it ll did ti

gl.14

a if it ot oug, t ttm t to gt lgt to udco

t d fo oud mility liio toug bl mility itpt. I t

od of Co,

all t ld d to udtd t mod of tougt of ti mility

ubodit d dd illd itt to tlt ti i itodictiv, od, qut d uggtio. I t do of c of t

gures stood a military interpreter a Halleck, a Mordacq, an Ismay and

Ydi (ll pofiol oldi). Duig wold w II, admil willim

Ly vd ti ol by ctig Cif of stff to t Pidt. h d

o optiol poibiliti, o cumbom tff to mg, o li

poibiliti of y id. I fct, mility itt it oly o

cotitucy, t Pidt.15

Civili cotol of t mility i ot imply bout ubtfug o

piodic ccig of t ip, m to b t c big md out by

om commtto i Idi, but gt dl bout itlligt outc by

t civili picipl, pdictd o t dvlopmt of vy ucd t

of ill t.

Global Models and Debates

Conict between the civil and military components may not always be

miftly viibl but it i t udlyig tm co t politico-mility

itoi of tio. I tt , CMr i xquiit diput, mbody

it do, myid complxiti d uc of t ltio bt civili

d mility ldip. By y of illuttio, i t Usa, ic wold w

II, there have been seventy eight documented instances of major conicts

bt t civili d mility ldip, c it it o t of div

d coquc. T citicl diffc bt t Idi xpic

and parallels abroad, however, is that while conicts in the latter case have


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b follod by it itopctio d ubttiv fom ldig to

cott volutio of t civil mility ltioip (ov impfctly),

i t c of t fom lgly tuc i dil pdictd o t

tio, tt t ytm do ll d, tfo, mut b pvd.

Ti i cu fo om oy but lo ug oppotuity fo t n

Cd Committ to dliv, bcu if Idi do ll, it i dpit

d ot bcu of t ytm d i y c gciou ytm d to

cottly volv.

a tudy of viou globl CMr modl to up om ittig

features. In some of the pacist powers of Asia and Europe, the control over

t mility b o tgultig tt t dfc vic ti, mo li civili i uifom, ucoold d utid i d combt

d t u of foc. T ot xmpl fom amic hitoy

tog ug to t civili cotol ov t mility (Mcm

d rumfld) ld to mbig mility filu(Vitm d Iq).

T igt blc i civilmility ltio cotiu to lud dvcd

tio li t Usa, dpit t vy opitictd tuctul itumt

fo itfc d ovigt t ti dipol. Ili ot fcitig ctudy lbyiti ltioip v volvd bt Il mility

pofiol d civili politicl ld d ititutio, to p poful

Il Dfc Foc (IDF) ubjct to qully poful civili cotol,16

by t Pim Miit, t Cbit, t kt d icigly v t

supm Cout. a pott mility d obut politicl cotol ot xctly

titticl. autoiti Ci i puuig it o ditictiv til i CMr,

bld by uiqu ltioip bt t Pty, t Ctl Mility

Commiio (CMC) d t Popl Libtio amy (PLa). wil t

PLa i udoubtdly o t pt of pofiolim; it do ot m to b

dpoliticiig.17 T ltioip bt t Pty d t PLa i cgig

fom o of ymbioi to tt of itt ig, poig cut cllg.18

T tditiol poitio of politicl commi o CMr too i udgoig

titio, it ti pcptio pofiol oldi gtly xcdig

tt of pty cd. T sout ai gio too, off vigtt of bot, t

gtiv d poitiv. wil, t t o d of t pctum it off modl

of vy udibl politicitio of t mility (Pit d Bgld);

t t ot d i npl, ic to up t moot qutio of t,


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omtim, lgitimt tio by t mility i cy to pv t

professionalism of the force. Equally, it highlights the difculties of integrating

volutioy md cd it t gul mility i ucgd politicl

atmosphere. In some ways it also exemplies the coming together of the

mility, t judiciy d ctio of t politicl cl to pv t

mility to d cct i t lg cotxt of tiol itt.

aco t glob, t xit it tio bt io

mility ld d ti civili ov. accodig to Micl Dc,

t civil-mility ift duig t Vitm w div by dbt bout

t u of foc, it (coty to popul pcptio) luctt io

big pittd git i civili.19 T dciio to itv i Vitm, div lgly by t civili ldip: Pidt Jo F kdy

d Lydo Joo, scty of Dfc robt Mcnm, scty

of stt D ru d ntiol scuity advi McGog Budy.

Fom t bgiig, t io mility ldip utuitic

bout committig t Us goud foc. ev ft t civili ldip

pudd tm tt vitl tiol itt t t, t mility

ldip d iou vtio bout wigto ttgi fot goud d i . By t umm of 1967, mility dicott d

cd uc lvl tt t t Joit Cif of stff (JCs) potdly

coidd igig m.20 ev toug ti cii voidd,

many military ofcers in the USA came to believe that their unquestioning

obdic to civili ld d cotibutd to t dbcl d tt i

t futu, io mility ld ould ot quitly cquic t

civili i wigto tt ldig tm ito ttgic blud.21 Coli

Poll d i Vitm collgu (c cpti, mjo d liutt

colol od i tt ) t o f to vo tt ti tim

cm to cll t ot, ty ould ot quitly cquic i lf-td

f fo lf-bd o.22 T oudig ucc of Optio

Dt stom poibl coquc. T ubqut qugmi i

Iq, bougt bout i o mll mu by t rumfldi23 obio of

tig civili cotol, iititd ti o t uful limit of uc

cotol . T focu, of cou, o rumfld d i civili coot

i t Dptmt of Dfc (DoD) o ud t picipl of civili

cotol, to igo d ubvt oud mility dvic.


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exciv cotol could lo do t dmg of pomotig dply dividd

d upi mility ldip ic do ot v t tio itt

ll. T amic mility xpicd ti duig t Vitm d Iq

wars, while it happened to India in the build up to the Chinese conict of

1962. I amic mility cicl, t i muc cou bout o ti

pofiol coc i afgit d Iq idd ougod by

rumfld d i ocit. suc cou, ov, d to b giv

lity cc did t amic md foc mt ti o tdd

outlid i t Clil suvy of t 1970, pot Vitm? If ty didt,

ty mut t lg pt of t blm fo t dbcl i afgit d

Iq. Focu mut lo b put o t dl rumfldi obio of -ititutig civili cotol ic i tim ld to mility ivld i ttu

and spirit. As a result, in the build up to the Iraq conict,24 mogt t 950

odd t / fou t tt t amic md foc botd of, oly to

gl Ggoy nbold d eic sii ummod t coug

to xp ti pci dit git t m i ic t

big pocutd. T t (948 odd ic giv u m 0.21 pct

dissenters, reects rather poorly on the exalted military ethic) did eventuallygo log it t pl of t civili ldip. so ll ti cmig, lt,

of how professional opinion knew all along that the plans were awed is

lly ot fi. Civili ldip d CMr xpt, t old ov, mo

t ti mility coutpt d to t otttt d fo tog

ticl climt tt dicimit bt plit, goig log d picipld

pofiol oppoitio i oft t diffc bt dft d victoy.

ecougig timid mility my b good fo civili go tip, but qully,

o poo ttgic . nit i, ditcig fom mility oig t

o i t rumfldi ot of cmig, cmig d bullyig

t pudt y.

T picipl lo fom t bov ccout i tt v t mot

dvcd dmocci uc t Usa d to cotiuouly -o d

-clibt ti picipl, tuctu d tool fo civili cotol mo

sagacious choice for the ofce of Secretary of Defence than Rumsfeld for

itc,25 my v md ll t diffc to t i Iq d t Bu

pidcy.26 Ittigly, i ti itc too, ituiv civili cotol, i

t full of tim, coumd t civili picipl tmlv Dold


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rumfld ould m y fo mo pctful robt Gt, Dougl

Fit, t udcty t t Ptgo ould mov to cdm il

Pul wolfoitz t dputy dfc cty ould b idtppd to t

wold B.27

wil compig globl CMr modl it t Idi modl, p t t

volutio of t CMr poc i t Usa my lo b uful fo futu policy-

mig. I dbt iti t ttgic commuity i Idi, compio

it dvlopmt i t Usa oft d t fi O! But ot

amic. Y, lgly Idi i ot, but i om citicl y Idi i. T

Us Cotitutio fmd by m ditutful of tdig mi d y

cocttd po.28 Idi politicl ld t t d of idpdc pp, imilly ditutful of t md foc.29 Bot tio v

go ito vibt dmocci it militi tt xtmly loyl d

ubodit ititutio. T big of cg i bot couti t

civili picipl vot, lgilto d politicl ld ot pticully

ll ifomd o mility mtt (v toug i t Usa, t itutio

i dciddly btt). Yt, dpit imil cctitic d cotit of

t CMr tuctu, qutio d poc i t Usa v poducdvolutioy cg d fom , t tc cod of Idi i t

bl.

a poibl o fo t amic ucc could b tt itoiclly,

t politicl xcutiv, Cog d t md foc i t Usa , idd by

ttgic ti-t d ctio of t cdmi d mdi v coittly

ggd d tld vigoouly o ttgic d mility iu. Ov t

years, as the CMR equations acquired energy, condence and maturity, myriaddimio of t ltioip bt t civili ldip d mility

cm to t fo, pcilly i piod of t d cii. wil, i om

c, t cott t tditiol o bt t civili o o

id d t mility o t ot (fo itc, t Mcnm volutio

d t rumfld tfomtio); i my ot, t divid mly o

of id it idtiol llic of civil mility goup pittig tmlv

git c ot. It t co cultul xcg ( ditict fom

tditiol divid) tt ld to iovtiv id gttig oticd, dicud d

ercely contested before becoming accepted wisdom and, nally, leading to

tfomtiv mu. 30 Fo itc, t vi of Cog, log it


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some senior military ofcers, prevailed over the most determined opposition

of t xcutiv bc, v ov objctig mility ld (of t ttu

of G Dougl Mcatu), to itgt t mility toug pt big

mu uc t By Goldt-nicol act . T rvolutio i

Mility affi (rMa) imilly div.

aot ftu of t amic ytm i tt t Us md foc

v b o gtly puid by ti to mt (t politicl

xcutiv d t Cog) to fom tt ty v oft flt complld

to tu to o fo lif fom t ot. I Idi, t oppoit i tu

ptd tti fom t md foc to ti to civili picipl

fo cg v lgly go udd. T lo fo Idi obviou:o i, of cou, tt civili cotol i Idi i ovly tigt, it i bly

utiliti d ctily do ot iduc cg . scodly, it i oly

t CMr qutio d poc gt mo gid, vibt d co-

cultul, ill li-midd popl co t civil d mility pct b

bl to v gt iff of t d d idom fo cg. Tidly, t

tuctul tovpip tt Idi opt i, t lyd ici t

svic, t civil buuccy i t Miity of Dfc (MOD), it-miitil buucci li t Committ of scti d px

structures like the Prime Ministers Ofce (PMO) and the National Security

Coucil, c optig motly li ctum-ctoum it t politicl

cl dtcd ov, oly pptut t pcptio d t lity

of t civilmility divid. If Idi do gdut to co-pollitio d

itgt co fuctiol xpti toug t lgt d bdt of

t tuctu, it my, i t m of t amic com to litt i my citicl t divid i ot t tditiol o (civili o

o id d t mility o t ot) but oly o of id it cojoit

civilmility llic gd git c ot.

wt bout lgitimt mility dit? T ccptd cotou of

mility dit v ug idly, dpdig o t politi ivolvd,

t cuity of piciplgt ltioip d, omtim, t foc of

public opiio. CMr lyt li Do sid v tid to m clculu

of dit xplicit compot of t mility pofiol tic i

ttmpt to lg optio byod t tditiol o of blid obdic

o igtio.31 To ct piod ivolvig Gl si ricd Dtt


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d Gl stly McCytl t vlop big pud fut il

toig up vlubl lo fo ffctiv CMr mgmt.

G si ricd Dtt, Cif of Gl stff (CGs) of t Biti amy

fom augut 2006 to augut 2009, il till i vic, t public bout i

digmt it Pim Miit Godo Bo ov t oucig of t

mility miio i Iq d afgit,32 goig o f to ccu t PM

of violtig t mility covt (t bod bt tio d it mility)

il ig t obiqut of big t mot outpo Biti amy Cif

i dcd. Ioiclly, v G Dtt d public opiio o i id,

t tig of Godo Bo plummtd.33 O t ttgy i afgit,

t dli pud v fut t Pim Miit, t scty ofDfc, t sdo scty of Dfc d t CGs ud t pltfom of

t Ittiol Ititut of sttgic studi (IIss) i Lodo, to i diffig

vi o t ufoldig itutio i afgit, uggtig tby tt t

pmt of f pc d mility dit could b id, vid d

v public.34GDannatts extraordinary dissent did fulll a useful national

cuity fuctio fudig fo t Biti miio i afgit impovd

coidbly it upot i toop mol.T politicl po to GDtt cg of violtio of t mility covt lo b gciou

d quict covt i o i t poc of big id i l

ft om uful xcg bt t PM Dvid Cmo d t royl

Biti Lgio ptig t md foc commuity.35 T covt ill

pply to ll t vic d i xpctd to t out igt to ltc,

ouig d ductio fo t fmili of t md foc pol,

icludig doublig of tx lif. T royl Biti Lgio, ic b

itumtl i puig t poc toug, id tt t oucmt

marked a historic breakthrough and would benet servicemen and their

fmili fo gtio to com.36 T Dicto Gl of royl Biti

Lgio, Ci simpi, obvd: Ti i impiv pcg of uppot,

but v mo impiv i t ivocbl lgcy of t lt gttig t

picipl of t md foc covt itt ito l.37

Gl stly McCytl (Commd, Ittiol scuity

aitc Foc (IsaF) d Commd, U.s. Foc i afgit

(UsFOr-a) fom Ju 15, 2009, to Ju 23, 2010) vy public pticiptio

i t Obm dmiittio itl dbt bout it afgit ttgy


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drew multiple reactions. Gen McChrystal rst waded into the strategy debate

it t ld mt of t itutio i afgit (commdig tt

t ttgy b iftd to popultio cuity it dditiol commitmt

of bout 40,000 toop). Lt, i dd t t IIss i Lodo, t o

to dub Vic Pidt Jo Bid ttgy of cuttig Us lo d pocutig

t cmpig uig Pdto d cui miil ti otigtd. Ti

pd off vigoou dbt, il iig i of qutio: w t

Gl puig t Pidt i public to dopt i ttgy d, tu,

plily violtig t picipl of civili cotol?sould t Gl v b

mo ucd i i ppoc to ti itiv mtt? w too blut d

impolitic? w t l dlibt, pt of octtd ttgy toudcut oppoitio to t popod ug? sould mility dvic dd

in condence, be leaked for political ends? And if that is justiable, can you

t bt t gl fo goig public it t ould v idlly b

dvic up t ci of commd? Giv t fct tt t Gl dd t

t IIss d pio politicl clc (duig t dd fud to

pitt qutio o t ug, citig t pdig Pidtil dciio),

could b fultd fo givig i pofiol vi o t cout toimttgy imply bcu i , by implictio, td t Vic Pidt

vi? w ot t o o btig t Gl fo big upfot, t vy

popl o d citicid gl fo ot big vocl oug o rumfld

pl fo t ivio of Iq?38 h ot t Us dmiittio, i t pt ud

opd pic by Gl i pp (Gl Ptu pic o t

pog t Iqi cuity foc mig, i t wigto Pot of 26

sptmb 2004 fo itc) to jutify policy dciio?39 so t ti

bou bout McCytl goig public ll bout? Did ll ti ttmout

to bu of mility pofiolim fo pti politicl pupo? hd G

McCytl vi b admiittio fidly, ould ot v b

quoted ad innitum, with nobody even bothering about the public nature of

i dvic? I t vt of pofiol diffc dvlopig, do ot t

vild tt of Gl goig public xt ubtl pu o t politici

to b ccommodtiv of ti vi, tu, futig t cu of tiol

cuity?

T vibt dbt bougt to t fo t my complxiti, uc

d iftig dli i t lgitimcy of mility dit. Dpit t ppt


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dicod, it my ot b i to pfuctoily dimi t dbt ty

do v ubttiv vlu.wt my p off mly mility dit i of

imm vlu i t tt t iu d t multipl uc tt gt

to up, lp i povidig iigt i bidgig t civil-mility divid.

T McCytl g did ot d t livd of commd i

afgit i Ju 2010, ft t rollig sto mgzi, quotd im

d i ubodit dipgig io civili ld. T piod

otittdig, amic Dfc scty robt Gt ttdd i

fll cmoy d pid m tibut to im podigiou tlt d

o of amic gtt io.spig t t cmoy, McCytl

imlf td tt t mipcptio tt xit bout im o i tffould ultimtly b coctd.40Coctd ty i apil 2011,

ivitd bc to public vic by t Obm dmiittio to lp

oversee a high-prole iititiv i uppot of mility fmili clld Joiig

Foc, to coug compi, cool, piltopic d ligiou goup

ll locl commuiti to cogi t uuul t tt i dud

by fmili of ctiv-duty pol, vit d vt d to tiv

to mt ti d. soo, t Ptgo oucd tt iquiy by tDefence Department Inspector General into the magazine prole d cld

t gl, i mility id d civili dvi of y og doig i

t rollig sto piod. G McCytl dmptio oc gi vl

t gcity, iciiv, poiv d mtuity of t poc i t

Usa.

In western countries, the views of the top military ofcial on national

cuity mtt lcomd. T pc of Biti Cif of Dfc stff

(CDs) t t royl Uitd svic Ititut (rUsI) i Dc 2011 i xpiv

i it p it ly foig policy d dfc cllg oud t

old fom t euo zo cii, t ab ig, titio i amic

foig policy, dvlopmt i I t l; it d li, a stt Of T Uio

add. I Idi, t Cif of amy stff (COas) oly to tt i

vi o Pit o m fc to ttd cpbility d om otd

joulit d ttgic ffi lyt, cy foul. T ldig Idi dili

li t Idi exp pott v loud, fig to t Cif loo

co. a mdi d t lg polity too cgy bout mility dit i

Idi?41


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Stasis in the Indian Context

T o outtdig ucc of CMr i t Idi cotxt i tt vt

d mility tov, v toug t i o vidc to uggt tt

t v iou tt. altoug, tt fty fom coup i

dly dqut mu of lty civil-mility ltio.42 I y c,

lc of coup (o t tt of t m) i f too lo b fo libl

public foudd o t picipl of t ul of l.43If o to mov

t diptic of ucc, tfo, byod t coup o o coup dbt, CMr

i Idi ould ot v my ucc to bot of. I fct, muc tt i

mi i Idi tiol cuity fmo tody, could b ttibutd

civilmility ltioipic fild to go d mtu i tp itt d of mod-dy cuity cllg. T ultt dioc

vly impid t to d to of Idi tiol cuity dicou,

dvly impct ot oly t lg iu of d pc but lo t

strategic decision-making process, nuclear strategy, war ghting capabilities,

covtiol optiol di, log tm dfc & optiol plig,

pocumt poc, mol, d um ouc mgmt i t

dfc vic.T umblig d iitt i t dy-to-dy bui poc v ld

to piodic uptio of cl bt t civili d mility ldip,

vidt i t Viu Bgt piod d t cotovy ov t sixt

Py Commiio omli. ev toug t fo ttd vt cquid

ot uvouy ovto, i c, t vt igligt t d fo

t icluivity d itgtio of t dfc vic iti t dciio

making polity. For a while after the Bhagwat episode and the Kargil conict,t idpd xpcttio i t Idi ttgic commuity tt t

MOD d ocitd fom ould b ud i it pd. ev toug

om cg md, t cg lbit oly comtic t

ctl iu of itgtig t md foc it t civili fmo, till

mi uddd.44 Pgmtit ugig, cocutly, v ld to igd

ccptc fom t foc, it t vic ig to o oud t

obtcl, t t oig collctivly it t civili utoiti to

tuctu d dimtl t p i t xitig fmo. ev

dilogu bo do tim-d-gi d ptd ugig to tuctu

d fom v fll o df , fl quilibium m to v b


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cd. Ti fl quilibium i pticully dgou bcu bt t

ll-i-ll public potu, li mippio, d zlou gudig of o

ttd poitio d tuf.45

a cti mout of tio bt t picipl (t politicl cl) d

t gt (t mility) i ivitbl; ctiv tio, vidt i civil-mility

disputes across the globe, may even be helpful in rening existing structures

d po. wt ditot t ltioip i t Idi cotxt, i t

ugily ol t civil buuccy ply i i t civil-mility ltioip.

The systemic aw has been alluded to most recently by the former COAS

G Vk sig o, il tig tt t ot igl diffc

bt im d t dfc miit,46 td tt t ytm ol ot poiv.47 Uig civili cotol lv, t buuccy

ogtd to itlf ggtu ol o tt i ootd it i pvlt

toi o i t my modl tt i pctic oud t glob.

The resultant skew has given llip to a bureaucratic system which seeks to

xci cotol ov t mility by ioltig oldi fom ti politicl

mt toug lyd lbyit.48 I ccut, toug omt

colouful dciptio of t ytm, ppicciou nid C Cudui ocobvd tt, t buuccy i Idi, fo it o dvtg, plcd

the military rmly in a cage; leaving the latter to fret, fume and ap their

ig git t b of tt cg. suc diptio go git t

gi of t mod cuity dymic, ic do ot pmit t luxuy of

lboiou itfc bt Idi glip d t politicl cl toug

opcilit buuccy. It i lo miom, if ot dlibt cd,

that Indias political leadership is neither sufciently interested nor informed

to dl dictly it t mility, cittig tby, tt t buuccy

pfom tt ol, by poxy.49

The rst step to restore equilibrium in the civil military relationship will

b to coct t pvlt ditotio by cotiig t civil buuccy

d libtig t md foc fom t clutc of buuctic cotol. a

p tblid tt d globl pctic, il t civili picipl my

vt politicl ld, lgiltiv ovigt d v t lctot ( t

ultimt civili picipl it obligtio to pui t lctd civili

ld if ty do ot mg t mility poibly d pupofully); t

civil buuccy v cocivd picipl i ti qutio (t ol


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raj shukla

tt it ogtd fo itlf i Idi) but li t mility, mly, gt

to xcut t i of t politicl picipl. Mo obly it could b

vitl moitoig mcim, lbit, pt of multidicipliy, itgtd

hierarchy and not as a standalone efdom.

T did icicl tuctu, tfo, mut ly b totid:

multipl picipl i t top ti it t mility d civili buuccy

gt poibl to t multipl picipl i t bottom ti d ot

ttid, i ptly t c, it t politicl picipl i t top

ti, t buuctic picipl i t cod ti d t mility gt t

t bottom of t pit. Civili ivtd t mility, cotctig it it, to

potct ocity fom mi bcu libty mut b dfdd it it vytiti: cocio d mility foc. Cocutly, cotol mcim

d to b dvid o tt t mility do ot tt civil ocity itlf.

eqully, t mcim if llod ubidld po, cqui iidiou

pupo d t mility itumt o to dft t vy io

dt fo i ctio. It m littl to pitigly d iduouly

build a military organization and combat ethic in the rst place and then

pocd to tmpl it vy ititutiol tgt it ly d ly ofbuuccy.50

I yt ot tvty of Fv o-i fmo, t

i i t Idi cotxt my ot b t uul upct, t mility, but

t civil buuccy ic tlld ll ttmpt t fom, v t mot

ubttiv commdtio of t kgil rvi Committ d t Goup

of Miit (GoM) o ntiol scuity rfom, mly itgtio of t

MoD.51 Ctl to t CMr dymic i Idi i t qutio of cotiig

buuccy ic cotiu to t lofty picipl (of civili cotol of

t mility) to ptty pupo ( lf pvtio), bcu, Pt Fv

gu, pioity fo obv of civil mility ltio mut b ffot

to old civili ccoutbl it t m o gt vigou it ic

mility gt ld ccoutbl.52

Idi lo d to tit, i t m of mod dfc ytm (i

67 couti co t politicl pct, mot otbly t Usa d Uk) to

itgtd tuctu fo mility mgmt. Mod cuity cllg

dmd politico mility fmo , i politicl ld

ti mility cig qutio (toug poc of dict d obut


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manekshawPaPerno

.36,2012


itfc), il big qully poiv to ti d. T i lo t

d to dd t itgtio imp it fi pvlt

and deciencies must be addressed squarely. The integrated structures that

to put i plc mut b fi, quitbl d o of umbug. It

opd, t ctio of t Cif of Dfc stff (CDs) d Itgtd

Dfc stff (IDs)ould itgt t md foc it t govmtl

dciio mig poc, il lo itgtig t t vic mogt

tmlv. wil t fom b put i om id of limbo, ll id

of ttmpt big md to u toug it t ltt. Mil,

t piodic pot doig t oud gdig popol to lvt

the Defence Secretary to Principal Secretary, defence citing difculties ofcooditio i t MoD. Ti toy coobotd by admil au

P (rtd), il itig i t Idi exp of 27 augut 2007.

eoou fc md to imil cg vig b md i

t Uk MoD, il igoig t ttdt lity tt i t Uk, uc

cg pcdd by log poc of MoD itgtio d fom. I t

UK, for example, a unied MoD with the three service ministries assimilated

ud igl scty of stt fo Dfc ctd y bc i 1964.The Heseltine Reforms of 1985 rened the process further by developing

t modl of, Itgtd hici it policy mig cocttd i t

MoD hdqut i.. mility d civili tff oig togt [logou

to Dicto i t nvl hdqut (nhQ) potig to Joit

scty (Js) (nvy) o i tu pot to t Vic Cif of nvl stff

(VCns)]. Idi, to, lo, v bfo itlf t amic modl t

scty of Dfc (Dfc Miit) i dvid by Mility aitt d Civili aitt, bot it qul cc d utoity, tu, povidig t

cy blc i dvic d ppctiv i mtt of tiol cuity.

T citicl poit, i tt cotol ov miitil tim, outi cc d

le process is equalised and more evenly balanced between civilian and

military ofcers. In the Indian context, while there is no denying the fact

tt t civili buuccy i t MoD, dd by t Dfc scty,

i vitl lmt i t ig mgmt of dfc, comp it

does the wider ambit of defence functions defence nance, Research and

Dvlopmt (r&D), dfc poductio mog ot fuctio, t

i lo o cpig t fct tt by clv poitioig d mipultio of


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raj shukla

the rules of business and le processes, the power equation in the MoD

i gtly d i fvou of t civili buuccy. Tt by itlf i ot

gt dit, but t ultt ult i t politicl ldip

civig uboptiml d tiltd buuctic dvic, it dv cuity

repercussions. If the decision making polity is so congured that the military

dimio i ot dqutly itgtd d pcilit mility dciio

t by glit buuccy o it blf, it i oly tul tt t

qulity of to dciio ill lc i mility obut.

wt i big itd tody, ov, i pcily t oppoit t

glit to i t Idi MoD i icig xpotilly if t cquiitio

poc ot fuctioig ll, put i plc DG acquiitio fom tIdi admiittiv svic (Ias); if t i toubl it ex svicm

wlf scty lvl pot fo t Ias i ctd; to optimiz mgmt

of ministerial time addition of a Joint Secretary level ofcer from the IAS

t plc. Fo vy toubl i t MoD, t toubl ootig bui i

pd oto t buuct, o v limitd o o oldg of dfc,

T ddl go i tp it t poblm v outcom cotiu to

lud t dciio-m i Idi. Cott ti it t dg of co-pollitio i t cquiitio poc i t Biti MoD fo itc

how the armed forces drive processes as part of both: capability denition

poc d dlivy ogitio. Dputy Cif of Dfc stff Cpbility

is responsible for capability denition, spelling out the customer requirement

d budgt cotol of t gd quipmt pl d t d of t

Dfc equipmt suppot ( Des) i poibl to tlt t cutom

quimt ito vibl m d quipmt upply. T to ppoitmttogt lp i tgtig t cutom uppli ltioip i t

UK MOD. The heads of both the arms, capability denition and equipment

upply DCDs Cpbility o ly do pitiol objctiv d Des

who trades off practical concerns are three star ofcers from the three

vic. ad o i t ov of cquiitio poc? a pofo

from Cambridge, Bernard Gray, who rst drafted a widely acclaimed report

o dfc cquiitio fom d lt iductd ito t miity to

ov t implmttio of t fom poc.

T ct fom iititiv i t Uk: cquiitio fom, t t foc

o t md foc covt d t ogoig dfc fom big


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td by idpdt pofiol, cdmic, copot d ttgic

po of t mic of Bd Gy, Pofo h stc d

Lod Lv. Idi d to cogi tt pcilitio d co-pollitio

i t Miity of Dfc i impott, iu ltd to dfc d

muc pcilitio do y of t coomic miiti. I mtt of

tiol cuity, it i impott to v pcilid udtdig of t

iu d complxiti ivolvd tt oly mid coold i t y, d

d to of t mility c povid (eliot Co cocpt of mility

liio d itpt). Tody, t coomic miiti td by

dyd i ool coomit o glit buuct o ov t y v

pcilid i coomic mtt; imilly i t MoD, t glit tomut giv y to pcilit o. Oc t tp t, pcilit

tmopic ill bgi to pvil, d tu givig motivtio fo glit

buuct to pcili. It lo d to b vy cl tt, itgtio d

joitmip i muc bout politiclmility itgtio t t px,

ll dict d obut itfc bt t mility d t politicl

leadership, as it is about combat and functional efciencies in the eld. If

you are shut out at the top, you cannot be efcient at the bottom. Thefom mut pcd o t lt ccompy t ltt. It i i ti cotxt

tt t ppoitmt of Cif of Dfc stff (CDs) t picipl

mility dvi to t politicl ldip i citicl. If t policy-m i

Idi to tuctu civil-mility ltio it oty d gcity i

ic, t politicl ldip il oig it t ititutiol uppot

of both the CDS and the Defence Secretary, benets from the right kind of

optiol d dmiittiv policy dvic d iput (pofiol milityacumen tempered by generalist bureaucratic advice), incremental benets to

Idi tiol cuity ill ccu. Icd pttio of uifomd

pol i t MoD t mid d io lvl, it vi to bl gt

cooditio bt t civil d dfc vic i ptip bft

of competition for primacy as also to allow the political leadership to benet

fom cojoit mility d buuctic iput, i til.

T logic of ititutiol pfomc of t Idi md foc

mut b lo coidd.If, ft 62 y of idpdc, t Idi md

foc idly pcivd to b t tio mot tutd ititutio,

d fo pfomc d upio tc cod mut b fotcomig


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raj shukla

by y of gt icluivity i t dciio-mig poc, pcilly

it com to mtt of tiol cuity. T i lo d fo t Idi

polity to go out of it obio of pig t Idi md foc i

pculi limbo. Fo mtu polity, cu i it libl tditio, it do

m culi, v littl puil, tt it mility b o lgtd to t

fig of dciio mig.T dfc vic gud d fougt fo t

tblimt of t ntiol scuity Coucil (nsC) t px icy of

t tiol cuity buuccy, tody, ov, i tm of t ntiol

scuity advi d t to Dputy ntiol scuity advi fom

mmb of t Idi Polic, admiittiv o Foig svic; t amd

Foc, ov tgly ud-ptd. T md foc, tpicipl told i tiol cuity ould b icludd i t px

dciio-mig body uc t nsC. Fom m implmttio, t

vic d to gdut to big ctiv pticipt i dtmitio of

tiol cuity polici.

I t Usa, 80 pct of itlligc d tiol cuity pot,

including internal security, are held by service ofcers of the armed forces;

lmot vy tid ntiol scuity advio i fom t mility. Of ttty igt dicto of t Ctl Itlligc agcy (CIa), igt v

b fom t mility. I t Uk, dvio to t Biti govmt o

toim v b fom admil uc admil (rtd) si al

wt. Coli Poll, t Vitm w vt, mility itt

to t Dputy scti of Dfc, sio Mility aitt to

scty Dfc d ntiol scuity advi v bfo bcomig

Commd-i-Cif, Us amy Foc Commd (C-i-C FOrsCOM)d tft Cim Joit Cif of stff.55Vt affi i Usa

i t d of fom Gl eic sii. Idi tiol cuity

buuccy d ugicl coctio: it d to gdut to modl

bd o copollitio, dig o t collctiv tgt of t

buuccy, t md foc, cdmi, t ttgic commuity d

multi-fctd pofiol; l d l of t civil buuccy (bcu

ty ldy v dipopotiot of ppoitmt) tu uig

ogiztiol d policy blc. suc ytm, it diffud po, ill

lo l Idi dciio-m itiol obio it tuf d udg

Idi tod gt poductivity.


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Idi ipitiol glid pt to got d popity i lid it

cllg coomic, iftuctul, ocitl, ociopoliticl d o tt

impig o it tiol cuity. Idi coomic fom, oov ltig,

v cquid cti ivibility. T pu of lctol politic

ill m u tt t ocil iquiti gt ddd, oov loly;

d t dymic of t mtplc ill imilly m u tt Idi

iftuctul fom cotiu. T of tiol cuity, ov,

il poitd it qul cllg, i t bc of imil div (mt

foc, lctol pu) td to lp ito comfot zo ldig to ub-

optiml tuctu d pfomc.

a vibt CMr poc ill lp to pu, pod d cjol Idi out oft ictivity of dfc fom. Citicl to uc poc i t ol of t

ttgic commuity d t volumiou but utppd tlt tt li outid

the government, even as government ofcials complain of lack of useful inputs.

Ofcial cussedness has led to a kind of strategic brain drain with reputed

ttgic commtto d lyt uc aly Tlli, Fd Zi, C

rj Mo, kti Bjpi, rj Bu, sumit Gguly, h Pt d sw

kpu, to m oly f, pd i ti-t d uiviti bod,with the Indian government and think-tanks nding no place for them.T

pvlt itutio, i om y, i tobctothe stiing environs of

the licencepermit raj when much of Indias entrepreneurial, scientic and

bui tlt bod util liblitio got it bc. w d ttgic

liblitio (opig up of ttgic poitio i govmt d i ti

t to cocultul tlt), to ttct uc tlt bc.a good plc to

bgi i t ttgic ti-t i Idi, ic ould op up px poitioto t ttgic commuity d cdmi, d v t cut td of

ti t bcomig sarkari (govmt) otbd. It i oly if t ti-

t o t y, c ty t xmpl fo t govmt. It ould

lo b mtt of om coc fo Idi tt t mgig globl ub fo

ttgic tudi ould b t t s rjtm scool of Ittiol studi

i sigpo d ot i Idi,56 that a country with no signicant security

threats should nd the energy, time and resources to facilitate the growth of

uc ititutio of xcllc, il ti-t i Idi ( couty it

f gt tt d cllg) ould b ltivly moibud. sould

ot ti-t i Idi lo bcom puiv div of cg? aft ll


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raj shukla

mogt t mo pomit cto i t pu fo itgtio i t Usa

ti t li t hudo Ititut d t hitg Foudtio.57

sic t CMr qutio i Idi ot vibt oug, pcilly i tm

of t cy cocultul itfc, Idi cdmic it

ipid, o quippd to ivtigt co mility iu it t cy

igou d dpt; o my citicl iu, tfo, t i vy oft oly,

a supercial scraping of the surface, with little understanding of the deeper

uc.

T itgtio dbt i Idi i c i poit. Mot dicuio i

Idi bout itgtio td to volv oud t iu of CDs, t

coqutil po tt my ccu to t md foc d t ocitditvic ivli. wil t CDs, if d t poitio com bout,

ill b vlubl top do div, i t ogoig dbt it i oft t

d ig, if ot t fl dbt. T l iu i t itgtio of t

mility i t dciio mig dymic t t top d t ll t y to t

bottom. T Us, ft ll, d Pmt Cim Joit Cif of stff

[PCJCs] ic t 1950. T tuig poit i t itgtio toy, ov,

t By Goldt & nicol act of t 1980, ic divby two factors. One of course, was the April 1980 Desert One asco in

I, ttmptd cu optio t oibly og du to lc

of ititutiol itfc d ot impl idquci li commuictio

fquci mog t t vic ot mtcig. T ot t

critical realisation that the benets of integration would far exceed the utility

of perpetuating interservice rivalry as a re alarm in the CMR process. 58

hc t act div by bot, civili d mility mid, cu i

ti CMr ltioip, d impod ov t oppoitio of om of t

mot poful voic scty Dfc Cp wibg, scty

nvy Jo Lm d om of t mot poful admil i t Ptgo

o id imgiy f ov t -mgc of t Pui Gl

stff.59 T Cif of nvl stff (CnO), admil Jm wti, out of

all agreements, simply ew into a rage and said You know this legislation

i o bd it i imply u-amic.60 But oc t ct cm bout, it

ud tt optiolly mpod Cim JCs, ot oly bougt

to politicomility dciio mig tog optiol dymic, but lo

lpd i movig lot co t mility tblimt, ultig i uc


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outtdig mility ucc uc Optio Dt stom, eduig

Fdom d Iqi fdom. ev i t Idi cotxt, dfc itgtio

ill b imil to t libliztio momt i ou coomic tjctoy,

Indias entrepreneurial talent came alive once after the stiing economic

cotol i p-liblid Idi do y it. T itgtiv

energies will never quite ow to the soldier /sailor / airman in the eld,

ul fomtoy tp t to itgt t md foc i t px

dciiomig. If Idi do ot itgt, it ill v b bl to fully

exploit the benets of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), and the space

d opc volutio. Ti i t mo ubttiv iu d ot t

juvenile fear and blatant implausibility about whether a ve star CDS (in anyc tt i ot t t au sig T Foc popod ot vit

vilbl) ill u mbitio bout coup. Idi ldip d to

iouly itopct. To div t cg poc, Idi d mo d

mo cdmic d pcilit i div domi mility itoy, mility

ociology, mility ffctiv, mility cpbility d mility di

c oc by itlf, itig to b itllctully xplod d dictd.

w d to ct tlt pool of m of t clib of Micl C Dc,ricd h ko, Lc J kob, ricd k Btt, amd him, Mti

Cvld, Micl hdl, Buc Ctto, Jo kg, ri Boo, stp

Biddl, D rit d t li, civili o udtd t mility btt

pp t my mility m tmlv; yt ivtigt it i dpt, bfo

pocdig to b it.

T CMr qutio lo uff fom t idqucy of ttgic vigil. T

idqucy bcom glig cottd it Idi upitdcof coomic iu. I couty t i d fll i vy pctg

point of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth or ination is

lyd tdb d vy micocoomic dtil i xmid bfo

poouc mcocoomic judgmt, it i mtt of gt upi

tt Idi dfc xpditu plummt to 1.9 pct, git

recommendations of successive nance commissions that India spend 3

percent and even against the somewhat consensual gure of 2.6 percent,

t mtt dot gt t tttio dd. som ti-t lp

o t i o, toug poc of covolutd mtmtic, v go o

to coclud tt t vg dfc pdig i jut igt. suc ttitud


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pp littl cllou, pcilly Idi biggt igbou Ci i

i t midt of t mot miv mility moditio i t itoy of

mid. Ti i lgly, bcu t dbt o Idi dfc ppd

jut ot dp, ifomd d piot it coomic dbt.

ad o t toy go o it com to t Idi dfc iduty,

Idi cotiu to idulg i cototd logig but i lo xcucitigly

lo it com to coldgig domtic idquci.61

Idi lo lc t pcic to t ot of t cgig tu of

global debates trends in conicts and defence acquisition processes and

tfo t mility, buuccy d t id ttgic commuity fil

to big tm to t otic of t politicl mt. I t Uk, fo itc, committ dd by multi-fctd gtlm (mdi pofiol,

bui ld d ttgic lyt), Bd Gy, ctly cm up it

pot tt pig fom i cquiitio, commdig tt

t litmotif cg fom obiv pocdu d pobity to o of timly

optiol dlivc.62 T pot b ubttilly ccptd by t

Biti govmt d Bd Gy lo b d to ov it

implmttio. Idi m to b immu to it impct d ctl mg,d t civili buuccy cotiu to f t politici f it gd

to nancial scandals. If India doesnt take the necessary steps to ensure

timly moditio i vly pd out m, Idi ill b fcd it

t poibl popct it it md foc ill ot b ppd fo

cllg ty mg, l Idi ill u to m ty puc

in the manner of the Kargil conict, in near desperation thus exposing

itlf to mipultio by m , o it ill d up otig to fzid

moditio to m up fo t lot y, tu ippig up dl

yti, i cutly t c it Ci.63 ec of t cio, m

littl o o ttgic . a i vidt fom t Biti xpic, il

t d fo pobity i gt, t d fo optiol dlivc i gt.

Iciiv dmocci li Idi d to t ot. But fo tt to pp,

rst the vigorous, informed debate must occur, but unfortunately it does

ot, bcu t viou compot of t civilmility dymic ot

sufciently energised.

T m i ic libl d covtiv tic juxtpod

i t Idi civil ocity d politicl pctum lo big o it


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CMr div. Coty to om pcptio, t mility i ot compod

tily of i -mog o v to it covtiv lig;

t mility tic, tid bot, t libl d covtiv divid. T

military ethic, however, does play a signicant role in building a robust

ttgic outloo. It dvoct fo itc, focud cpcity buildig tt ill

either deter war in the rst place, or, at the very least, ensure the utilitarian

u of foc, i t vt tt pc i bcd. I t Usa, o of t

reasons why the armed forces play such a dening role, is because of the

tgt of ti pttio i t Cog d t Cbit. I Idi,

uc pttio i copicuou by it bc. w compoudd by

imil lc of pttio i t lm of buuctic policy-mig,t mg ttgic ldcp t tiol cuity dciio-

mig lc t quid ttgic, optiol d mility dymic. It

v tlt ito didi fo t lt of itumt of foc

omt ucy bud.64 Ti my i pt xpli y v

ytm tt i t od of C rj Mo i c of potto, ubl to

build od to dfd it bod d icpbl of v oppig fo po

it pottilly dltiou coquc.65

Idi d to itopct: tlibl tditio mut bcom t foudig glu fo obut tiol cuity

citctu d ot impdimt.

wt bout t mility itlf? I it bov poc? Ctily ot. ho

do we place the role of the military, especially its ofcer cadre in perspective?

I t iitil y ft idpdc, t Idi PM Jll nu too

a dim view of the militarys ofcer cadre as one that was shallow, westernized,

Bitipig poduct of t Biti rj lcig omt i itllctul

cpciti.66 ev it cm to mility lgd li G kM Cipp

d G ks Timyy, il ty m of outtdig itgity,

moral bre and other qualities that the military profession demanded, in the

itllctul domi, t gl vi tt t Gl did ot quit

mtc up to Pim Miit nu ttu. T Pim Miit vd,

tfo, tod civili buuct fom t foig d civil vic,

to ly o impott policy mtt, tu ctig void ito ic t

buuccy dug dp. nu d i cotmpoi lo pp

excessively inuenced by the unseemly clash between Viceroy Curzon

d CommdiCif kitc t t tu of t ctuy, cl


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fom ic t mility gid cotitutiol cdcy.67 a umb of

ucy mu coqutly t to dogd t mility

t t imilt it ito t mciy of govmt. Ov t y,

t clly btio o bcom ititutiolid ytm

of buuctic cotol. T v b piod toug dit

of polity, m li G sm M, v idd ougod ov

t ytm to pupoful ffct. Ot ttmpt li tt of G Timyy

d admil Viu Bgt, did ot quit uccd. som li G BC

Joi imply did ot liv log oug il pottil tfom li Lt

G sk si do i by buuctic cicy. T i, of cou,

the valid critique that military ofcers simply do not think, read and writeoug. w v ot quit d rupt smit o Toy Zii cppig ti

pofiol c it mility mtpic li The Utility Of Force The

Art Of War In The Modern World d The Battle For Peace pctivly. T

ytm ould toug dicl ovul of it tuctu d poc

coug t itllctul tditio,68 tt poduc oldi of t ttu of

G Dvid Ptu, om t amic Dfc scty robt Gt

coldgd o mo occio t o oldittm.69

That should be the aspirational ideal of the Indian military ofcer cadre

itout i y y ubtctig fom t bdoc of optiol dlivc,

ethical and other regimental virtues that dene the Indian military tradition.

wil cocptuliig t mility itllctul tditio,70 cvt my b

i od. will t t of t ytm, mily t civil buuccy, b bl

to ittd t vigou tt uc itllctul tditio ill big to t

tbl? aft ll t lt tim uc gtlm G kimy sudji

(ombody o, by my ccout, m imply d of i tim)

t t lm, t ytm quit out of it dpt i podig to im.

ad, ltly, t i mot oyig bout t lt of t mility gt, i

t viibl dcli i t mility tic d t ppt buuctiztio of

the military, with some ofcers making peace with the powerful bureaucracy

d gttig ubumd by it byzti y.

A word about the CMR interface in the eld of diplomacy. Lgly du

to Idi goig coomic po, youtful dmogpic d v om

ctiv diplomcy, t globl pcptio of Idi bgu to cg. It i o

log locl po i sout ai tid do by it pil ivly


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to Pit. I t mgig blc of po, Idi occupi bot, ttgic

locl lo poitio of covtd pimcy. T fomot cllg i t

y to com ill b t idom d gcity it ic Idi ppoc

it o ivitbl i to po. T doit it ic Idi m it

itumt of foc d diplomcy, ill b t fomot cllg fo Idi

ttcft.

a itgtd politico-mility-buuctic diptio tt udtd

d i dpt i t u d pplictio of foc i ctl to uc tpi.

Idi policy-m mut bgi to t dvt of migful mility

diplomcy ot to jcboot oud t gio, but y to polic Idi

vitl itt i viou co of t glob toug big but pcipo pojctio cpbility. hd po could lo b ucd uitbly

fo oft pupo d dft politico mility igllig. wt i dd i

illig to itgt midt d tuctu. a op-d i t Idi

exp o 11 July 2011, by G VP Mli d ait Muj ugig dfc

fom, cid logid ot pic by Il Pti ugig coomic

fom, pomptig compio i uc d ubtc. wil Il Pti

md puiv c fo fudmtl lgl, govc d ititutiolfom if Idi to uti ig got, ait d t Gl, cy

picd o t iu of CDs il poig t toicl qutio, Do

d Cif of Dfc stff? Idi ctily do, povidd t ctio

of t CDs i ootd i bod, mo fudmtl dfc fom. Jut

Il gud tt il fom by tlt good oug to ul

Idi got toy, but ty idqut to uti it. similly, t CDs

by itlf ill b of littl u ul dfc fom pcgd i moubttiv fmo. If Idi i iou bout t ltt, it dot d t

n Cd Committ to udg it; t dciio-m mly d

to dut t kgil Committ rpot d t ubqut GoM rpot d

implmt ti to mot fudmtl commdtio: MoD Itgtio,

t til p-cuo to ic tt t poc, d t ppoitmt of

CDs, t logicl coolly, i tt od. hvig do o, t committ

could dd ot mgig domi i t tiol cuity dymic t

larger issues of war and peace, strategic decision making, nuclear war ghting,

cyb cuity / f, t globl commo, foc pcgig, pocumt

fom, t l. Ctig CDs i ti tdlo m, ill ot v


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poduc fom by tlt tt t coomic fom of 1990 bougt

bout. T CDs dbt, ov, i uful i tt it igit t dbt o

t itgtio imp il focuig yt gi o t d to itgt t

viou ply i t tiol cuity citctu. wt, y d i ic

m do Idi d to itgt i t y qutio. simply put, Idi

d to itgt t civil d mility compot of it tiol cuity

pptu o to mximi tiol cuity outcom. T CDs tt Idi

d i o o ill ot oly itgt t oig of t t vic,

but mo impottly, o o, duly oitd t picipl mility dvio

ill povid t politicl gt PM d t rM it mility lly o

miityid, opocil ppoc, puttig d to t tivil,civilmility tu of diput tt cutly ccti t MoD. Tt

ill pp oly t CDs tt Idi ct i o ootd i bod,

mo ubttiv cg i t MoD, dicud.

Recommendations

It i quit ppt tt i t fc of mod cuity cllg d i

t ligt of t id ittiol xpic, Idi CMr fmo ivily d i fvou of t civili buuccy. If t dfc vic,

t y ply i t tiol cuity mtix, xcludd fom t

dciio-mig poc, t dicou i boud to b toubld. sic t

dfc vic v mjo t, ty ould lo v lgitimt y i

mtt of tiol cuity. T i clly d fo t CMr dicou

to mov tod mo cu ltioip, pmid o poximt d

dict politicl cotol of t mility git t cut mcim of

buuctic cotol. Buuctic cotol i ot tl dbt om

ould v, but t gim lity i Dli lo t picipl odbloc i

t CMr dicou, t d fo oot d bc fom i omtig tt

ppicciou politicl cl c o log y y fom.71 Icluivity to b

t div, ldig to itgtd d vibt tuctul mcim i

div tlt d fom dipt ubcultu o logid d t

t tiol cuity dicou tod gt pupo. adoptio of

itgtd ytm itlf, ill to up tul cc d blc, obvitig

i t full of tim, t vy d fo cotol. suc itgtio, ov,

ill occu oly if t i fudmtl cg i t CMr dicou by


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lloig t mility gt pticiptio i policy dtmitio bd o

the principle of equal dialogue and unequal authority, with the nal authority

lyig uqutiobly i fvou of t politicl picipl.72

It i opd tt t n Cd Committ lood t t iu,

in depth, and addressed three major inrmities in the CMR discourse. One,

civili cotol of t mility pupot umbiguou politicl cotol d ot

buuctic cotol. T ug d go ditotio tt v cpt ito t

Idi ytm o ccout of t ltt, d to b coctd ugiclly d

it diptc. To, t dicou mut mov tod f gt icluivity

of t md foc, cdmic, domi xpt, coultt d copot

tlt, il limitig coyim totl domitio of t cuitypoc d px poitio i t tiol cuity tuctu by t Idi

admiittiv svic d t Idi Foig svic. T, politiclity

mut ot b llod to bcom t v to otci t md foc,

T i d fo t civili lit d mility to gg obutly, toug

mod dmoctic mcim d tuctu. T folloig fcilittoy

tp my b iititd igt y.

l Itgtio of t MoD to b udt fotit t tilpcuo fo fom. advic dd to t dfc miit mut

be integrated, based on a single le system, with ministerial time and

access being shared equally by the service and civil ofcials. Independent

coultt mut lo b bougt i to div citicl poc uc

cquiitio. T d to itgt i ot mly obio of t

dfc vic i Idi but t d of t ou. smpl t si Bill

Jffy, t Biti Pmt Ud scty(PUs) t t Uk MoD

(t miity top buuct) d to y, duig i dd t rUsI i

December 2009, on the benets of integration and the need to take the

poc v fut,

I ccly d to m t poit t rUsI, but o of t tig

tt i ot idly udtood outid t dfc commuity i

tt, compd it mot Dfc Dptmt ittiolly,

operate an extraordinarily integrated model. The Head Ofce of the

MoD combi t fuctio of Dptmt of stt d ttgic

mility dqut. T Cif of Dfc stff (CDs) o md


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i o vy pofoud lctu d I v difft ol: i

to ld t amd Foc, povid ttgic commd fo dployd

optio, d povid Miit it mility dvic; mi to b

Head of Department, Accounting Ofcer, to lead the civil servants,

d to dvi o policy, jut my oppoit umb do l

i witll. But i my clot collgu, d t vy lvl i t

MoD o cout imil ltioip. Dfc dpd o tm.

at ti bt, ty mutully uppotiv, d t ol ffct of t

mility d civili combid, i gt dl mo t t um of t

pt.73

India has not as yet taken even the rst baby step towards integration

(omtig t Biti did f bc 1964). Idi i ligt y y

from the issue that the UK PUS highlights, that of rening integration

fut by y of btt ol-clity d ccoutbility fo t difft

actors involved in the CMR process. Only if we jump the rst hurdle will

gt to t cod. T n Cd committ mut povid t

citicl pigbod Idi imply cot ffod to t y mo timit dfc fom. a ubttiv mdmt to t alloctio of

Bui rul mut lo b udt, fotit, o to itgt t

vic it t px tuctu of t Govmt of Idi fom ti

cut poitio of ublt outli.74

l hvig itgtd t MoD d oly t, mut Pmt

Cim Joit Cif of stff (PCJCs) b ppoitd t Picipl

Mility advi to t govmt. T PCJCs ( fou t), co

from amongst the serving Single Service Chiefs with a xed four year

tu, ill b y ttgic ply d bidg bt t ttgic

d optiol lvl. a t Pim Miit picipl mility

dvi, ill b i t policymig loop of ll tiol cuity

ogiztio li t nsC d miiti cocd it cuity

like home, external affairs and nance.75 T PCJCs d t Cif

of Itgtd stff Committ (CIsC) togt, my b tutd

it t poibility of divig t poc of joitmip, tt of

dvlopig clo oig ltioip mog t t vic d

the development of joint capabilities especially in the eld of cyber


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f d Itlligc, suvillc d rcoic (Isr). at

some point in the future, India may even upgrade this position to a ve

t CDs, it fou t Vic Cif of Dfc stff (VCDs) (CIsC

citd), to div joit d ttgic poc.

l Concurrently, India must move towards signicantly enhanced cross-

pollination in the Prime Ministers Ofce (PMO) and the National Security

Coucil (nsC), it muc id pttio fo t mility. Util

now only IPS and IFS ofcers have held the position of the National

scuity advi, myb it i tim fo t govmt to p o t

baton to a military ofcer. One of the Deputy National Security Advisers,

ould, i y c, ly b fom t dfc vic. T pcticof vig Liutt Gl o quivlt Mility advi, i t

NSC, because only secretary level ofcers can hold the appointment

of Dputy ntiol scuity advio i clv buuctic u tt

ould ot fool t politicl cl. T y dtmit mut b xpti

d comptc d ot clicl otio of quivlc if t civil

services so deem t they may offer only Secretary level ofcers for the

pot, i o f t Dfc svic cocd, y LiuttGl o quivlt ould b ligibl, domi xpti d pol

comptc big t clicig citio.

l T ttgic commuity mut b gid it vi to dvlop

domi pcilti, coug dp dbt d u cott

ttgic vigil. Idi mut mov fom sarkari otbd ppoc to o

bd o co-fuctiol xpti. It my b good gtu to ivit

od ttgic ffi xpt, of t clib of C rj Mo,

amitb Mttoo, sumit Gguly o Moj Joi to d t Ititut

fo Dfc studi d aly (IDsa).76 I Uk, ttgic ti d

idpdt coultt big bougt i to div poc i t

MoD. I Idi c, ty big pt ot oly out of MoD but lo

out of ttgic ti-t . T n Cd Committ ill do

ll to dd t omly.

l witi t MoD, utoity, poibility d ccoutbility mut

b compivly vid. at t px lvl, Dfc Bod

coitig of t Dfc Miit, t Miit of stt fo Dfc,

Idpdt Coultt, t CDs / PCJCs d t Dfc scty


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my b cotitutd to povid ttgic dictio d dtmi t

dfc quimt. Cocutly, ubttil dlgtio of po

d utoity to svic Cif mut t plc ty mut b md

tily poibl fo optiol pl d quipmt, lbit it

precise budgetary backing as also the authority to ex their budgets.

hvig b llod gt cotol of ti lloctd budgt t

svic Cif mut div cpbility plig d dtmi t bt

blc bt mpo, tiig, quipmt d uppot, tc, tt

dd to dliv t dfc quimt.

l Idi c o log ffod to cotiu it idolt oll itout

iciiv uvy of t dg d oppotuiti i it cuity pt. Tpoc of fod plig mut b ubjctd to f gt igou.

T fi tt it i ot i t Idi to to cy out uc plig

i lzy, lf vig ubbi d mut b bdod. Idi my li to

t ipitio fom t ogoig cuig i t Uk dfc d do

lii.77 a ntiol scuity sttgy rvi, sttgic Dfc d

scuity rvi d Dfc rvi,78 i tt coologicl od but

it t xp pupo of o complmtig t ot, it cllyucitd mit, mut b iititd fotit if t tio cuity

is to move from accidity to greater strategic purpose. These reviews

ill lp Idi ct ubl d po cpbility tt povid vibl

ttgic optio i cii itutio. suc optio my ot dliv vy

tim but ty ill oft oug. It ill lo c t cdibility of

Idi ttgic tit cfully co lttiv d ot

focd coic.79

m National Security Strategy Review (NSSR): suc vi

mut lp tc ol of govmt ppoc to cuity, il

cllgig lgcy umptio bout t tu of t cuity

viomt compig tt fom t immdit to t

ditt toim, covtiol tt fom Idi dvi

i t igbouood, t popct of dtbiliig i

places that matter to India, the possible loss of political inuence

i gio fom Idi ouc it gy, t popct of

mility comptitio, t mgig tt of tt-o-tt cyb

ttc, t m i ic Idi ould dd tt d


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oppotuiti i t globl commo, t fct tt t c o

log b ditictio bt om d bod t d to

itgt xtl d itl tt i ml fbic om

of the issues that the proposed NSSR must address. Having dened

t tt d xplod t y to mg i, t nssr mut

to li t ol d miio of t md foc to t

govmt id foig d cuity policy d lp dduc

t gd-ttgic d mility-ttgic tt of plig d

dictio. I um, t nssr mut ty d tbli t cotou of

t volvig ttgic cotxt.

m Strategic Defence and Security Review(SDSR): T sDsr,ft dig fom t nssr, mut ttmpt to t t poc

fut d iv t t pci cpbiliti Idi d to ivt i,

i od to u ffctiv dlivy of tiol cuity policy. suc

vi mut to big dfc policy, pl, commitmt d

co govmtl ouc ito blc, il idtifyig t

cpbiliti t tio ould ivt i t futu.

m Defence Review: T Dfc rvi mut focu o tmgmt, tuctu, ogitio, poc d o cultu

in the MoD with the specic purpose of delivering the precise

cpbiliti outlid i t sDsr. T m ill til pdigm ift

fom buuccy to mpomt d dictio. ky dciio

m (svic Cif /Vic Cif) mut b mpod to t

dciio, llod gt dictio to m t dciio il

big ld poibl d to ccout fo ti dciio bot fo

t coic ty m d t coic ty df. accoutbility

fo t coct of coic md mut b dtmid ot by

t tgt of poc but by t vibility of outcom. To b

poply ccoutbl, o lo d t po to ct, tfo,

ccoutbility mut b mtcd it commut dciio-mig

po.

m Acquisition Reform: rfom cquiitio poc d t dfc

iduty, i ccodc it globl td, oud mgmt

pctic d pgmtic coic uc lf-lic i ttgic ig

d , vibl domtic iduty bd o it tgt,


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pivt cto pticiptio d Foig Dict Ivtmt (FDI)

lo globl off-t-lf puc til d fibl, mut

form the edice of our approach.

Ititutiol quity, ic i t picipl gumt of ti pp, ill pv

t y fo gt ttgic cuity. I doig o, t civilmility ltioip

i Idi ill lo gdut fom ifcy to dolcc. all t y, t

dtcmt of t politicl cl giv t buuccy cy iggl

oom to pu t mility to t fig of dciio-mig. It i icumbt,

tfo, o t m politicl cl to m md d to t blc.

suc totio mut b pdictd o t ti picipl of umbiguoupoliticl cotol d itlligt outc. Idi i i momt i it CMr

dicou it d gcity mo t ytig l to big tiqutd

fmo i li it mod ibiliti; my lo li to t ot of

t kutily dg tt t ciot of tt i my ld mcim

d tfo cot t o o l lo. T mility d civil l

cojoitly mut povid t tiol cuity udpiig to div t ciot

of state. Sixty ve years since independence, we need to breathe new life intot b ltioip bt t politicl picipl d t mility gt.

Dimtlig t lv of buuctic cotol my b good y to bgi.

Notes1. a committ cotitutd i July 2011 ud t cimip of M. n Cd,

fom Cbit scty, to commd fom i t tiol cuity citctu. Tcommitt ctly ubmittd it pot ic i ud coidtio by t Cbit

Committ o scuity (CCs).

2. Foig affi, Obm d hi Gl sould McCytl slut d Oby?, ttp://.foigffi.com/ticl/65662/micl-c-dc/obm-d-i-gl, ccdo 11 augut 2012.

3 Micl Dc, Civili Cotol Of T Mility : T Cgig scuity eviomt, (Jo hopi Uivity P, 1999), pp 4 5.

4. D s rvo d Judit hic stim, Iid Dfc Udtdig t Us Milityi t 21t Ctuy, (Plgv Mcmill, 2008), p. 179.

5. Ibid, pp 179 180.6. Ibid, p. 180.

7. Pt D Fv, amd svt agcy, Ovigt d Civil Mility rltio,(hvd Uivity P, 2003), p. 285.

8. Ibid, p. 282.9. eliot a Co, supm Commd soldi, sttm d Ldip i wtim,

(T F P, 2002), p. 209.10. s pfc to, Dl r hpig, T Ptgo d t Pidcy, Civil Mility


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rltio fom FDr to Gog w Bu, (Uivity P of k, 2005), p. xii,

t uto i id by t cott mpi o t od cotol toug littu oCMr i t Usa.

11. eliot a Co, supm Commd soldi, sttm d Ldip i wtim,(T F P, 2002), p. 208.

12. Ibid, p. 209.13. Dold rumfld, ko d Uo, a Mmoi, (stil Publi, 2011), p. 432.

14. To it t lgt tt t ttm t to mt mility dtil, eliot aCo, supm Commd soldi, sttm d Ldip i wtim, (T F

P, 2002), p. 214.15. Ibid, p. 214.

16. s Yom Pi, Gl i t Cbit room ho t Mility sp Ili Policy,(Uitd stt Ititut of Pc, 2006).

17. Fo dtild ccout , ad scobll, Ci evolvig Civil Mility rltio, in Li (d.), Ci Civil Mility rltio t tfomtio of t PLa, (routldg,

2006), pp 25-39.18. You Ji, Byod symbioi : T Cgig Civil Mility rltioip ft Mo, i wg

Gugu d Zg Yogi (d.), Ci d t n Ittiol Od, Ci Policysi, (routldg, 2009), p. 120.

19. Micl C Dc, Bu d t Gl, Foig affi, My / Ju 2007.20. Fo ot vi, hr McMt, Dlictio of Duty, (hp Pil), 1997, p.

329, t uto opi tt t CMr ltioip o of dcit, it botMcnm d t Cim JCs complicit. w t Cif dvic ot coittit i o commdtio, Mcnm, it t id of t Cim JCs, lid i nsC

mtig bout t Cif vi.21. Fo ot puiv d o t ubjct Dvid hlbtm, T Bt d t

Bigtt, (Bllti Boo, 1993).22. Coli L. Poll, My amic Jouy, (rdom hou Publiig Goup, 1995), p. 148.

23. a coig to dcib t mig ovdiv o t pt of t fom Us Dfc scty,Dold rumfld, to cotol t mility it pptly dltiou coquc.

24. Fo loqut dfc of rumfld iitil ttgy (ligt, mobil foc) i Iq bold viio of joit f Tommy F, amic soldi, ( rg Boo,

2004). Fo dmig citiqu of t t og ubqutly (icludig CMr), Tom e ric, Fico, (all L, 2008). a to y d o, t ug ud t

tc of scty Dfc robt Gt d Gl Ptu ( ptip ofmutul gd d tut), od billitly Tom e ric, T Gmbl, (all

L, 2009).

25. Fo citiqu of rumfld upm buuctic io d ombody o lcditllctul cupl, ad Cocbu , rumfld : hi ri, Fll d CttopicLgcy, (scib, 2007). T Idi d ill d of ti vy o ki

Mo.26. Fo piitd dfc of i ctio, Dold rumfld, ko d Uo: a

Mmoi, (stil Publi, 2011).27. Jo Bu, 9 / 11 w, (all L, 2011), p. 269.

28. Cl a stvo, wio d Politici : Us Civil Mility rltio Ud st,(routldg, 2006), p. 3.

29. s Fd Zi, T Pot amic wold, (Pgui, 2008), p 148, tl of

Nehru turning furious merely at the sight of uniformed ofcers in the defence ministry.30. Cl a stvo, wio d Politici: Us Civil Mility rltio Ud st,(routldg, 2006), p. 164.

31. Mcubi Tom O, Us Civil Mility rltio aft 9 / 11: rgotitig tCivil-Mility Bgi, (T Cotiuum Ittiol Publiig Goup, 2011), p. 79


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fo fomultig dfc policy t itltio bt tt pcptio, policy

cotit, foc tuctu d coomic liti, tc.49. s pot of T stdig Committ O Dfc (2009 10), scod actio T

Report on Unied Command For Armed Forces, composed of Honourable Members OfPlimt ptig t dipt of Idi politic d it my coudum

M. stpl Mj, M. kml kio Commdo, M. Vu Gdi, M. kly sig,M. aduddi Oii, Pof PJ kui d M. sob Bti (to m jut f). T

pot i mbl fo it uimity, iigt d pvc, poibly, bcu of tmo dict tu of itctio(foml d ifoml) bt t lgilto d t

mility, ti.50. s, Jt sig, Dfdig Idi, (Mcmill, 1999), p. 109, t uto llud to

t ltioip bt t civil buuccy d t mility combtiv, o i ict MOD bcom t picipl dtoy of t cuttig dg of t mility mol.

Ioic coidig t vy v of it i ti poibility. T od m of t ttgt blutd by t tt itlf.

51. s D. rj rm, Y of Pilgimg, (Viig, 1991), p. 99, D. rmco imil vi i i ttmt tt ll dciio good o bd xmid by

t po bo i vi of ti vtd itt.52. Pt D Fv, amd svt agcy, Ovigt d Civil Mility rltio,

(hvd Uivity P, 2003), p. 302.53. rpot Of T stdig Committ O Dfc (2009 10), scod actio T rpot

on Unied Command For Armed Forces, p. 20.54. T Idi admiittiv svic (Ias) i t dmiittiv civil vic of t Govmt

of India. Indian Administrative Service ofcers hold key positions in the Union Government,State governments and Public Sector Undertakings. Over the years, ofcers from thevic v com to domit dciio mig i t govmt icy.

55. Coli L. Poll, My amic Jouy, (rdom hou Publiig Goup, 1995). Fo fcitig ccout of o illfully t md foc v b itgtd ito t

politico-ttgic dymic, ti boo i mut d. T boo lo vl to o bydig t amd Foc ito t dciio mig dymic d ctig ititutio li

t Cim JCs, civili cotol of t mility oly icd, ot dcd. Tltt i lo t cottio of Idi o ttgic doy, M. k submym.

56. s, itvi it kio Mbubi i Idi exp, 11 Juy 2009, y,If sigpo c t up old cl ititut of ittiol tudi, t Idi c do

muc btt. h go o to quot t xmpl of t L ku Y scool, ic

got a place for itself globally (rst league) in less than four years.57. Cl a stvo, wio d Politici : Us Civil Mility rltio Ud st,

(routldg, 2006), p. 170.58. Pt D Fv, amd svt agcy, Ovigt d Civil Mility rltio, (

hvd Uivity P, 2003), p. 82.

59. eli, t lgdy Dougl Mctu d oppod v t iitil bby tp toditgtio

60. C stvo,wio d Politici: Us Civil-Mility rltio ud st, (Tylod Fci, 2006), p.165.

61. See Indian Express, 04 January 2009, Will Antony nally Revamp DRDO? The P Ramaro pot o DrDO rtuctuig tt commdd tt, t ogitio focu

o igt to t citicl tcologi of ttgic impotc d dticlly doiz t

51 lbotoi tt im to poduc vytig fom juic to moquito pllt ddtl implt, v 70% of Idi mility quimt cotiu to b impotdd Idi cotiu to poduc dud glo . Ov t y, t nuvi cocpt

of lf lic i citicl ig d ttgic , gv y to clicd logig d


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coqut lot. Idi , lo, ot b ivitig oug of pivt cto pticiptio

d v coittly igod ibl popol to tuctu it dfc iduty fomttgic commtto li Bt kd.

62. T Bd Gy rvi Of acquiitio ld by t Biti Dfc scty,Bob aiot o 15 Octob 2009. T tudy commiiod by t Uk MoD d

udt by Bd Gy. Fo dtil, viit .mod.u63. s Gupt, Oppotuity, Md i Ci, Idi exp, 07 novmb 2009.

64. An orientation exemplied by the reported views of Mr. Pranab Mukherjee likening Indiaspoid ucl potu to pt quzd out of tub tt could ot b pud bc

i. Fo ti , Bt kd, Idi nucl Policy, (Ptgo P, 2009), p. 92.65. s C rj Mo, T Dcidig Dcd : 2010-2020 Foig Policy, Idi exp,

01 Juy 2010.66. s Dk Plit, w i hig himly, (Lc Ittiol, 1991), p. 21.

67. I 1905, t Vicoy of Idi, Lod Cuzo of kdlto, focd to ig ult of digmt it i Commd-i-Cif, Lod kitc of ktoum. wt bg

mild buuctic ffi oo cltd ito mjo po bttl, d t c of t

struggle shifted, in turn, from the narrow connes of Indian bureaucracy to the exaltedcmb of Impil dciio-mig. Fo mo dtild ccout, stp P. Co(1968), Iu, rol d Polity: T kitc- Cuzo Diput. Comptiv studi

i socity d hitoy, Cmbidg Joul, Vol 10, Iu 3, pp 337-355.68. For an interesting view on the state of training of ofcers, see Brigadier SS Chandel,

Tiig of hig Commd, Ifty Joul, augut 1988.69. T Dily Bt, Ptu nxt Bttl, ttp://.tdilybt.com/

/2011/07/17/gl-dvid-ptu-o-lvig-fgit-d-goig-to-ci.

tml , ccd o 17 Mc 2012.70. a Mility Itllctul Tditio: a mility tt i focud ot tily o t itty-gitty

of optio d tctic but i lo ggd i t lg cocptulitio of tiolcuity iu.

71. Fo oud tig of t ll i ll vi adm (rtd) au P, T IviiblM, FOrCe, Vol. 9, no. 4, Dc 2011.

72. ricd k Btt, Micl C Dc d Pt D Fv, Civili, soldi d t Iqsug Dciio, Ittiol scuity, Vol. 36, no. 3, wit 2011.

73. royl Uitd svic Ititut, Mmb Lctu T Cllg Fcig Dfcttp://.ui.og/vt/f:e4B0D16aDB75aF/ , ccd 18 Mc 2012.

74. Fo iciiv lyi of t ttu of t svic Cif d ti mgil cotibutioi dciio mig adm (rtd) au P, T Iviibl M, FOrCe, Vol. 9,

no. 4, Dc 2011.

75. Pvi sy, a C fo CDs, FOrCe, augut 2011, p. 94.76. T Ititut fo Dfc studi d aly (IDsa), bd i n Dli, i o-

pti, utoomou body ddictd to objctiv c d policy lvt tudi

o ll pct of dfc d cuity. It miio i to pomot tiol d ittiolcuity toug t gtio d dimitio of oldg o dfc d cuity-

ltd iu.77. Fo dtild d of ogoig vi, Uk mod bit .mod.u, TsO Publictio

Uk (.toop.co.u) d t rUsI wbit .ui.og78. T vi uggtd div d modld o t o cutly udy i t Uk.

Fo t uig dbt, , M Pilip, Policy Mig i Dfc d scuity Lo

fom t sDsr, T rUsI Joul, Vol. 157, no. 1, Fb - M 2012.79. ks Bjpi, Ou Gd sttgy, Idi exp, 31 Dcmb 2009.80. ngd sig, T Dfc Mcim of t Mod stt pg 430 : ai Publiig

hou 1964

Civil military relations in India - An appraisal

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