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Acceptance Testing. Facility capacity testing at the time a project is expected to reach design capacity. Thetiming in which this takes place varies by type of facility. Acceptance testing may occur shortly after start-up
of a process unit, 6 to 12 months on building or mechanical trains, or 2 to 3 years for a paper mill.
Addition (Add-on). - A new addition that ties in to an existing facility, often intended to expand capacity.
Synonym: Expansion.
Alliance Partner. A participant in a long-term association with a non-affiliated organization, used to furtherthe common interests of the members. The continued association is based upon mutual trust and the
satisfactory performance of each participant, and the alliance as a whole, rather than a pure contractual
obligation.
Automation/Integration (AI) Technology. The Automation and Integration Technology practice addresses
the degree of automation/level of use and integration of automated systems for predefined tasks/workfunctions common to most projects.
Bar Coding. The use of automatic identification technology by labeling, identifying, and controlling items,
materials, and equipment through the use of bar codes. A bar code can be defined as a self contained messagewith information encoded in the widths of bars and spaces in a printed pattern.
Change. A change is any event that results in a modification of the project work, schedule or cost. Owners
and designers frequently initiate changes during design development to reflect changes in project scope or
preferences for equipment and materials other than those originally specified. Contractors often initiate
changes when interferences are encountered, when designs are found to be not constructable, or other design
errors are found.
Change Management. Change Management is the process of incorporating a balanced change culture of
recognition, planning and evaluation of project changes in an organization to effectively manage project
changes.
Constructability. Constructability is the effective and timely integration of construction knowledge into the
conceptual planning, design, construction and field operations of a project to achieve the overall project
objectives in the best possible time and accuracy, at the most cost-effective levels.
Contingency. All costs in contingency accounts including but not limited to normal contingency, allowances,reserves, indirect costs for schedule contingency, escalation, etc.
Cost of Land. The cost of land includes the purchase price of the land obtained for project use. It does not
include the cost of preparing the land for use, such as soil remediation, demolition of existing structures, sitepreparation, etc.
Cost of Quality Management. The sum of those costs associated with quality deviation prevention and
appraisal activities. Examples include: Quality System/Program Development Personnel Qualification Testing Formal Design Check/Review On/Off-Site Inspection
Direct Cost of Field Rework. The sum of those costs associated with actual performance of tasks involved inrework. Examples include:
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Labor Materials Equipment Supervisory personnel Associated overhead cost
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). EDI is a technology that permits the direct computer-to-computer
exchange of data in a standard format. Data is transmitted in a standard industry format, checked for error,
and imported directly into the receiving computer system without re-keying.
Expansion. - A new addition that ties in to an existing facility, often intended to expand capacity. Synonym:Addition.
Grass Roots (Green Field). A new facility from the foundations and up. A project requiring demolition of an
existing facility before new construction begins is also classified as grass roots.
Integrated Database. An integrated database is a concept of organizing, storing, and managing all electronic
data relating to a project in such a fashion that data is entered and stored once and then accessed and utilizedby multiple users and applications. The users may include those involved with facility planning, design,
procurement, construction, plant operations, and suppliers.
Materials Management. Materials management is an integrated process for planning and controlling allnecessary efforts to make certain that the quality and quantity of materials and equipment are appropriately
specified in a timely manner, are obtained at a reasonable cost, and are available when needed. The materials
management systems combine and integrate the takeoff, vendor evaluation, purchasing, expediting,
warehousing, distribution, and disposing of materials functions.
Mechanical Completion. The point in time when a plant is capable of being operated although some trim,insulation, and painting may still be needed. This occurs after completion of precommissioning. In some
industries, mechanical completion may have the same general meaning as beneficial occupancy.
Modernization. A facility for which a substantial amount of the equipment, structure, or other components isreplaced or modified, and which may expand capacity and/or improve the process or facility. Synonyms:Renovation, Upgrade.
Modularization. Modularization refers to the use of offsite construction. For the purposes of thebenchmarking data, modularization includes all work that represents substantial offsite construction and
assembly of components and areas of the finished project. Examples that would fall within this categorization
include:
Skid assemblies of equipment and instrumentation that naturally ship to the site in one piece, andrequire minimal on-site reassembly.
Super-skids of assemblies of components that typically represent substantial portions of the plant,intended to be installed in a building.
Prefabricated modules comprising both industrial plant components and architecturally finishedenclosures.
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Modularization does not include offsite fabrication of components. Examples of work that would be excluded
from the definition of modularization include:
Fabrication of the component pieces of a structural framework Fabrication of piping spool-pieces
Planning for Startup. Startup is the transitional phase between plant construction completion and commercial
operations, including all of the activities that bridge these two phases. Planning for Startup consists of a
sequence of activities that begins during requirements definition and extends through initial operations.
Pre-Project Planning. Pre-Project Planning involves the process of developing sufficient strategic
information that owners can address risk and decide to commit resources to maximize the chance for a
successful project. Pre-project planning includes putting together the project team, selecting technology,
selecting project site, developing project scope, and developing project alternatives. Pre-project planning is
often perceived as synonymous with front-end loading, front-end planning, feasibility analysis, andconceptual planning.
Project Budget at Authorization to Proceed. This is the estimated cost for your companys portion of theproject at authorization to proceed. If your contract had cost changes before authorization to proceed, then
these changes should be included in the project budget. Do not include estimated costs for change orders
received during project execution. .
Project Development Changes. Changes required to execute the original scope of work or obtain original
process basis. Examples include:
Unforeseen site conditions that require a change in design / construction methods Changes required due to errors and omissions Acceleration Change in owner preferences Additional equipment or processes required to obtain original planned throughput Operability or maintainability changes
Project Change Management. Practices related to the management and control of both scope changes and
project changes.
P&IDs (Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams). Schematic diagrams which show the layout andrelationship of piping and instrumentation.
Quality Management. Quality Management incorporates all activities conducted to improve the efficiency,contract compliance and cost effectiveness of design, engineering, procurement, QA/QC, construction, and
start-up elements of construction projects.
Renovation. A facility for which a substantial amount of the equipment, structure, or other components is
replaced or modified, and which may expand capacity and/or improve the process or facility. Synonyms:Modernization, Upgrade.
Scope Changes. Changes in the base scope of work or process basis. Examples include:
Feedstock change Changed site location
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Changed throughput Addition of unrelated scope
Team Building. Team Building is a project-focused process that builds and develops shared goals,interdependence, trust and commitment, and accountability among team members and that seeks to improve
team members problem-solving skills.
Total Actual Project Cost. This is the total actual cost of all work performed by your company, including
costs attributable to work added or deducted by change orders.
Turnaround/Shutdown/Outage . The period during which a boiler, generating unit, transmission line, orother facility is shutdown and unable to perform its normal operations. The shutdown of a facility including
for maintenance, inspection, testing, regulatory changes, or, in some cases, for refuelling is known as a
planned shutdown. Turnaround is interchangeable with shutdown or outage depending on industry groups.
Upgrade. A facility for which a substantial amount of the equipment, structure, or other components isreplaced or modified, and which may expand capacity and/or improve the process or facility. Synonyms:
Modernization, Renovation.
Zero Accidents. Zero accident techniques include the site specific safety programs and implementation,
auditing and incentive efforts to create a project environment and a level of training that embraces the mind
set that all accidents are preventable and that zero accidents is an obtainable goal.
3D CAD modeling. Computer aided drafting system that provides three-dimensional views for checkingphysical interferences in addition to providing two and three dimensional drafting capabilities.
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Project Phase Table
Project Phase Start/Stop Typical Activities & Products Typical Cost Elements
Pre-Project Planning
Typical Participants:
Owner Personnel Planning Consultants
Constructability Consultant
Alliance / Partner
Start: Defined Business Need
that requires facilities
Stop: Total Project Budget
Authorized
Options Analysis
Life-cycle Cost Analysis
Project Execution Plan
Appropriation Submittal Pkg P&IDs and Site Layout
Project Scoping
Procurement Plan Arch. Rendering
Owner Planning Team PersonnelExpenses
Consultant Fees & Expenses
Environmental Permitting Costs Project Manager / Construction
Manager Fees
Licensor Costs
Detail Design
Typical Participants:
Owner Personnel
Design Contractor
Constructability Expert Alliance / Partner
Start: Design Basis
Stop: Release of all approved
drawings and specs for
construction (or last package
for fast-track)
Drawing & spec preparation Bill of material preparation
Procurement Status Sequence of operations
Technical Review
Definitive Cost Estimate
Owner Project ManagementPersonnel
Designer Fees Project Manager / Construction
Manager Fees
Demolition / Abatement
(see note below)
Typical Participants:
Owner Personnel
General Contractor Demolition Contractor
Remediation / AbatementContractor
Start: Mobilization for
demolition
Stop: Completion of demolition
Remove existing facility or
portion of facility to allow
construction or renovation toproceed
Perform cleanup or abatement /
remediation
Owner Project Management
Personnel
Project Manager / ConstructionManager Fees
General Contractor and/or Demolition
Specialist Charges Abatement / Remediation Contractor
Charges
Note: The demolition / abatement phase should be reported when the demolition / abatement work is a separate schedule activity (potentially
paralleling the design and procurement phases) in preparation for new construction. Do not report the demolition / abatement phase if the
work is integral with modernization or addition activities.
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Project Phase Table (Cont.)
Project Phase Start/Stop Typical Activities & Products Typical Cost Elements
Procurement
Typical Participants:
Owner personnel Design Contractor Alliance / Partner
Start: Procurement Plan for
Engineered Equipment
Stop: All engineered
equipment has been
delivered to site
Vendor Qualification
Vendor Inquiries Bid Analysis Purchasing Expediting Engineered Equipment
Transportation Vendor QA/QC
Owner project management personnel
Project Manager / ConstructionManager fees
Procurement & Expediting personnel Engineered Equipment Transportation
Shop QA / QC
Construction
Typical Participants:
Owner personnel
Design Contractor(Inspection)
Construction Contractor and
its subcontractors
Start: Beginning of continuous
substantial construction
activityStop: Mechanical Completion
Set up trailers
Site preparation
Procurement of bulks Issue Subcontracts
Construction plan forMethods/Sequencing
Build Facility & Install
Engineered Equipment
Complete Punchlist Demobilize construction
equipment
Warehousing
Owner project management personnel
Project Manager / Construction
Manager fees
Building permits
Inspection QA/QC Construction labor, equipment &
supplies
Bulk materials Construction equipment Contractor management personnel Warranties
Start-up / Commissioning
Note: Does not usually apply toinfrastructure or building type
projects
Typical Participants:
Owner personnel Design Contractor
Construction Contractor
Training Consultant Equipment Vendors
Start:Mechanical Completion
Stop: Custody transfer touser/operator (steady state
operation)
Testing Systems
Training Operators Documenting Results Introduce Feedstocks and
obtain first Product
Hand-off to user/operator
Operating System Functional Facility
Warranty Work
Owner project management personnel
Project Manager / ConstructionManager fees
Consultant fees & expenses
Operator training expenses
Wasted feedstocks
Vendor fees
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PDRI (Project Definition Rating Index) Buildings
SECTION I: BASIS OF PROJECT DECISION
A. BUSINESS STRATEGY
A1. Building Use
Identify and list building uses or functions. These may include uses such as:
Retail
Institutional
Instructional
Medical
Storage
Food service
Recreational
Research
Multimedia
Office
Light manufacturing
A description of other options which could also meet the facility need should be defined. (As an example, was
renovating existing space rather than building new space considered?) A listing of current facilities that will
be vacated due to the new project should be produced.
A2. Business Justification
Identify driving forces for the project and specify what is most important from the viewpoint of the owner
including both needs and expectations. Address items such as:
Need date
Target consumers Building utilization justification
Possible competitors
Level of amenities
Location
Sales or rental levels Market capacity
Use flexibility
Number of lessons/occupant types
Support new business initiatives Facility replacement/consolidation
A3. Business Plan
A project strategy should be developed that supports the business justification in relation to the following
items:
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Funding availability
Cost and financing
Schedule milestones (including known deadlines)
Types and sources of project funds
Related/resulting projects
A4. Economic Analysis
An economic model should be developed to determine the viability of the venture. The model should
acknowledge uncertainty and outline the boundaries of the analysis. It should acknowledge items such as:
Design life
Building ownership
Tax implications of investment including length of ownership
Long-term operating and maintenance costs
Resale/lease potential or in the case of institutional buildings,
long-term use plans Analysis of capital and operating cost versus sales or occupancy and profitability
A5. Facility Requirements
Facility size requirements are many times determined by applicable code and are often driven by occupancy.
Note that this analysis is at the macro level. Some considerations are listed below:
Number of occupants
Volume
Net and gross square footage by area uses
Support infrastructure
Classroom size Linear feet of display space
Number of laboratory stations
Occupant accommodation requirements (i.e., number of hospital beds, number of desks,
number of workstations, on-site child care, on-site medical care, cot space, etc.)
A6. Future Expansion/Alteration Considerations
The possibility of expansion and/or alteration of the site and building should be considered for facility design.
These considerations consist of a list of items that will facilitate the expansion or evolution of building use
including adaptability/flexibility.
Evaluation criteria may include:
Provisions for site space in case of possible future expansion up or out
Technologically advanced facility requirements
Are departments or functional areas intended to grow in place during the future phase? If there will not be a future expansion of the building, how will departments or areas
expand?
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Are any functional areas more likely than others to move out of the building in the future to
allow others to expand or move in?
Who will occupy the building in five, 10, 15, 20 years?
Flexibility or adaptability for future uses.
Future phasing plan
A7. Site Selection Considerations
Evaluation of sites should address issues relative to different locations (i.e., global, country, or local). This
evaluation may take into consideration existing buildings or properties, as well as new locations. The
selection criteria include items such as:
General geographic location
o Access to the targeted market area
o Local availability and cost of skilled labor (e.g., construction, operation)
o Available utilities
o Existing facilities
o Economic incentive zoneso Tax
Land availability and developed costs
Legal constraints
Unusual financing requirements in region/locality
Domestic culture vs. international culture
Community relations
Labor relations
Government relations
Political issues/constraints
Education/training
Safety and health considerations
Environmental issues Symbolic and aesthetic
Historic preservation
Weather/climate
Permitting Schedule
A8. Project Objectives Statement
This statement defines the project objectives and priorities for meeting the business strategy. It should be
clear, concise, measurable, and specific to the project. It is desirable to obtain total agreement from the entire
project team regarding these objectives and priorities to ensure alignment. Specifically, the priorities among
cost, schedule, and value-added quality features should be clear. The objectives also should comply with any
master plans if applicable.
B. OWNER PHILOSOPHIES
B1. Reliability Philosophy
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A brief description of the project intent in terms of reliability should be defined. A list of the general design
principles to be considered to achieve optimum/ideal operating performance from the facility/building
should be addressed. Considerations may include:
Critical systems redundancy
Architectural/structural/civil durability Mechanical/electrical/plumbing reliability
B2. Maintenance Philosophy
A list of the general design principles to be considered to meet building maintenance requirements should be
identified. This evaluation should include life cycle cost analysis of major facilities. Considerations may
include:
Daily occupancy loads
Maximum building occupancy requirements
Equipment monitoring requirements
Energy conservation programs Selection of materials and finishes
Requirements for building finishes
B3. Operating Philosophy
A list of the general design issues that need to be considered to support routine operations should be
developed. Issues may include:
Operating schedule/hours
Provisions for building rental or occupancy assignments (i.e., by room, floor, suite)
including flexibility of partitioning
Future renovation schedule User finish out philosophy
Flexibility to change layout
B4. Design Philosophy
A listing of design philosophy issues should be developed. These issues should be directed at concerns such
as the following:
Design life
Aesthetic requirements
Compatibility with master plan
Theme Image
Environmentally sustainable design (internal/external)
Quality of life
C. PROJECT REQUIREMENTS
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C1. Value-Analysis Process
A structured value analysis approach should be in place to consider design and material alternatives in terms
of their cost effectiveness. Items that impact the economic viability of the project should be considered. Items
to evaluate include issues such as:
Discretionary scope issues
Expensive materials of construction
Life-cycle analysis of construction methods and structure
C2. Project Design Criteria
Project design criteria are the requirements and guidelines which govern the design of the project. Any design
review board or design review process should be clearly articulated. Evaluation criteria may include:
Level of design detail required
Climatic data
Codes and standardso National
o Local
o Owner specific
o International
Utilization of design standards
o Owners
o Contractorso Designers
o Mixed
Level of design detail required
Donor or benefactor requirements
Sole source requirements for equipment or systems Insurance underwriter requirements
Cultural preferences
C3. Evaluation of Existing Facilities
If existing facilities are available, then a condition assessment must be performed to determine if they will
meet facility requirements. Evaluation criteria may include:
Capacity
Power
Utilities (i.e., potable water, gas, oil)
Fire water Waste treatment/disposal
Sanitary sewer
Telecommunications
Security
Storm water containment system/filtration
Access
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o Rail
o ADA or local standards
o Roads
Parking areas
Type and size of buildings/structures
Amenitieso Food service
o Ambulatory access
o Medical facilities
o Recreation facilities including public outdoor spaces
o Change rooms
Condition assessment of existing facilities and infrastructure
Other
C4. Scope of Work Overview
This work statement overview is a complete narrative description of the project that is discipline-oriented and
supports development of the project schedule and project cost estimate. It sets the limits of work by eachinvolved party and generally articulates their financial, task, and contractual responsibilities. It clearly states
both assumptions and exclusions used to define the scope of work.
C5. Project Schedule
Ideally, the project schedule should be developed by the project team (owner, A/E, and construction
contractor). It should include milestones, unusual schedule considerations and appropriate master schedule
contingency time (float), procurement of long-lead or critical pacing equipment, and required submissions and
approvals.
C6. Project Cost Estimate
The project cost estimate should address all costs necessary for completion of the project. This cost estimate
may include the following:
Construction contract estimate
Professional fees Land cost
Furnishings
Administrative costs
Contingencies
Cost escalation for elements outside the project cost estimate
Startup costs including installation
Miscellaneous expenses including but not limited to:o Specialty consultants
o Inspection and testing services
o Bidding costs
o Site clearance
o Bringing utilities to the site
o Environmental impact mitigation measures
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o Local authority permit fees
o Occupant moving and staging costs
o Utility costs during construction (if paid by owner)
o Interest on borrowed funds (cost of money)
o Site surveys, soils tests
o Availability of construction laydown and storage at site or in remote or rented facilities
SECTION II: BASIS OF DESIGN
D. SITE INFORMATION
D1. Site Layout
The facility should be sited on the selected property. Layout criteria may include items such as:
Access (e.g., road, rail, marine, air)
Construction access
Historical/cultural Trees and vegetation
Site massing and context constraints or guidelines (i.e., how a building will look in three
dimensions at the site)
Access transportation parking, delivery/service, and pedestrian circulation considerations
Open space, street amenities, urban context concerns Climate, wind, and sun orientation for natural lighting views, heat loss/gain, energy
conservation, and aesthetic concerns
D2. Site Surveys
The site should be surveyed for the exact property boundaries, including limits of construction. A topography
map with the overall plot and site plan is also needed. Evaluation criteria may include:
Legal property descriptions with property lines
Easements
Rights-of-way
Drainage patterns Deeds
Definition of final site elevation
Benchmark control systems
Setbacks
Access and curb cuts
Proximity to drainage ways and flood plains
Known below grade structures and utilities (both active and inactive) Trees and vegetation
Existing facility locations and conditions
Solar/shadows
D3. Civil/Geotechnical Information
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The civil/geotechnical site evaluation provides a basis for foundation, structural, and hydrological design.
Evaluations of the proposed site should include items such as:
Depth to bedrock
General site description (e.g., terrain, soils type, existing structures, spoil removal, areas of
hazardous waste, etc.) Expansive or collapse potential of soils
Fault line locations
Spoil area for excess soil (i.e., location of on-site area or off-site instructions)
Seismic requirements
Water table elevation
Flood plain analysis
Soil percolation rate and conductivity
Ground water flow rates and directions
Need for soil treatment or replacement
Description of foundation design options
Allowable bearing capacities
Pier/pile capacities Paving design options
Overall site analysis
D4. Governing Regulatory Requirements
The local, state, and federal government permits necessary to construct and operate the facility should be
identified. A work plan should be in place to prepare, submit, and track permit, regulatory, re-zoning, and
code compliance for the project. It should include items such as:
Construction
Unique requirements
Environmental Structural calculations
Building height limits
Setback requirements
Fire
Building Occupancy
Special
Signage
Historical issues
Accessibility
Demolition
Solar Platting
Air/water
Transportation
The codes that will have a significant impact on the scope of the project should also be investigated and
explained in detail. Particular attention should be paid to local requirements. Regulatory and code
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requirements may affect the defined physical characteristics and project cost estimate. The project schedule
may be affected by regulatory approval processes. For some technically complex buildings, regulations may
change frequently.
D5. Environmental Assessment
An environmental assessment should be performed for the site to evaluate issues that can impact the costestimate or delay the project. These issues may include:
Archeological
Location in an EPA air quality non-compliance zone
Location in a wet lands area
Environmental permits now in force
Existing contamination
Location of nearest residential area
Ground water monitoring in place
Downstream uses of ground water
Existing environmental problems with the site
Past/present use of site Noise/vibration requirements
Air/water discharge requirements and options evaluated
Discharge limits of sanitary and storm sewers identified
Detention requirements
Endangered species
Erosion/sediment control
D6. Utility Sources with Supply Conditions
The availability/non-availability of site utilities needed to operate the facility with supply conditions of
quantity, temperature, pressure, and quality should be evaluated. This may include items such as:
Potable water
Drinking water
Cooling water
Fire water
Sewers Instrument air
Facility air
Heating water
Gases
Steam
Electricity (voltage levels)
Communications (e.g., data, cable television, telephones) Special requirement (e.g., deionized water or oxygen)
D7. Site Life Safety Considerations
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Fire and life safety related items should be taken into account for the selected site. These items should
include fire protection practices at the site, available firewater supply (amounts and conditions), and special
safety requirements unique to the site. Evaluation criteria may include:
Wind direction indicator devices (e.g., wind socks)
Fire monitors and hydrants Flow testing
Access and evacuation plan
Available emergency medical facilities
Security considerations (site illumination, access control)
D8. Special Water and Waste Treatment Requirements
On-site or pretreatment of water and waste should be evaluated. Items for consideration may include:
Wastewater treatment
Process waste
Sanitary waste Waste disposal
Storm water containment and treatment
E. BUILDING PROGRAMMING
E1. Program Statement
The program statement identifies the levels of performance for the facility in terms of space planning and
functional relationships. It should address the human, physical, and external aspects to be considered in the
design. Each performance criteria should include these issues:
A performance statement outlining what goals are to be attained (e.g., providing sufficientlighting levels to accomplish the specified task safely and efficiently)
A measure that must be achieved (e.g., 200 foot-candles at surface of surgical table)
A test which is an accepted approach to establish that the criterion has been met (e.g., using
a standard light meter to do the job)
E2. Building Summary Space List
The summary space list includes all space requirements for the entire project. This list should address specific
types and areas. Possible space listings include:
Building population
Administrative offices Lounges
Food Service Cafeteria
Conference rooms
Vending alcoves
Janitorial closets
Elevators
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Stairs
Loading docks
Dwelling units
Special technology considerations
Classrooms
Laboratories Corridors
Storage facilities
Mechanical rooms
Electrical rooms
Parking space
Entry lobby
Restrooms
Data/computer areas
A room data sheet should correspond to each entry on the summary space list. Room data sheets are discussed
in element E11. The room data sheet contains information that is necessary for the summary space list. This
list is used to determine assignable (usable) and non-assignable (gross) areas.
E3. Overall Adjacency Diagrams
The overall adjacency diagrams depict the layout of each department or division of the entire building. They
show the relationship of specific rooms, offices, and sections. The adjacency diagrams must adequately
convey the overall relationships between functional areas within the facility. Note that these diagrams are
sometimes known as bubble diagrams or balloon diagrams. They are also commonly expressed in anadjacency matrix.
E4. Stacking Diagrams
A stacking diagram portrays each department or functional unit vertically in a multi-story building. Stackingdiagrams are drawn to scale, and they can help establish key design elements for the building. These diagrams
are easily created with space lists and adjacency (or bubble) diagrams. Critical vertical relationships may
relate to circulatory (stairs, elevators), structural elements, and mechanical or utility shafts. Stacking diagrams
can establish building elements such as floor size. This type of diagram often combines functional adjacencies
and space requirements and also shows how the project is sited.
E5. Growth and Phased Development
Provisions for future phases or anticipated use change must be considered during project programming. A
successful initial phase necessitates a plan for the long term phases. The following phasing issues may be
addressed.
Guidelines to allow for additions (i.e., over-design of structural systems, joist layout,
column spacing)
Technology needs as facility grows and expands or changes (e.g., mechanical systems,
water demands)
Compare the additional costs involved with making the building expandable versus theprobability of the future expansion occurring as envisioned.
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Provisions for infrastructure that allow for future expansion
E6. Circulation and Open Space Requirements
An important component of space programming is common-area open spaces, both interior and exterior.These areas include the items listed and considerations such as:
Exterior
o Service dock areas and access
o Circulation to parking areas
o Passenger drop-off areas
o Pedestrian walkways
o Courtyards, plazas, or parks
o Landscape buffer areas
o Unbuildable areas (e.g., wetlands or slopes)
o Sidewalks or other pedestrian routes
o Bicycle facilitieso Lobbies and entries
o Security considerations (e.g., card access or transmitters)
o Snow removal plan
o Postal and newspaper delivery
o Waste removal
o Fire and life-safety circulation considerations
Interior
o Interior aisle ways and corridors
o Vertical circulation (i.e., personnel and material transport including elevators and
escalators)
o Directional and location signage
E7. Functional Relationship Diagrams/Room by Room
Room by room functional relationship diagrams show the structure of adjacencies of a group of rooms. With
these adjacency diagrams (also known as bubble diagrams), the architect can convert them into a floor plan
with all the relationships. Each space detail sheet should have a minimum of one functional relationshipdiagram. Rooms are often represented by circles, bubbles, squares, or rectangles. Larger rooms are
represented with bigger symbols. They are also commonly expressed in an adjacency matrix.
E8. Loading/Unloading/Storage Facilities Requirements
list of requirements identifying materials to be unloaded and stored and products to be loaded along with
their specifications. This list should include items such as:
Storage facilities to be provided and/or utilized
Refrigeration requirements and capabilities
Mail/small package delivery
Recycling requirements
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E9. Transportation Requirements
Specifications for implementation of facility transportation (e.g., roadways, conveyers, elevators) as well as
methods for receiving and shipping of materials (e.g., air, rail, truck, marine) should be identified. Provisions
should be included for items such as:
Facility access requirements based on transportation
Drive-in doors
Extended ramps for low clearance trailers
Rail car access doors
Service elevators
Loading docks
Temporary parking
E10. Building Finishes
Levels of interior and exterior finishes should be defined for the project. For example, the finishes may
include categories such as:
Interior Schedule:
Type A
o Floor: vinyl composition tile
o Walls: painted
Type B
o Floor: direct glue carpet
o Walls: vinyl wall covering
Type C
o Floor: carpet over pad
o Walls: wood paneling
Exterior Schedule: Type 1
o Walls: brick
o Trim: brick
Type 2
o Walls: overlapping masonryo Trim: cedar
Finishes and local design standards are further defined in category F.
E11. Room Data Sheets
Room data sheets contain the specific requirements for each room considering its functional needs. A roomdata sheet should correspond to each room on the building summary space list. The format of the room data
sheet should be consistent. Possible issues to include on room data sheets are:
Critical dimensions
Technical requirements (e.g., fireproof, explosion resistance, X-ray)
Furnishing requirements
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Equipment requirements
Audio/visual (A/V) data and communication provisions
Lighting requirements
Utility requirements
Security needs including access/hours of operation
Finish type Environmental issues
Acoustics/vibration requirements
Life-safety
E12. Furnishings, Equipment, and Built-Ins
All moveable furnishings, equipment, and built-ins should be listed on the room data sheets. Moveable and
fixed in place equipment should be distinguished. Building modifications, such as wide access doors or high
ceilings, necessary for any equipment also need to be listed. Long delivery time items should be identified
and ordered early. It is critical to identify the utility impact of equipment (e.g., electrical, cooling, special
water or drains, venting, radio frequency shielding). Examples may include:
Furniture
Kitchen equipment
Medical equipment
Material handling
Partitions
New items and relocated existing items must be distinguished in the program. The items can be classified in
the following categories.
New Items:
Contractor furnished and contractor installed Owner furnished and contractor installed
Owner furnished and owner installed
Existing Items:
Relocated as is and contractor installed
Refurbished and installed by contractor
Relocated as is and owner installed
Refurbished and installed by owner
E13. Window Treatment
Any special fenestration window treatments for energy and/or light control should be noted in order to have
proper use of natural light. Some examples include:
Blocking of natural light
Glare reducing windows
Exterior louvers
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Interior blinds
F. BUILDING/PROJECT DESIGN PARAMETERS
F1. Civil/Site Design
Civil/site design issues should be addressed to provide a basis for facility design. Issues to address may
include:
Service and storage requirements
Elevation and profile views
High point elevations for grade, paving, and foundations
Location of equipment
Minimum overhead clearances
Storm drainage system
Location and route of underground utilities
Site utilities
Earth work Subsurface work
Paving/curbs
Landscape/xeriscape
Fencing/site security
F2. Architectural Design
Architectural design issue should be addressed to provide a basis for facility design. These issues may include
the following:
Determination of metric (hard/soft) versus Imperial (English) units (Note: The term hard
metric means that materials and equipment are identified on the drawings and have to be delivered in metric-sized unit dimensions such as 200mm by 400mm. Soft metric means that materials and equipment can bedelivered using sizes that approximate the metric dimensions given on the drawings, such as three-inch length
instead of eight cm. It is important to set these dimensions and not mix and match.)
Requirements for building location/orientation horizontal and vertical Access requirements
Nature/character of building design (e.g., aesthetics)
Construction materials
Acoustical considerations
American with Disabilities Act requirements or other local access requirements
Architectural Review Boards
Planning and zoning review boards Circulation considerations
Seismic design considerations
Color/material standards
Hardware standards
Furniture, furnishings, and accessories criteria
Design grid
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Floor to floor height
F3. Structural Design
Structural design considerations should be addressed to provide a basis for the facility design. These
considerations may include the following:
Structural system (e.g., construction materials, constraints)
Seismic requirements
Foundation system
Corrosion control requirements/required protective coatings
Client specifications (e.g., basis for design loads, vibration, deflection)
Future expansion/flexibility considerations
Design loading parameter (e.g., live/dead loads, design loads, collateral load capacity,
equipment/material loads, wind/snow loads, uplift)
Functional spatial constraints
F4. Mechanical Design
Mechanical design parameters should be developed to provide a basis for facility design. Items to consider
include:
Special ventilation or exhaust requirements
Equipment/space special requirements with respect to environmental conditions (e.g., air
quality, special temperatures)
Energy conservation and life cycle costs
Acoustical requirements
Zoning and controls
Air circulation requirements
Outdoor design conditions (e.g., minimum and maximum yearly temperatures) Indoor design conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, air quality)
Building emissions control
Utility support requirements
System redundancy requirements
Plumbing requirements Special piping requirements
Seismic requirements
F5. Electrical Design
Electrical design parameters provide the basis for facility design. Consider items such as:
Power sources with available voltage and amperage
Special lighting considerations (e.g., lighting levels, color rendition)
Voice, data, and video communications requirements
Uninterruptable power source (UPS) and/or emergency power requirements
Energy consumption/conservation and life cycle cost
Ability to use daylight in lighting
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Seismic requirements
Lightning/grounding requirements
F6. Building Life Safety Requirements
Building life safety requirements are a necessity for building operations. They should be identified at thisstage of the project. Possible safety requirements are listed below:
Fire resistant requirements
Explosion resistant requirements
Area of refuge requirements in case of catastrophe
Safety and alarm requirements
Fire detection and/or suppression requirements
Eye wash stations
Safety showers
Deluge requirements and foam
Fume hoods
Handling of hazardous materials Isolation facilities
Sterile environments
Emergency equipment access
Personnel shelters
Egress
Public address requirements
Data or communications protection in case of disaster or emergency
Fall hazard protection
Gas hazard detection
F7. Constructability Analysis
CII defines constructability as, the optimum use of construction knowledge and experience in planning,design, procurement, and field operations to achieve overall project objectives. Maximum benefits occur
when people with construction knowledge and experience become involved at the very beginning of a
project. Is there a structured approach for constructability analysis in place? Have provisions been made to
provide this on an ongoing basis? This would include examining design options and details of constructionthat minimize construction costs while maintaining standards of safety, quality, and schedule. Elements of
constructability during pre-project planning include:
Constructability program in existence
Construction knowledge/experience used in project planning
Early construction involvement in contracting strategy development
Developing a construction-sensitive project schedule Considering major construction methods in basic design approaches
Developing site layouts for efficient construction
Early identification of project team participants for constructability analysis
Usage of advanced information technologies
F8. Technological Sophistication
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The requirements for intelligent or special building systems should be evaluated. Examples of these systems
may include:
Video conferencing
Internet connections Advanced audio/visual (A/V) connections
Personnel sensing
Computer docking stations
Smart heating or air-conditioning Intercommunication systems
Security systems
Communication systems
Conveyance systems
G. EQUIPMENT
G1. Equipment List
Project-specific equipment should be defined and listed. (Note: Building systems equipment is addressed in
element F4Mechanical Design and F5Electrical Design). In situations where owners are furnishing
equipment, the equipment should be properly defined and purchased. The list should define items such as:
Process
Medical
Food service/vending
Trash disposal
Distributed control systems
Material handling
Existing sources and characteristics of equipmento Relative sizes
o Weights
o Location
o Capacities
o Materials of constructiono Insulation and painting requirements
o Equipment related access
o Vendor, model, and serial number once identified
o Equipment delivery time, if known
G2. Equipment Location Drawings
Equipment location/arrangement drawings identify the specific location of each item of equipment in a
project. These drawings should identify items such as:
Plan and elevation views of equipment and platforms
Location of equipment rooms
Physical support requirement (e.g., installation bolt patterns)
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Coordinates or location of all major equipment
G3. Equipment Utility Requirements
This evaluation should consist of a tabulated list of utility requirements for all major equipment items such as:
Power and/or all utility requirements
Flow diagrams
Design temperature and pressure
Diversity of use
Gas
Water
SECTION III: EXECUTION APPROACH
H. PROCUREMENT STRATEGY
H1. Identify Long-lead/Critical Equipment and Materials
Identify engineered equipment and material items with lead times that will impact the design for receipt of
supplier information or impact the construction schedule with long delivery times.
H2. Procurement Procedures and Plans
Procurement procedures and plans include specific guidelines, special requirements, or methodologies for
accomplishing the purchasing, expediting, and delivery of equipment and materials required for the project.
Evaluation criteria may include:
Who will perform procurement?
Listing of approved vendors, if applicable Client or contractor purchase orders
Reimbursement terms and conditions
Guidelines for supplier alliances, single source, or competitive bids
Guidelines for engineering/construction contracts
Who assumes responsibility for owner-purchased items?o Financial
o Shop inspection
o Expediting
Tax strategy
o Depreciation capture
o Local sales and use tax treatment
o Investment tax credits Definition of source inspection requirements and responsibilities
Definition of traffic/insurance responsibilities
Definition of procurement status reporting requirements
Additional/special owner accounting requirements
Definition of spare parts requirements
Local regulations (e.g., tax restrictions, tax advantages)
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Incentive/penalty strategy for contracts
Storage
J. DELIVERABLES
J1. CADD/Model Requirements
Computer Aided Drafting and Design (CADD) requirements should be defined. Evaluation criteria may
include:
o Software system required by client (e.g., AutoCAD, Intergraph)
o Will the project be required to be designed using 2D or 3D CADD? Will rendering be
required?
o If 3D CADD is to be used, will a walk-through simulation be required?
o Owner/contractor standard symbols and details
o How will data be received and returned to/from the owner?
o Disk
o Electronic transfero Tape
o Reproducibles
o Full-size mock-ups
Physical model requirements depend upon the type needed for analysis, such as study models or design
checks.
J2. Documentation/Deliverables
Documentation and deliverables required during project execution should be identified. If electronic media
are to be used, format and application packages should be outlined. The following items may be included in a
list of deliverables:
o Drawings and specifications
o Project correspondence
o Permits
o Maintenance and operating information/startup procedureso Facility keys, keying schedules, and access codes
o Project data books (quantity, format, contents, and completion date)
o Equipment folders (quantity, format, contents, and completion date)
o Design calculations (quantity, format, contents, and completion date)
o Spare parts and maintenance stock (special forms)
o Procuring documents/contract documents
o Record (as-built) documentso Quality assurance documents
o Project signage
o Guarantees/warranties
o Inspection documents
o Certificates of inspection
o Shop drawings and samples
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o Bonds
o Distribution matrix
K. PROJECT CONTROL
K1. Project Quality Assurance and Control
Quality assurance and quality control procedures need to be established. Responsibility for approvals needs to
be developed. Electronic media requirements should be outlined. These issues may include:
o Responsibility during design and construction
o Testing of materials and workmanship
o ISO 9000 requirements
o Submittals and shop drawing approach
o Inspection reporting requirements
o Progress photos
o Reviewing changes and modifications
o Communication documents (e.g., RFIs, RFQs)o Commissioning tests
o Lessons-learned feedback
K2. Project Cost Control
Procedures for controlling project cost need to be outlined and responsibility assigned. Electronic media
requirements should be identified. These may include cost control requirements such as:
o Financial (client/regulatory)
o Phasing or area sub-accounting
o Capital vs. non-capital expenditures
o Report requirementso Payment schedules and procedures
o Cash flow projections/draw down analysis
o Cost code scheme/strategy
o Costs for each project phase
o Periodic control check estimateso Change order management procedure, including scope control
K3. Project Schedule Control
The project schedule is created to show progress and ensure that the project is completed on time. The
schedule is necessary for design and construction of the building. A schedule format should be decided on at
the beginning of the project. Typical items included in a project schedule are listed below.
o Milestones
o Unusual schedule considerations
o Required submissions and/or approvals
o Required documentation and responsible party
o Baseline vs. progress to date
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o Long-lead or critical pacing equipment delivery
o Critical path activities
o Contingency or float timeo Permitting or regulatory approvals
o Activation and commissioning
o Liquidated damages/incentives
The owner must also identify how special project issues will be scheduled. These items may include:
o Selection, procurement, and installation of equipment
o Design of interior spaces (including furniture and accessory selection)
o Stages of the project that must be handled differently than the rest of the project
o Tie-ins, service interruptions, and road closures
K4. Risk Management
Major project risks need to be identified, quantified, and management actions taken to mitigate problems
developed. Pertinent elements may include:
o Design risks
o Expertise
o Experience
o Work load
o Teamwork orientation
o Communication
o Integration and coordination
o Construction risks
o Availability of craft labor and construction materials
o Weather
o Differing/unforeseen/difficult site conditionso Long-lead item delays
o Strikes
o Inflation
o Scope growth
o Management riskso Availability of designers
o Critical quality issues
o Bidders
o Human error
o Cost and schedule estimates
o Timely decisions
o Team chemistryo Insurance considerations
K5. Safety Procedures
Safety procedures and responsibilities must be identified for design consideration and construction. Safety
issues to be addressed may include:
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o Hazardous material handling
o Interaction with the public
o Working at elevations/fall hazards
o Evacuation plans and procedures
o Drug testingo First aid stations
o Accident reporting and investigation
o Pre-task planning
o Safety orientation and planning
o Safety incentives
o Other special or unusual safety issues
L. PROJECT EXECUTION PLAN
L1. Project Organization
The project team should be identified including roles, responsibilities, and authority. Items to considerinclude:
o Core team members
o Project manager assigned
o Project sponsor assigned
o Working relationships between participants
o Communication channels
o Organizational chart
o Approval responsibilities/responsibility matrix
L2. Owner Approval Requirements
All documents that require owner approval should be clearly defined. These may include:
o Milestones for drawing approval by phase
o Comment
o Approval
o Bid issues (public or private)o Construction
o Durations of approval cycle compatible with schedule
o Individual(s) responsible for reconciling comments before return
o Types of drawings/specifications
o Purchase documents/general conditions and contract documents
o Data sheets
o Inquirieso Bid tabulations
o Purchase orders
o Supplier information
L3. Project Delivery Method
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The methods of project design and construction delivery, including fee structure should be identified. Issues
to consider include:
o Owner self-performed
o Designer and constructor qualification selection process
o Selected methods (e.g., design/build, CM at risk, competitive sealed proposal, bridging,design-bid-build)
o Contracting strategies (e.g., lump sum, cost-plus)
o Design/build scope package considerations
L4. Design/Construction Plan and Approach
This is a documented plan identifying the specific approach to be used in designing and constructing the
project. It should include items such as:
o Responsibility matrix
o Subcontracting strategy
o Work week plan/schedule
o Organizational structureo Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
o Construction sequencing of events
o Site logistics plan
o Safety requirements/program
o Identification of critical activities that have potential impact on facilities (i.e., existing
facilities, crane usage, utility shut downs and tie-ins, testing)
o Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) plan
o Design and approvals sequencing of events
o Equipment procurement and staging
o Contractor meeting/reporting schedule
o Partnering or strategic alliances
o Alternative dispute resolutiono Furnishings, equipment, and built-ins responsibility
L5. Substantial Completion Requirements
Substantial Completion (SC) is defined as the point in time when the building is ready to be occupied. Thefollowing may need to be addressed:
o Have specific requirements for SC responsibilities been developed?
o Have warranty, permitting, insurance, and tax implications been considered?
o Commissioning
o Equipment/systems startup and testing
o Occupancy phasingo Final code inspection
o Calibration
o Verification
o Documentation
o Training
o Acceptance
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o Landscape requirements
o Punchlist completion plan and schedule
o Substantial completion certificate
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PDRI (Project Definition Rating Index) Industrial
SECTION I - BASIS OF PROJECT DECISION
A. MANUFACTURING OBJECTIVES CRITERIA
A1. Reliability Philosophy
A list of the general design principles to be considered to achieve dependable operating performance from the
unit. Evaluation criteria should include:
Justification of spare equipment
Control, alarm, and safety systems redundancy
Extent of providing surge and intermediate storage capacity to permit independent shutdown
of portions of the plant
Mechanical / structural integrity of components (metallurgy, seals, types of couplings, bearing
selection, etc.)
A2. Maintenance Philosophy
A list of the general design principles to be considered to meet unit up-time requirements. Evaluation criteria
should include:
Scheduled unit / equipment shutdown frequencies and durations
Equipment access / monorails / cranes
Maximum weight or size requirements for available repair equipment
Equipment monitoring requirements (vibrations monitoring, etc.)
A3. Operating Philosophy
A list of the general design principles that need to be considered to support the routine scheduled production
from the unit in order to achieve the projected overall on-stream time or service factor.
Evaluation criteria should include:
Level of operator coverage and automatic control to be provided
Operating time sequence (ranging from continuous operation to five day, day shift only)
Necessary level of segregation and clean out between batches or runs Desired unit turndown capability
Design requirements for routine startup and shutdown
B. BUSINESS OBJECTIVES
B1. Products
A list of product(s) to be manufactured and their specifications. It should address items such as:
Chemical composition
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Allowable impurities
Physical form
By-products
Raw materials
Wastes
B2. Market Strategy
Has a market strategy been developed and clearly communicated? It must identify the driving forces (other
than safety) for the project and specify what is most important from the viewpoint of the business group. It
should address items such as:
Cost
Schedule
Quality
B3. Project Strategy
Has a project strategy been defined that supports the market strategy in relation to the following items:
Cost
Schedule
Quality
B4. Affordability / Feasibility
Have items that may improve the affordability of the project been considered? These should include
incremental cost criteria such as:
Consideration of feedstock availability and transport to the job site Performing an analysis of capital and operating cost versus sales and profitability
Results of these studies should be communicated to the project team.
B5. Capacities
The design output of a given specification product from the unit. Capacities are usually defined as:
On-stream factors
Yield
Design rate
B6. Future Expansion Considerations
A list of items to be considered in the unit design that will facilitate future expansion. Evaluation criteria
should include:
Providing space for a possible new reactor train
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Providing tie-ins to permit a duplicate or mirror image unit that can be added without
necessitating a shutdown
Guidelines for over design of structural systems to allow for additions
B7. Expected Project Life Cycle
This is the time period that the unit is expected to be able to satisfy the products and capacities required. Have
requirements for ultimate disposal and dismantling been considered? These requirements should include:
Cost of ultimate dismantling and disposal
Dismantling equipment requirements
Presence of contaminants
Disposal of hazardous materials
Possible future uses
B8. Social Issues
Evaluation of various social issues such as:
Domestic culture vs. international culture
Community relations
Labor relations
Government relations
Education / training
Safety and health considerations
C. BASIC DATA RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
C1. Technology
The chemistry used to convert the raw materials supplied to the unit into the finished product. Proven
technology involves least risk, while experimental technology has a potential for change. Technology can be
evaluated as:
Existing / proven Duplicate
New
Experimental
C2. Processes
A particular, specific sequence of steps to change the raw materials into the finished product. Provenprocesses involve the least risk, while experimental processes have a potential for change. Processes can be
evaluated as:
Existing / proven
Duplicate
New
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Experimental
D. PROJECT SCOPE
D1. Project Objectives Statement (Y/N)
This is a mission statement that defines the project objectives and priorities for meeting the businessobjectives. It is important to obtain total agreement from the entire project team regarding these objectives
and priorities to ensure alignment.
D2. Project Design Criteria
The requirements and guidelines which govern the design of the project. Evaluation criteria should
include:
Level of design detail required
Climatic data
Codes & standards
National
Local Utilization of engineering standards
Owner's
Contractor's
Mixed
D3. Site Characteristics Available vs. Required (Y/N)
An assessment of the available vs. the required site characteristics. Evaluation criteria should include:
Capacity
Utilities
Power Fire water
Pipe racks
Flare systems
Waste treatment / disposal
Cooling water Storm water containment system
Type of buildings / structures
Amenities
Food service
Recreation facilities
Change rooms
Ambulatory access Medical facilities
Product shipping facilities
Material receiving facilities
Material storage facilities
Product storage facilities
Security
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D4. Dismantling and Demolition Requirements
Has a scope of work been defined for the dismantling of existing equipment and/or piping which may be
necessary for completing new construction? Evaluation criteria should include:
Timing
Permits
Approval
Safety requirements
Hazardous operations
Plant / operations requirements
Narrative (scope of work) for each system
Are the systems that will be dismantled...
Named & marked on process flow diagrams
Named & marked on P&ID's
Denoted on line lists and equipment lists
Denoted on piping plans or photo-drawings
D5. Lead / Discipline Scope of Work
This is a complete narrative description of the project, generally discipline oriented. This should be developed
through the use of the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) (Halpin et al. 1987).
D6. Project Schedule (Y/N)
Has the project milestone schedule been developed, analyzed, and agreed upon by the major project
participants? This should involve obtaining early constructability input from:
Operations
Engineering
Construction
E. VALUE ENGINEERING
E1. Process Simplification (Y/N)
Identify activities (through studies, reviews, etc.) for reducing the number of steps or the amount of
equipment needed in the process in order to optimize performance.
E2. Design & Material Alternatives Considered / Rejected (Y/N)
Is there a structured approach in place to consider design and material alternatives? Has it been implemented?
E3. Design For Constructability Analysis
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Is there a structured approach for constructability analysis in place? Have provisions been made to provide
this on an ongoing basis? This would include examining design options that minimize construction costs
while maintaining standards of safety, quality, and schedule. CII defines constructability as, "the optimum use
of construction knowledge and experience in planning, design, procurement, and field operations to achieve
overall project objectives. Maximum benefits occur when people with construction knowledge and experience
become involved at the very beginning of a project" (CII 1986).
SECTION II - FRONT END DEFINITION
F. SITE INFORMATION
F1. Site Location (Y/N)
Has the geographical location of the proposed project been defined? This involves an assessment of the
relative strengths and weaknesses of alternate site locations. A site that meets owner requirements and
maximizes benefits for the owner company should be selected. Evaluation of sites may address issues relative
to different types of sites (i.e. global country, local, "inside the fence," or "inside the building"). This decision
should consider the long-term needs of the owner company (CII 1995). The selection criteria should includeitems such as:
General geographic location
o Access to the targeted market area
o Near sources of raw materials
o Local availability and cost of skilled labor (e.g.
construction, operation, etc.)
o Available utilities
o Existing facilities
Land availability and costs
Access (e.g. road, rail, marine, air, etc.)
Construction access and feasibility Political constraints
Legal constraints
Regulatory constraints
Financing requirements
Social issues Weather
Climate
F2. Surveys & Soil Tests
Survey and soil test evaluations of the proposed site should include items such as:
Topography map
Overall plant plot plan
General site description (e.g. terrain, existing structures, spoil removal, areas of hazardous
waste, etc.)
Definition of final site elevation
Benchmark control system
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Spoil area (i.e. location of on-site area or off-site instructions)
Seismic requirements
Water table
Soil percolation rate & conductivity
Existing contamination
Ground water flow rates and directions Downstream uses of ground water
Need for soil treatment or replacement
Description of foundation types
Allowable bearing capacities
Pier / pile capacities
F3. Environmental Assessment
Evaluation of the site by characteristics such as:
Location in an EPA air quality non-compliance zone
Location in a wet lands area Environmental permits now in force
Location of nearest residential area
Ground water monitoring in place
Containment requirements
Existing environmental problems with the site
Past / present use of site
F4. Permit Requirements
Is there a permitting plan in place? The local, state, and federal government permits necessary to construct
and operate the unit should be identified. These should include items such as:
Construction
Fire
Local
Building
Environmental Occupancy
Transportation
Special
F5. Utility Sources With Supply Conditions
Has a list been made identifying availability / nonavailability of site utilities needed to operate the unit withsupply conditions of temperature, pressure, and quality? This should include items such as:
Potable water
Instrument air
Drinking water
Plant air
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Cooling water
Gases
Fire water
Steam
Sewers
Condensate Electricity (voltage levels)
F6. Fire Protection & Safety Considerations
A list of fire and safety related items to be taken into account in the design of the facility. These items should
include fire protection practices at the site, available firewater supply (amounts and conditions), special safety
requirements unique to the site, etc. Evaluation criteria should include:
Eye wash stations
Deluge requirements
Safety showers
Wind direction indicator Fire monitors & hydrants devices (i.e. wind socks)
Foam
Alarm systems
Evacuation plan
Medical facilities
Security fencing
G. PROCESS / MECHANICAL
G1. Process Flow Sheets
Drawings that provide the process description of the unit. Evaluation criteria should include:
Major equipment items
Flow of materials to and from the major equipment items
Primary control loops for the major equipment items
Sufficient information to allow sizing of all process lines
G2. Heat & Material Balances
Heat balances are tables of heat input and output for major equipment items (including all heat exchangers)
within the unit. Material balances are tables of material input and output for all equipment items within the
unit. The documentation of these balances should include:
Special heat balance tables for reaction systems
Information on the conditions (e.g. temperature and pressure)
Volumetric amount (GPM, ACFM, etc.)
G3. Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID's)
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These are often referred to by different companies as:
EFD's - Engineering Flow Diagrams
MFD's - Mechanical Flow Diagrams
PMCD's - Process & Mechanical Control Diagrams
In general, P&ID's are considered to be a critical element within the scope definition package of an industrial
project. Since incomplete information on P&ID's is frequently identified as a source of project escalation, it is
important to understand their level of completeness. It often requires several iterations, or passes, to obtain all
of the necessary information from each discipline specialist. During each iteration, additional information is
added to the P&ID's. Thus, it is unlikely for P&ID's to be completely defined in a project's scope definition
package.
VALVES
o Process needed valves
o Valves needed for maintenance
o Bypasses, blocks, and bleedso Drains, vents, freeze protection, etc.
o Type of valve designated
o Non-line sized valves indicated
o Control valves sized
o Miscellaneous designated valves added
o Valve tags added (not always done)
o Valve design details added (as necessary)
PIPING SPECIALTY ITEMS
o Identification of items
o Numbering of items (usually by piping)o Specialty item design details (as necessary)
UTILITIES
o Main connections and continuationso Remaining connections and continuations
o Overall distribution and control
o Utilities design details
INSTRUMENTATION
o Elements, loops, and functionso Primary elements
o Local panel or control house location
o Control panel or CRT location
o Computer inputs and outputs
o Process steam traps (may be specialty items)
o Hard wired interlocks
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o Motor controls (need schematics)
o Type of primary elements
o Instrument numbers
o Uniform logic control details
o Indicator lights
o Instrumentation design details (as necessary)
SAFETY SYSTEMS
o Process Safety Management Hazard Analysis review
o Key process relief valves
o Remaining relief valves
o Failure mode of control valves
o Car sealed valves (as necessary)
o Relief valve sizes (instrumentation / process check)
o Relief system line sizes
o System design details (as necessary)
SPECIAL NOTATIONS
o Identification of sloped lines
o Barometric legs (seals)
o Critical elevations and dimensions
o Vendor or designer supplied notes
o Critical locations (valves, etc.)
o Notes on venting or draining
o Vessel trim notes
o Startup and shutdown notes
o Design detail notes (as necessary)
G4. Process Safety Management (PSM)
This refers to OSHA Regulation 1910.119 compliance requirements. Has the owner clearly communicated
the requirements, methodology, and responsibility for the various activities?
G5. Utility Flow Diagrams
Utility flow diagrams are similar to P&ID's in that they show all utility lines from generation or supply (i.e.
pipeline). They are generally laid out in a manner to represent the geographical layout of the plant. Utility
flow diagrams are evaluated using the same criteria as P&ID's.
G6. Specifications
General specifications for the design, performance, manufacturing, material, and code requirements
should include items such as:
o Classes of equipment (e.g. pumps, exchangers, vessels, etc.)
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o Process pipe heating
o Process
o Freeze
o Jacketed
o Process pipe cooling
o Jacketedo Traced
o Piping
o Protective coating
o Insulation
o Valves
o Bolts / gaskets
G7. Piping System Requirements
Pipe stress criteria should be provided to establish guidelines for analysis of piping systems and equipment
such as:
o Allowable forces and moments on equipment
o Graphical representation of piping line sizes that require analysis based on:
o Temperature
o Pressure
o Cyclic conditions
o Flex
o Stress
o Pulsation
o Seismic
G8. Plot Plan
The plot plan will show the location of new work in relation to adjoining units. It should include items such
as:
o Plant grid system with coordinateso Unit limits
o Gates & fences
o Off-site facilities
o Tank farms
o Roads & access ways
o Roads
o Rail facilitieso Green space
o Buildings
o Major pipe racks
o Laydown areas
o Construction / fabrication areas
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G9. Mechanical Equipment List
The mechanical equipment list should identify all mechanical equipment by tag number, in summary format,
to support the project. The list should define items such as:
o Existing sourceso Modified
o Dismantled
o Relocated
o Rerated
o New sources
o Purchased new
o Purchased used
o Relative sizes
o Weights
o Location
o Capacities
o Materialso Power requirements
o Flow diagrams
o Design temperature and pressure
o Insulation & painting requirements
o Equipment related ladders and platforms
G10.Line List
The line list designates all pipe lines in the project (including utilities). It should include items such as:
o Unique number for each line
o Sizeo Termination
o Origin
o Reference drawing
o Normal and upset operating
o Temperatureo Pressure
o Design temperature & pressure
o Test requirements
o Pipe specifications
o Insulation requirements
o Paint requirements
G11.Tie-in List
A list of all piping tie-ins to existing lines. It should include items such as:
o Location
o Insulation removal requirements
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o Decontamination requirements
o Reference drawings
o Pipe specifications
o Timing / schedule
o Type of tie-in / size
o Hot tapo Cold cut
o Flange
o Screwed
o Weld
o Cut & weld
G12.Piping Specialty Items List
This list is used to specify in-line piping items not covered by piping material specifications. It should identify
all special items by tag number, in summary format. It should include items such as:
o Tag numberso Full purchase description
o Quantities
o Materials of construction
o Piping plans referenced
o P&ID's referenced
o Piping details
o Line / equipment numbers
G13.Instrument Index
This is a complete listing of all instruments by tag number. Evaluation criteria should include:
o Tag number
o Instrument type
o Service
o P&ID number
o Manufacturero Model number
o Line number
o Relieving devices (e.g. relief valves, rupture disks, etc.)
H. EQUIPMENT SCOPE
H1. Equipment Status
Has the equipment been defined, inquired, bid tabbed, or purchased? This includes all engineer