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ANNUAL MEETING MASTER OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Onésimo Figueira Benito da Silva

MSc Thesis Advisors: Profª Maria João Colunas - IST

Prof. Jorge Salgado Gomes - PI Abu Dhabi

28/May/2014 Instituto Superior Técnico 1

Characterization of reservoir

fluid flow (water, oil and gas)

with nuclear magnetic

resonance (NMR) techniques

Dissertation in Petroleum Engineering


1. Objectives

2. NMR Fundamentals

3. NMR Application - Petrophysics

4. NMR Application - Fluid Typing

5. NMR Application - Multiphase Fluid Flow

6. Thesis Methodology

7. Tasks and Final Considerations

1.Objectives


1. Learning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance

imaging (MRI) laboratory techniques and instruments;

2. Porosity characterization and pore size distribution of a samples set

obtained from a petroleum reservoir, by the distribution of relaxation time

constant "spin-spin relaxation time" - T2;

3. Theoretical characterization of a multiphase flow through the NMR and

MRI techniques : key variables and limitations of the results;

4. Relationship between NMR porosity - absolute permeability of the

reservoir sample set and characterization of MRI multiphase flow;

2.NMR Fundamentals


2

1

𝑓 =𝛾 . 𝐵02𝜋

𝐻1 →𝛾

2𝜋= 42.58 MHz/tesla

𝑀𝑍 𝑡 = 𝑀0 1 − 𝑒− 𝑡𝑇1

Mo

z

x

B1

z

x

Mxy y y

w1

w1

w1 = gB1

pulse 90o

2.NMR Fundamentals


Carrel,Purcel,Meiboom,Gill (CPMG Sequence) Mx = My = M0 exp (-2t/T2)

3.NMR Application - Petrophysics


Relaxation Mechanisms

𝑀 𝑡 = 𝑀0𝑖 𝑒−𝜌(

𝑆𝑉)𝑡 + 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑒

−𝑡𝑇2𝑜𝑖𝑙+ 𝑀𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑒

−𝑡𝑇2𝑔𝑎𝑠

3.NMR Application - Petrophysics


“Free Fluid Model (Timur-Coates)” “Mean T2 – SDR”

Absolute Permeability Models

𝑘𝐶𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 𝑁𝑀𝑅 ∅𝑒𝑓

𝐶

2𝑀𝐹𝐹𝐼

𝑀𝐵𝑉𝐼

2

𝑘 = 𝑎 𝑇2𝑔𝑚2 𝑁𝑀𝑅 ∅𝑒𝑓

4

4. NMR Application – Fluid Typing


4. NMR Application – Fluid Typing


2222

12

g DGT D

Rock sample saturated with water, oil and gas

γ=gyromagnetic ratio for 1H,

G=magnetic field gradient

D=diffusion coefficient

τ= is the Carr-Purcell pulse spacing

5. NMR/MRI – Multiphase Fluid Flow


Compositional Models : component transfer between phases (gas and oil)

EoS –Equation of State Rachford-Rice Equation

Modeling Reservoir Fluid Flow – Differencial Equations :

Mass Balance :

𝜕

𝜕𝑡 ∅𝜌𝑗𝑗 𝑦𝑖,𝑗𝑆𝑗 + 𝛻. (𝑗 𝜌𝑗𝑦𝑖,𝑗𝑢𝑗 + 𝜌𝑗𝑆𝑗𝐷𝑖,𝑗𝛻𝑦𝑖,𝑗) + 𝑚 𝑐 = 0, 𝑖 = 1,… , 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠



Modeling Reservoir Fluid Flow – Differencial Equations :

Darcy Law :

𝑢𝑗 = −𝑘𝑟𝑗

𝜇𝑗 𝑘 𝛻 𝑝𝑗 , 𝑗 = 1,…𝑛𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠

- Dynamic simulation model constrained by NMR and MICP data:

1. Pore network model instead of a porosity average value ;

2. Three phase relative permeability model;

3. Mixed Wettability

4. Capillary pressure curve versus water saturation – imbibition and drainage

curves;

5. Hydrocarbon phase/fluid properties - viscosity



Fluid flow MRI experiments – Average velocity

“Spins velocity encoding - Propagator P (Z, tΔ)”



1. NMR data from a sample set of a petroleum reservoir:

• characterization of porosity, permeability and pore size in the various "rock

types" of the reservoir model;

• sensitivity analysis of the compositional dynamic model, using the porosity data

obtained from the NMR technique;

0.0000

0.0200

0.0400

0.0600

0.0800

0.1000

0.1200

0.1400

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

No

rma

lis

ed

Am

pli

tud

e

T2 Relaxation Time (ms)

0.00

5000.00

10000.00

15000.00

20000.00

25000.00

30000.00

35000.00

40000.00

45000.00

50000.00

0 1000000 2000000 3000000

Am

plitu

de

Relaxation Time (µs)



2. Characterization of the reservoir fluid flow applying NMR and MRI

techniques:

• Three phases relative permeability model, capillary pressure imbibition and

drainage curve, the distribution of water, oil and gas saturations, phase viscosity,

position of the "oil-water contact" and "Free Water Level;

• sensitivity analysis of the compositional dynamic model, using three phase

relative permeability model from the NMR/MRI technique;



Porosity NMR characterization - IST Laboratory

Clean and Water saturation - carbonate plugs (API RP40)



Porosity NMR characterization – IST Laboratory

NMR Bruckner spectrometer equipment



1) Present tasks :

• Development of a MatLab software to obtained the T2 distribution pore size from the NMR

amplitude signal – IST Laboratory;

• Application of NMR Fast Field Cycle equipment “IST home made NMR” to measure

porosity sample from the T1 distribution;

• Sample size limitation on IST equipment's – 5 to 7 mm diameter plugs;

2) Future tasks:

• September to December 2014 : Realization of NMR measurements at the Petroleum

Institute of Abu Dhabi – measures oil reservoir carbonate and sandstone samples with

“Magritek 2 MHz NMR equipment”;

• Development of a compositional dynamic model constrained by NMR data from PI

samples;



Final Considerations:

• NMR technology provides geological formation evaluation of oil reservoirs –

measures fluids hydrogen protons present in rocks’ pores, values are free from

lithology and matrix corrections. Distinguishes free fluid, clay-bound and capillary

bound porosity;

• Development on the IST laboratory of NMR techniques for samples porosity

characterization;

• A reservoir fluid flow simulation model will be carried out, in order to ascertain the

usefulness of applying these techniques in the characterization of reservoir fluid

flow;

• Thesis conclusion : April 2015

Bibliography


[1] – Akkurt, Ridvan – “NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE COMES OUT OF ITS SHELL” – Oilfield

Review, 2009 Schlumberger USA;

[2] – Coates, R. George; Xiao, LizHi; Prammer, Manfred – “NMR LOGGING: PRINCIPLES AND

APPLICATIONS” – Halliburton Energy Services, 1999 / USA;

[3] – Mitchell, J. – “MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN LABORATORY PETROPHISICAL CORE

ANALYSIS” – Physics report 526 – pages 165-225, 2013 Elsevier / UK;

[4] – Gerritsen, G. Margot; Durlofsky, Loius J. – “MODELING FLUID FLOW IN OIL RESERVOIRS” –

Annual Review Fluid Mechanics, 2005 / USA – www.annualreviews.org;

[5] – Romanenko, Konstantin; Xiao,Dan; Balcom, Bruce J. – “VELOCITY FIELD MEASUREMENTSIN

SEDIMENTARY ROCK BY MAGNETIZATION PREPARED 3D SPRITE” – Journal of magnetic resonance

223 – pages 120-128, 2012 Elsevier / CANADA;

[6] – Packer, K.J. – “THE CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUID TRANSPORT IN POROUS SOLIDS BY

MEANS OD PULSED MAGNETIC FIELD GRADIENT NMR” – Magnetic Resonance Imaging pages 463-

469, 1998 Elsevier / UK;

http://www.annualreviews.org/

Dissertation in Petroleum Engineering
