Characterization of reservoir fluid flow (water, oil and ... · Characterization of reservoir fluid...
Transcript of Characterization of reservoir fluid flow (water, oil and ... · Characterization of reservoir fluid...
ANNUAL MEETING MASTER OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
Onésimo Figueira Benito da Silva
MSc Thesis Advisors: Profª Maria João Colunas - IST
Prof. Jorge Salgado Gomes - PI Abu Dhabi
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Characterization of reservoir
fluid flow (water, oil and gas)
with nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) techniques
Dissertation in Petroleum Engineering
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1. Objectives
2. NMR Fundamentals
3. NMR Application - Petrophysics
4. NMR Application - Fluid Typing
5. NMR Application - Multiphase Fluid Flow
6. Thesis Methodology
7. Tasks and Final Considerations
1.Objectives
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1. Learning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) laboratory techniques and instruments;
2. Porosity characterization and pore size distribution of a samples set
obtained from a petroleum reservoir, by the distribution of relaxation time
constant "spin-spin relaxation time" - T2;
3. Theoretical characterization of a multiphase flow through the NMR and
MRI techniques : key variables and limitations of the results;
4. Relationship between NMR porosity - absolute permeability of the
reservoir sample set and characterization of MRI multiphase flow;
2.NMR Fundamentals
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1
𝑓 =𝛾 . 𝐵02𝜋
𝐻1 →𝛾
2𝜋= 42.58 MHz/tesla
𝑀𝑍 𝑡 = 𝑀0 1 − 𝑒− 𝑡𝑇1
Mo
z
x
B1
z
x
Mxy y y
w1
w1
w1 = gB1
pulse 90o
2.NMR Fundamentals
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Carrel,Purcel,Meiboom,Gill (CPMG Sequence) Mx = My = M0 exp (-2t/T2)
3.NMR Application - Petrophysics
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Relaxation Mechanisms
𝑀 𝑡 = 𝑀0𝑖 𝑒−𝜌(
𝑆𝑉)𝑡 + 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑒
−𝑡𝑇2𝑜𝑖𝑙+ 𝑀𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑒
−𝑡𝑇2𝑔𝑎𝑠
3.NMR Application - Petrophysics
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“Free Fluid Model (Timur-Coates)” “Mean T2 – SDR”
Absolute Permeability Models
𝑘𝐶𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 𝑁𝑀𝑅 ∅𝑒𝑓
𝐶
2𝑀𝐹𝐹𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝑉𝐼
2
𝑘 = 𝑎 𝑇2𝑔𝑚2 𝑁𝑀𝑅 ∅𝑒𝑓
4
4. NMR Application – Fluid Typing
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2222
12
g DGT D
Rock sample saturated with water, oil and gas
γ=gyromagnetic ratio for 1H,
G=magnetic field gradient
D=diffusion coefficient
τ= is the Carr-Purcell pulse spacing
5. NMR/MRI – Multiphase Fluid Flow
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Compositional Models : component transfer between phases (gas and oil)
EoS –Equation of State Rachford-Rice Equation
Modeling Reservoir Fluid Flow – Differencial Equations :
Mass Balance :
𝜕
𝜕𝑡 ∅𝜌𝑗𝑗 𝑦𝑖,𝑗𝑆𝑗 + 𝛻. (𝑗 𝜌𝑗𝑦𝑖,𝑗𝑢𝑗 + 𝜌𝑗𝑆𝑗𝐷𝑖,𝑗𝛻𝑦𝑖,𝑗) + 𝑚 𝑐 = 0, 𝑖 = 1,… , 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
5. NMR/MRI – Multiphase Fluid Flow
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Modeling Reservoir Fluid Flow – Differencial Equations :
Darcy Law :
𝑢𝑗 = −𝑘𝑟𝑗
𝜇𝑗 𝑘 𝛻 𝑝𝑗 , 𝑗 = 1,…𝑛𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
- Dynamic simulation model constrained by NMR and MICP data:
1. Pore network model instead of a porosity average value ;
2. Three phase relative permeability model;
3. Mixed Wettability
4. Capillary pressure curve versus water saturation – imbibition and drainage
curves;
5. Hydrocarbon phase/fluid properties - viscosity
5. NMR/MRI – Multiphase Fluid Flow
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Fluid flow MRI experiments – Average velocity
“Spins velocity encoding - Propagator P (Z, tΔ)”
6. Thesis Methodology
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1. NMR data from a sample set of a petroleum reservoir:
• characterization of porosity, permeability and pore size in the various "rock
types" of the reservoir model;
• sensitivity analysis of the compositional dynamic model, using the porosity data
obtained from the NMR technique;
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Relaxation Time (µs)
6. Thesis Methodology
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2. Characterization of the reservoir fluid flow applying NMR and MRI
techniques:
• Three phases relative permeability model, capillary pressure imbibition and
drainage curve, the distribution of water, oil and gas saturations, phase viscosity,
position of the "oil-water contact" and "Free Water Level;
• sensitivity analysis of the compositional dynamic model, using three phase
relative permeability model from the NMR/MRI technique;
7. Tasks and Final Considerations
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Porosity NMR characterization - IST Laboratory
Clean and Water saturation - carbonate plugs (API RP40)
7. Tasks and Final Considerations
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Porosity NMR characterization – IST Laboratory
NMR Bruckner spectrometer equipment
7. Tasks and Final Considerations
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1) Present tasks :
• Development of a MatLab software to obtained the T2 distribution pore size from the NMR
amplitude signal – IST Laboratory;
• Application of NMR Fast Field Cycle equipment “IST home made NMR” to measure
porosity sample from the T1 distribution;
• Sample size limitation on IST equipment's – 5 to 7 mm diameter plugs;
2) Future tasks:
• September to December 2014 : Realization of NMR measurements at the Petroleum
Institute of Abu Dhabi – measures oil reservoir carbonate and sandstone samples with
“Magritek 2 MHz NMR equipment”;
• Development of a compositional dynamic model constrained by NMR data from PI
samples;
7. Tasks and Final Considerations
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Final Considerations:
• NMR technology provides geological formation evaluation of oil reservoirs –
measures fluids hydrogen protons present in rocks’ pores, values are free from
lithology and matrix corrections. Distinguishes free fluid, clay-bound and capillary
bound porosity;
• Development on the IST laboratory of NMR techniques for samples porosity
characterization;
• A reservoir fluid flow simulation model will be carried out, in order to ascertain the
usefulness of applying these techniques in the characterization of reservoir fluid
flow;
• Thesis conclusion : April 2015
Bibliography
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[1] – Akkurt, Ridvan – “NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE COMES OUT OF ITS SHELL” – Oilfield
Review, 2009 Schlumberger USA;
[2] – Coates, R. George; Xiao, LizHi; Prammer, Manfred – “NMR LOGGING: PRINCIPLES AND
APPLICATIONS” – Halliburton Energy Services, 1999 / USA;
[3] – Mitchell, J. – “MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN LABORATORY PETROPHISICAL CORE
ANALYSIS” – Physics report 526 – pages 165-225, 2013 Elsevier / UK;
[4] – Gerritsen, G. Margot; Durlofsky, Loius J. – “MODELING FLUID FLOW IN OIL RESERVOIRS” –
Annual Review Fluid Mechanics, 2005 / USA – www.annualreviews.org;
[5] – Romanenko, Konstantin; Xiao,Dan; Balcom, Bruce J. – “VELOCITY FIELD MEASUREMENTSIN
SEDIMENTARY ROCK BY MAGNETIZATION PREPARED 3D SPRITE” – Journal of magnetic resonance
223 – pages 120-128, 2012 Elsevier / CANADA;
[6] – Packer, K.J. – “THE CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUID TRANSPORT IN POROUS SOLIDS BY
MEANS OD PULSED MAGNETIC FIELD GRADIENT NMR” – Magnetic Resonance Imaging pages 463-
469, 1998 Elsevier / UK;