Chapter 9 Abolitionism in Black and White From Slavery to
Freedom 9 th ed.
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Abolitionism in Black and White Three events that heralded age
of militant abolitionism: 1829 publication of David Walkers Appeal
1831 publication of the inaugural issue of William Lloyd Garrisons
newspaper, The Liberator 1831 insurrection of Nat Turner 2010 The
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Black Abolitionists Black Antislavery Societies In 1820s, 50
black-led antislavery societies operated in various cities In 1830,
blacks held first national convention issuing denunciations of
colonization and slavery After publication of The Liberator, black
abolitionists aligned with Garrison Blacks participated in 1833
establishment of the American Anti-Slavery society Also worked at
local and regional antislavery organizations 2010 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3
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Black Abolitionists Women Abolitionists Women in many cities
formed their own antislavery organizations Addressed abolition and
gender issues Many male abolitionists opposed female officeholders
in prominent male-run societies Black Agents Blacks worked as
agents and speakers for various societies Frederick Douglass 2010
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5 Sojourner Truth
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Black Abolitionists Newspapers African American newspapers
aired debates and ideas of black community Freedoms Journal first
black newspaper Most popular black abolitionist paper The North
Star, founded by Frederick Douglass and Martin Delany in 1847 2010
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7 Mary Ann Shadd Cary
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Antislavery Agendas Abolitionism closely connected to religious
revivalism Argued that slavery contrary to Jesus teaching of
universal brotherhood The Abolitionist Argument Abolitionists
argued that slavery: Was against fundamental principles of American
life Was economically unsound Threatened culture of and
civilization of the South Threatened peace and safety of country
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Antislavery Agendas Colonization movement was strongest among
slaveholders in Upper South White abolitionists and blacks realized
colonization buttressed slavery The Crusade Throughout 1830s,
abolitionist cause grew, moving beyond the borders of the Northeast
Theodore Dwight Weld Oberlin College 2010 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9
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Antislavery Agendas The American Anti-Slavery Society Cofounded
by Dwight Weld, Arthur Tappan, and William Lloyd Garrison in 1833
Differences between Garrison and Tappan arose Garrison did not
think society pressed hard enough for abolition; critical of
unwillingness to work for womens equality New York faction under
Tappan broke away and formed rival American Foreign Anti-Slavery
Society focusing only on slavery issues 1840 splinter group, the
Liberty Party, formed in attempt to bring abolition into electoral
politics 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
10
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William Lloyd Garrison
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Antislavery Agendas Black vs. White Abolitionists Black
abolitionists angered by whites lack of support for true racial
equality White abolitionists uncomfortable with black convention
movement Black-White Cooperation White abolitionists important
benefactors of nineteenth-century African American artists
Friendships developed between black and white abolitionists 2010
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Proslavery Backlash The Proslavery Argument Southerners
promoted idea that slavery was a positive good Four main arguments
of proslavery theorists Blacks biologically and mentally inferior,
a different species of humanity Necessity of slave labor for rise
of civilization and economic development of South Blacks destined
by history to subordinate position in society Slavery divinely
ordained 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
13
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Proslavery Backlash Defending the Institution Antislavery
rhetoric prohibited in the South Willing to use force to keep
abolitionists out of communities Proslavery leaders went to North
to pursue runaway slaves, spread proslavery doctrine, and spy on
abolitionists 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights
Reserved. 14
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Proslavery Backlash Persecution and Violence Conflict between
two sides led to harassment and violence Conflict over abolitionist
views occurred in the North as well New York journalists warned of
the threat of the abolitionist amalgamation Abolitionists
frequently target of violence 1836 southern congressional leaders
adopted a rule to table all petitions against slavery (gag rule)
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Proslavery Backlash Changing Attitudes Violence and gag rule
backfired Late1840s northern whites began to see slavery as threat
to liberty; 1850s political opponents of slavery began to win
elections 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
16
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The Black Response Black Counterarguments Frederick Douglass
oneness of man James McCune Smith Black Narratives Ex-slave writers
were influential in refuting the notion that slaves were happy and
content Black Literature Quality and quantity of black literature
disproved charges of innate inferiority of blacks 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17
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The Underground Railroad Origins Started as network of
antislavery activists General Thomas Boude refused to give mother
of his slave Stephen Smith back to her mistress Town of Columbia,
Pennsylvania decided to champion cause of fugitive slaves Number of
slaves reaching freedom via the Underground Railroad unknown
Intensified resentment of slaveholders toward the North 2010 The
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Robert Duncanson, View of Cincinnati, Ohio
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The Underground Railroad in the nineteenth century
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The Underground Railroad Railroad Operations Most operations
took place at night Slaves prepared by taking supplies from masters
and often disguising themselves Early days, mostly on foot; as it
grew, used covered wagons, closed carriages Stations were planned
where fugitives could eat, rest, and hide; news went out of their
pending arrival via the grapevine telegraph All Underground
Railroad lines led to free states 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21
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The Underground Railroad Resources Abolitionists raised funds
required for the substantial material resources necessary Had many
active workers John Fairfield Black Conductors Underground Railroad
relied on many black conductors 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22
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The Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman Using money from her
work as a domestic servant, she left the North fourteen times to
bring family and other slaves to freedom After fugitive slave laws
passed, she preferred bringing slaves to Canada Jermain Loguen
Minister and stationmaster of the Underground Railroad in Syracuse,
New York Openly denounced the Fugitive Slave Law 2010 The
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Harriet Tubman
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The Path to Civil War Expansion of slavery central to turmoil
that led up to the Civil War Fugitive slaves also highly
controversial The Compromise of 1850 Included stringent fugitive
slave law, but admitted California into the Union as a free state
Under new fugitive slave act, owners of escaped slaves intensified
manhunts; many slaves returned, others increasingly feared capture
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The Path to Civil War The Christiana Riot Effort to thwart
capture of four runaway slaves ended in death of plantation owner
who was looking for the slaves Jerry Rescue mob of abolitionists
rescued a fugitive slave who was apprehended in Syracuse The
Sectional Truce Unravels Publication of Uncle Toms Cabin 2010 The
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The Path to Civil War Passage of Kansas-Nebraska Act Repeals
Missouri Compromise; allows territories to decide if they want to
be a free or slave state North and South struggle for control of
Kansas Galvanized leaders into political action; antislavery
Republican Party is formed The Dred Scott Decision Slave who
accompanied master to free state sued, claiming his residence on
free soil had liberated him 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. 27
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The Path to Civil War Supreme Court held Scott was not a
citizen and therefore could not bring suit in the courts Also held
that Congress could not ban slavery in federal territories and that
free blacks could never be citizens The Appeal of Force Black
community began to see force as both necessary and inevitable 2010
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The Dred Scott Case
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The Path to Civil War John Browns Raid Plan to attack
slaveholders and liberate slaves Seized federal arsenal in Harpers
Ferry; quickly overwhelmed by federal and state troops Raid
terrified the South; moved toward military preparedness John Brown
convicted and hung to death 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. 30