Chapter 7
Physico-chemical Properties of Culture Ponds of
Anand
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
Ph.D. Thesis; BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University 94
7.1 Introduction
The culture of Indian major carps Labeo rohita, Catla catla and
Cirrhina mrigala as well as exotic carps contribute significantly to the
inland culture fisheries of India; and the carps are mainly grown in
ponds, depending on natural food, use of supplementary feed and
organic manure (FAO, 1997; Azim et al., 2002; Reddy et al., 2002).
The fish culture, with proper water management practices, is
considered important for the increasing demand for fishes; and proper
understanding of pond ecosystem is required to improve the fish
production (Pechar, 2000). One of the major factors associated with
aquaculture is availability and quality of water; understanding the
physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the ponds. There
is enough scope for the improvement of aquaculture practice and
production by regular monitoring of water quality (Ntengwe and
Edema, 2008; Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010). The details of pond
ecosystem have been studied by several workers (Banerjea, 1967;
Delince, 1992; Islam et al., 1998; Bhatnagar and Garg, 2000;
Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010). In the semi-intensive carp culture
practices, utilization of organic manures stimulate the growth of
planktons and increase the nutrient levels of water body for
increasing fish production; however the excessive use of manure leads
to the deterioration of water quality (Kadri and Emmanuel, 2003). The
fish ponds in India are mainly earthen closed systems; and feed,
fertilizers and metabolite accumulation lead to contamination of water
bodies, which adversely affects fish growth and survival (Garg and
Bhatnagar, 1996; Jana et al., 2001). The regular monitoring of pond
water quality is considered necessary to determine its status for fish
culture and to keep the aquatic habitat favorable for fish culture
(Iwama et al., 2000; Garg et al., 2010; Mondal et al., 2010). The excess
use of organic manure suggests deterioration of water quality by
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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utilizing oxygen during decomposition; and this leads to depletion of
oxygen and generation of stress, which encourage the spread of
parasitic diseases in cultivable species (Boyd, 1982; Jha et al., 2008;
Chakrabarty et al., 2008; Kaur and Ansal, 2010). At the same time,
the human interference in aquaculture is also increasing with
intensification of pond culture and with change in management
practices (Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010).
The organic loading in ponds is known to affect the biological
processes in the water column; and the water quality is related to the
balance among photosynthesis, decomposition, nitrogen metabolism,
type of water sources, meterological factors, biological processes and
operational aspects (Milstein, 1993). Various physic-chemical
parameters of pond water such as temperature, pH, hardness,
dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical
oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia are known to have a strong
influence on fish health and their resistance to the pathogens (Plumb
et al., 1988; Shresta, 1990). The pond water temperature and
dissolved oxygen (DO) level are important factors for water quality
management; and shallow aquaculture ponds show daily patterns of
temperature and oxygen stratification (Boyd, 1990). Ammonia (NH3)
has been considered as one of the most toxic compounds produced by
intensive fish culture and has a high impact on aquatic organisms;
and its level has been observed to be affected by temperature, pH and
several other factors (Boyd, 1990; Zieman et al., 1992). Phosphorous
is a limiting nutrient needed for the growth of aquatic plants and
phytoplanktons in ponds; however, its excess concentration results to
algal bloom (Milstein, 1993). In water, hardness is caused mainly by
divalent cations and it is an important micronutrient for aquatic
animals; at the same time, the sulphates and chlorides are also found
appreciably in all natural waters. The industrial pollution and
domestic sewage are known to contribute to them in natural water
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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and their high amount in water body is considered as a pollution
indicator (Ramachandra and Ahalya, 2001). The biological oxygen
demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are considered as
reliable parameters for judging the extent of pollution level in
aquaculture; and they increase with increasing concentration of
organic matter (Boyd, 1981; Amirkolaie, 2008). Total dissolved solids
(TDS) are an important physico-chemical parameter to understand
the pollution level of water. The TDS indicate the presence of total
amount of inorganic chemicals in solution such as carbonates,
bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides of sodium and calcium ions in
the water (Utang and Akpan, 2012). The present work is aimed to
understand the physic-chemical quality of some of the carp culture
units of Anand district (Gujarat) for better farm management
practices.
The contamination of aquatic ecosystem with heavy metals is a
serious problem all over the world (Wagner and Boman, 2003). The
bioaccumulation of metals in the polyculture system and in fishes
poses a problem from environment and food; and is considered a
serious problem because they do not decompose or get eliminated
from ecosystem (Boudou and Ribeyre, 1989; Pujin et al., 1990; Liang
et al., 1999; Censi et al., 2006). The heavy metals like arsenic,
cadmium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, zinc and mercury in the
aquatic system get trapped in the sediment and bio-accumulate in
organisms (Liang et al., 1999). Fish living in polluted water are
reported to accumulate toxic elements via their food chains and affect
their physiology, metabolism, growth and protein turnover (Censi et
al., 2006). Accumulation of metals in fishes is also observed to trigger
oxidative stress (Baker et al., 1998). In view of this, an investigation is
undertaken to assess the levels of some of the heavy metals in carp
culture ponds in the study area.
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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The heterotrophic microorganisms have a significant role in the
decomposition of organic matter and production of particulate food
materials from organic matter. Aquatic microorganisms are known to
influence water quality and are also linked with the health of animals
(Al-Harbi and Uddin, 2008). The bacteria associated with fresh water
fisheries include species from genus Acinetobacter, Aeromons,
Eubacterium, Flavobacterium, Flexibacter, Lctobacillus, Mycobacterium,
Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Vibrio and several others (Austin and
Allenn-Austin, 1985; Karunasagar and Karunasagar, 1996).
Application of artificial feed and fertilizers, high stocking density,
induced breeding and shallow nature of water in intensive and semi
intensive aquaculture lead to high bacterial population and thus
causes diseases in pond (Sugita, 1985). The fresh water fishes in
Indian ponds commonly suffer from bacterial diseases like vibriosis,
skin ulceration, albinoderma, erythroderma furunculosis, vertical
scale disease (Das, 2004). The presence of Vibrios and other indicator
bacteria in water is known to serve as an indicator of public health
safety (Ganesh et al., 2010). It is well known that freshwater fishes
and their aquatic environment harbor human pathogenic bacteria,
particularly members of the coliform group; and their presence in
environment indicates the level of pollution (Cohen and Shuval, 1973;
Ramos and Lyon, 2000). The change in the indicator bacteria with
respect to water quality during carp culture is still getting explored. A
study on bacterial load and types in the carp culture atmosphere is
needed to help prevent disease outbreak in fishes and for safe farm
management practices.
The pond culture practice is the major culture system involved
in carp production in rural areas in the state in village ponds,
especially in Anand district, covering 975 ha of water area (Nandan,
2010). The culture of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrihina mrigala,
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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is mainly practiced in semi-intensive polyculture ponds; and a trend
towards intensification is seen to increase the yield per unit area
(Nandan, 2010). Carp culture in these village ponds is practiced with
the utilization of organic based fertilizers and supplementary feed.
Moreover these village ponds are multipurpose ponds exposed to
several anthropogenic activities. The present investigation is
conducted to understand the physico-chemical and hygienic condition
of ponds of Anand district during different seasons with a view to
optimize the water quality conditions for optimum carp production;
and this study have been carried out consecutively for two years, for
the year 2008-2009 and 2009-2010.
7.2 Results and Discussion
All the 20 selected village ponds (Table 2.1; Fig. 2.2) of Anand
district are perennial water bodies and are multipurpose ponds used
for carp culture, domestic purposes and also some time for
agriculture purpose. Table 7.1 to 7.12 and Figs. 7.1 to 7.18 shows the
physico-chemical conditions as well as hygienic conditions of carp
culture ponds during different seasons for the years 2008-2009 and
2009-2010. The physico-chemical parameters of the presently studied
carp ponds appear to be suitable for fisheries purpose and majority of
parameters are found to remain within recommended range for carp
culture (Boyd and Tucker, 1998; Rahman et al., 2008). The water
quality parameters like temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, chlorine,
total hardness, phosphate, sulphate, alkalinity, ammonia, nitrite,
chloride and TDS; heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper,
manganese, mercury, nickel and zinc; and microbial parameters like
total viable count (TVC), total vibrio (TV), total fecal coliform (TFC) and
total fecal streptococci (TFS) level in the ponds were measured during
winter, summer and monsoon during the year 2008-2009 and 2009-
2010 (Table 7.1 to 7.12; Figs. 7.1 to 7.17). The water quality
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parameters showed fluctuations in different seasons during the
investigations. The study reveals that DO, chlorine, phosphate,
alkalinity, TDS and Total viable count did not vary significantly in
different ponds whereas Temperature, pH, BOD, COD, hardness,
sulphate, ammonia, nitrite, chloride, total vibrio, total fecal coliform
and total streptococci differed significantly in different ponds. The
physico-chemical and microbiological quality of water samples of
aquaculture ponds at several other places have been studied in depth
by several investigators; and the observed variations in different
parameters could be due to different factors like differences in water
depth, soil quality, water pollution, turbidity, management system
and fingerling stocking density (Hossain et al., 2008; Rahman and
Wahab, 2008; Kaur and Ansal, 2010).
Water temperature during the sampling period ranged from
average 21.20C to 31.20C. The clear differences in the temperature are
observed during different seasons. The water temperature showed a
very characteristic annual cycle, with higher values during the
summer (26.4-31.20C) and lowest values in the winter (21.2-26.60C).
During monsoon, the average temperature was measured as 24.4 to
28.80C (Table 7.1-7.4; Fig. 7.1). Water temperature is known to follow
the trend of atmospheric temperature, being low during winter and
high during summer (Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010). Temperature is
the also known to influence pH, alkalinity and DO concentration in
water (Peavy et al., 1985; Ravindra et al., 2003). The rate of
photosynthesis, metabolic rate of aquatic organisms and sensitivity of
organisms to toxic compounds, parasites and diseases are affected by
water temperature (Ravindra et al., 2003). The occurrence and
transmission of parasitic diseases are closely associated with
temperature; and it facilitates the multiplication of pathogens
(Rintamaki-Kinnunen et al., 2005a). Water temperature bellow 140C
and above 39.50C is known to be fatal for fishes; and at lower
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temperature, fish reduces metabolic activity and that makes the
fishes more susceptible to parasitic infections during the winter
period (Hossain et al., 2008). The presently detected pond water
temperature from 21.20C to 31.20C during different seasons is well
within the optimal temperature range as suggested for (230C-320C)
warm water fishes (Aston, 1981; Rahman and Wahab, 2008); and is
quite suitable for aquaculture.
The pH of water from different ponds was found to be normal,
ranging from average 7.5 to 8.8. The highest pH value was detected in
Lambhvel pond (8.8) during summer; and the lowest value was
observed in Dharmaj pond (7.5) during monsoon months (Table 7.1-
7.4; Fig. 7.2). The pH values have did not vary significantly during the
study period. The pH of water samples (pH range 7.5 to 8.8) were
neutral to mildly alkaline, slightly above the upper limit as defined by
WHO guidelines of 6.5 to 8.5 (WHO, 2004; Arain et al., 2008). These
results signify that the pH conditions were conductive for fish culture
in ponds. The pH values outside these limits have been known to be
unfavorable to fish; and the fishes are known to die below 2 pH and
rise up to pH 11 (Ntengwe, 2005). At pH 4 and at pH 11, gills, lens
and cornea of fishes are reported to get destroyed; and fishes stop
feeding and die (Hossain et al., 2008). The entries of domestic sewage,
agricultural run-off and industrial waste in the pond are known to
influence the pH of pond water (Ravindra et al., 2003). The fish
production in water with pH ≤ 6 has been found to be poorer (Lazur et
al., 2002). Application of cow manure and supplementary feed has
also been known to lower pH level in carp culture ponds (Ahmed,
1993; Wahab et al., 1995). During summer reduction of depth,
continuous removal of water for irrigation purpose and heavy
infestation of weeds are known to cause degradation of water quality
parameters including decrease of pH (Mondal et al., 2010). The
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distribution of hydrogen ion concentration, carbonate and carbon
dioxide are some of the major factors regulating the pH in aquaculture
ponds (Boyd, 1972). In the present investigation, the pH was found to
be alkaline throughout the study period; however, during summer the
values were comparatively higher (8.3 to 8.8) and during rainy season,
they were found to be lower (7.5 to 8.5), though in permissible limit.
During winter, the average pH values were observed to have ranged
from 8.1 to 8.7. The fishes are reported to do well in pH range 7.5 to
9.0 as suggested by Das et al. (2006) and Gupta et al. (2000). Similar
trend of alkaline pH has been observed by Bhatnagar and Singh
(2010) in fresh water fish culture ponds. The presently observed pH
level of pond water samples clearly indicates suitability of these ponds
for carp culture.
The results in Fig. 7.3 and Table 7.1-7.4 show the level of
dissolved oxygen (DO) in the ponds. The ponds 1 to 20 show normal
DO level (5.93 mg/L to 8.75 mg/L). The DO level during different
seasons was observed to be 7.12 to 8.55 mg/L, 5.93 to 8.75 mg/L and
6.87 to 8.55 mg/L during winter, monsoon and summer seasons
respectively. Comparatively higher DO level was observed during
winter. Among the investigated ponds, the DO level was found to be
quite higher in Gopalpura, Ashoder, Dharmaj, Adas, Napa as well as
Bhalej ponds and was lower in Lambhavel, Bakrol, Khambhorej,
Shapur, Sojitra and Dehmi village ponds. The oxygen values were
found quite normal and or higher in majority ponds and found close
to saturation in some of the ponds during the sampling period. The
DO content although showed seasonal variations in both the years, it
remained well above the minimum level (>5 ppm), which is required to
support good fish production as suggested by Jhingran (1991) and
Banerjea (1967). Exceptionally high DO content in winter and
monsoon might be due to the low temperature and entry of fresh
water in ponds with continued photosynthetic activity. A lower
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temperature is known to favor greater dissolution of oxygen in water;
and DO more than 6 ppm is known to promote proper growth of fishes
and other organisms (Miller, 1994). The DO was observed to be
relatively lower (5.9 to 7.1 mg/L) during summer during the study
period possibly due to higher temperature. Several factors are known
to be responsible for reducing DO level of water in aquaculture system
like reduction of water depth, seepage and evaporation, application of
fertilizers and feed, heavy infestation of weeds, microbial
decomposition of the organic matter and increased respiratory
demand of organisms at high temperature (Rao, 1986; Wahab et al.,
1995; Ahmed, 1993; Ravindra et al., 2003; Mondal et al., 2010). The
oxygen level less than 4 mg/L is known to generate stress in fishes
(Mondal et al., 2010). A high fluctuations in DO content also have
been reported from reservoirs of India, high level during winter (11.59
mg/L) and low level during summer (3.41 mg/L) (Surve et al., 2005;
Tewari and Mishra, 2005). The DO level is considered significant both
as regulator of metabolic processes and as indicator of water quality
(Mondal et al., 2010). During present investigation, DO level was
observed to be satisfactory in carp ponds; and this is considered to be
safer for carp culture as proposed by Chowdhury and Al Mamun
(2004) and WHO (2004). This is indicative of a comparatively stable
ecosystem of investigated ponds with the right conditions for fish
culture. The similar trend in DO level has been detected in fresh water
fish culture ponds by several investigators; however, comparatively
lower DO level has been reported from fresh water fish culture units
from Kerala (Banerjea, 1967; El-Shafai et al., 2004; Surendraraj et al.,
2009; Pilarski et al., 2004; Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010).
The values of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical
oxygen demand (COD) of water samples from earthen carp ponds
during the period of investigation are shown in Fig. 7.4 and 7.5. The
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Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of oxygen utilized
by microorganisms in stabilizing the organic matter. The BOD level in
water samples is observed to have ranged from 4.15 to 7.70 mg/L.
The BOD level showed seasonal variations during two year study
period (Fig. 7.4); and is found within desirable limits, since BOD level
more than 35 mg/L is not considered suitable for fish culture (Pande
and Sharma, 1999). Among the investigated ponds, the BOD value
was found to be lowest in Jitodiya pond during monsoon (4.15 mg/L);
whereas the highest BOD value has been observed in Bakrol pond
during winter. In summer, the BOD level was found to be higher as
compared to monsoon; though, these values appeared almost similar
or somewhat lower as compared to their values during winter (Fig.
7.4). The high BOD indicates the presence of high organic matter
possibly because of excess entry of cattle and domestic sewage that
consumes dissolved oxygen; and BOD level is considered as one of the
important factors affecting the pond productivity (Bhatt et al., 1999;
Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010). A sharp decline in BOD in late monsoon
and low BOD throughout the winter has been reported by
Sachidanandamurthy and Yajurvedi (2006) in fish culture units. A
seasonal variation in BOD level in reservoir has been observed, with
low values in monsoon and high values in summer by Amirkolaie
(2008). One of the major factors responsible for low BOD value in
aquaculture units has been considered as low temperature, which
slow down the microbial activity (Bhatt et al., 1999). A high BOD
value has also been observed in fresh water ponds even without the
addition of fertilizers because of the entry of organic waste (Bhatnagar
and Singh, 2010). The low (BOD) level in the presently investigated
water samples suggest that the ponds are free from microbial
contamination. Comparatively lower level of BOD in water samples
during monsoon indicates the role of incoming intake of fresh water;
at the same time, comparatively equal values during summer and
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winter could be due to change in the seasonal pattern. However it is
very clear that all the ponds are free of microbial contamination.
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of oxygen
equivalent to the organic matter content of the water susceptible to
oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant; and it is considered a reliable
parameter for judging the extent of pollution in water (Ravindra et al.,
2003; Amirkolaie, 2008). The COD values were found quite high
Bakrol, Mogari, Shahapur Ankalav, Dehmi and Sojitra ponds almost
during all the seasons (46.9-24.7 mg/L) (Table 7.1-7.4; Fig. 7.5). In
the remaining ponds, these values are comparatively low (10.36 to
23.70 mg/L). The COD level in the river water has been reported to
have fluctuated from very high 39.3 mg/L to very low 6.5 mg/L due to
the variation in the discharge of industrial as well as domestic waste
in water (Ravindra et al., 2003). The COD of water is known to
increase with increasing concentration of organic matter (Boyd, 1981).
The influence of seasonal variation on the level of COD in water
bodies associated with fisheries activities was also observed by
workers (Fokmare and Musaddiq, 2002; Garg et al., 2010). In the
present study, clear effect of seasonal variations on COD level could
not be detected. The higher level of COD in Bakrol, Mogari, Shapur
Ankalav, Dehmi and Sojitra ponds indicates higher level of chemical
pollution in these ponds. This could be due to the entry of chemical
toxicants as well as domestic waste and also could be due to heavy
anthropogenic activities. The presently detected COD level in carp
ponds indicates that at least 30% of ponds are exposed to higher
chemical pollution level. The high COD value indicates caution for fish
culture, and this information would help fish farmers in adopting
appropriate measures for safe culture practices.
In the present investigation, in majority of ponds, chlorine was
not detected; however in Bakrol, Lambhavel, Mogri, Napad, Shapur,
Jitodiya, Dehmi, Khambhorej, Ambali and Sojitra village ponds,
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chlorine level has been found between 0.1 mg/L to 0.7 mg/L (Table
7.1-7.4; Fig. 7.6). A higher level of Cl- in inland water is considered as
an index of pollution. Sewage water and industrial effluents are rich
in Cl-; and discharge of these wastes results in high chlorine levels in
fresh water (Hasalam, 1994). In Yamuna River, very high Cl- level, up
to 64 mg/L, indicates the pollution state of the water due to
contamination by drain waters (Ravindra et al., 2003).
The hardness of water samples fluctuated from 66.9- 86.7 mg/L
during the summer, 73.7 to 96.1 mg/L in winter and 50.5- 67.6 in
monsoon (Table 7.2-7.5; Fig. 7.7). The variation in the values of total
hardness during different seasons in fish pond has also been detected
by Ravindra et al. (2003). Sawyer (1960) classified water on the basis
of hardness into three categories soft (0.00-75.0 mg/L), moderately
hard (75.00-150.00 mg/L) and hard (151.00-300.00 mg/L); and
hardness of 300 mg/L is permissible for domestic use (Ravindra et al.,
2003). The total hardness was observed to be higher in Amiyad,
Bakrol, Jitodiya as well as Gopalpura village ponds; and these values
were lower in Sojitra, Ambali, Napa as well as Napad ponds. The
hardness in pond water is mainly caused by divalent cations,
specifically calcium and magnesium; and it is an important
micronutrient required by aquatic animals (Ramachandra and Ahalya,
2001). During summer season, reduction of depth is known to result
in increase in hardness of water (Mondal et al., 2010). The deposition
of waste from different sources in the pond water has been reported to
be responsible for increasing hardness of water in wild as well as
manured carp culture ponds (Wahab et al., 1995; Bhatnagar and
Sanghwan, 2009; Bhatnagar et al., 2009). Different fish species are
known to perform differently with different hardness of water, and
their requirements vary from 50 to 200 mg/L (Ntengwe and Edema,
2008). High water hardness of aquaculture system leads to
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eutrophication; at the same time, the pond water with somewhat
higher level of hardness indicates the ponds with higher trophic
status (Rai, 1971; Garg et al., 1998). According to Mateen et al.
(2004), higher hardness of water is more favorable and has no
negative effect on the growth of L. rohita and its hybrid. According to
the classification, investigated carp culture ponds of Anand district
falls in the category of soft water body to moderately hard water units;
and they appear quite suitable for fish culture. Comparatively lower
value of hardness during monsoon could be because of the dilution by
the entry of fresh water. The exact reason is not understood for
almost similar values of hardness during winter and summer;
however, the change in weather pattern during recent time and intake
of required water in the ponds from other sources like canal appear to
have played role in regulating the hardness level.
The accumulation of phosphate was observed during the
present study; and their level ranged from 6.7 to 10.3 mg/L (Table
7.2-7.5; Fig. 7.8) with highest value in Khambhorej pond in winter
and lowest value in Sojitra village pond in summer. The phosphate
level in fish pond has been associated with the growth of planktons
and algal cells (Deguchi et al., 1985). However, high phosphate level in
pond water has been considered as an indicator of organic pollution
(Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010). Gupta et al. (2000) suggested the
optimum range of phosphate 0.01 mg/L for hatchery units and 0.01-
0.5 mg/L for brooder pond; the higher concentration causes algal and
cyanobacterial blooms, which can adversely affect larval stages. The
deposition of organic matter in water bodies contributes to increase in
the concentration of phosphate (Deguchi et al., 1985). The application
of feed and fertilizers are known to increase the concentration of
phosphate in pond water; and higher values of phosphate (0.09 to
5.20 mg/L), were observed just after fertilization (Paat et al., 1989;
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Wahab et al., 1995). Even the stocking density of carp larvae were
reported to affect the values of phosphate (Sharma and Chakrabarti,
2004). A dense phytoplankton growth in lake during monsoon due to
the entry of phosphate rich agricultural runoff as well as during
winter due to prevalence of lower temperature by slower utilization by
phytoplanktons have been proposed by Sachidanandamurthy and
Yajurvedi (2006). Comparatively higher phosphate level has also been
observed in village ponds engaged in carp culture in Hariyana due to
the high organic load in these ponds (Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010).
During present investigation, high phosphate content of carp pond
indicates the role of application of fertilizers and use of supplementary
feed; at the same time, entry of agricultural runoff, rich in phosphate
fertilizers, in increasing the phosphate level in pond water cannot be
ruled out.
Waste water from tanneries, paper mills and textile mills are
known to contribute to SO4 in natural water along with agricultural
runoff (Ravindra et al., 2003). The higher concentration of sulphates
(up to 8.87 mg/L) have been observed in Ramsagar lake during
summer season due to evaporation; however, the concentrations of
SO4 in Manchar lake water did not exceed the WHO recommended
values (WHO, 2004; Garg et al., 2010). The accumulation of sulphate
was observed during the present study in all 20 culture ponds; and
their level ranged from 2.84 to 10.04 mg/L (Table 7.2-7.5; Fig. 7.9).
The level of SO4 was observed to be more or less similar during
different seasons in the study area.
The alkalinity refers to the ability of water to neutralize the acid.
This is the buffering capacity of water, the buffering capacity basically
dependent on the bicarbonate and carbonate ions; and the calcium
carbonate is considered to be the primary buffer in water that
contribute to the total alkalinity (Peavy et al., 1985). The high pH and
alkalinity of pond water suggest that ponds are well buffered and in
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high trophic status, alkalinity serves as a pH reservoir for inorganic
carbon; and it is usually taken as an index of productive potential of
the water (Manahan, 1992). Alkalinity is important for fish and
aquatic animals because it protects against rapid pH change; and
alkalinity less than 100 mg/L has been considered undesirable for
fish culture (Sachidanandamurthy and Yajurvedi, 2006). According to
Ntengwe and Edema (2008), alkalinity above 80 mg/L is favorable for
tilapia. Lower alkalinity has been associated with increased hydrogen
ion concentration and low buffering capacity of water, which badly
affect the pond ecosystem and cause stress to the fishes (Hossain et
al., 2008). A seasonal fluctuation in alkalinity has been observed in
river water, higher alkalinity during low temperature (150 to 600
mg/L) and lower alkalinity during summer with higher temperature
(80 to 250 mg/L); and the level of alkalinity also indicates a greater
ability to support algal growth and other aquatic life (Manahan, 1992;
Ravindra et al., 2003). In the present study, very distinct seasonal
variations in alkalinity have not been detected; however, the alkalinity
was somewhat lower during monsoon, whereas it was comparatively
higher during winter (Table 7.2-7.5; Fig. 7.10). The present results
suggest that the ponds are alkaline, suitable for carp culture and in
good trophic status; and are comparable for culture practice to those
reported by Singh, (1998) and Chowdhury and Al Mamun (2004).
The values of ammonia and nitrite of water samples from
different carp culture ponds during the study period are shown in
Figs. 7.11 to 7.12 and Table 7.3-7.6. The ammonia content was found
to be high, and ranged from 0.4 mg/L to 1.4 mg/L. The ammonia level
appear to be very high (>1 mg/L) in almost 50% of the ponds mainly
in Jitodiya, Gopalpura, Shapur, Ashodar, Dehmi, Dabhov, Bhalej and
Amiyad village ponds. The seasonal variation in ammonia level
indicates that during monsoon, the level is found to be relatively low
(0.48 to 0.98 mg/L) in comparison to their values during winter (0.84
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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to 1.36 mg/L) and summer (0.65-1.44 mg/L). The ammonia level has
remained almost same during winter and summer, though it was
comparatively higher during summer. The total ammonia
concentration was reported to range from 0.0 to 0.43 mg/L in some
aquaculture units (Wahab et al., 1995). A relatively higher
concentration of ammonia appear to be due to the slowdown of
nitrification process, in which the conversion of ammonia to nitrite
and nitrate by oxidizing bacteria is hampered; at the same time, a low
and stable concentration of ammonia in ponds seemed to be due to
nitrification process in which ammonia is converted to nitrite by
ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Paat et al., 1989). Ammonia reaches to
pond water from sources like fish excreta, uneaten food, microbial
decay of nitrogenous compounds, high stocking density of fishes etc.;
and its level is known to increase during low oxygen level in pond
water (Merkens and Downing, 1957). Ammonia level is known to have
increased after feeding and also after manureing in aquaculture units
(Handy and Poxton, 1993). Ammonia concentration in the fertilized
ponds has been reported to be significantly (P<0.05) higher due to the
greater abundance of heterotrophic bacteria in these treatments; and
heterotrophic bacteria are known to utilize nitrogen rich substrate
and release ammonia or ammonium salts; however their effect is less
in water than in sediment (Garg et al., 1998). The differences in the
type of fish farm, the variable environmental parameters, the nature
and quality of fishes in the fish farm and the rate of renewal as well as
purity of water are the factors influencing the degree of ammonia
toxicity (Porrello et al., 2003). A large number of investigations have
been carried out on ammonia toxicity on fishes during rearing
(Munday et al., 1992). The ammonia level 0.09 to 3.35 mg/L was
reported to be toxic for aquatic organisms (Handy and Poxton, 1993).
The ammonia toxicity in fishes causes osmo-regulatory imbalances,
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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kidney failure and damage to gill epithelium leading to suffocation
(Meade, 1985; Barat and Jana, 1987; Porrello et al., 2003). According
to the report of Porrello et al. (2003), the ammonia effect can be
reduced by optimizing fish farming management practices mainly by
adapting proper feeding and by controlling water quality. The high
organic load in the ponds as well as high concentration of certain ions
like calcium, magnesium and phosphate were also responsible for
high ammonia in the pond (Harrison, 1978; Barat and Jana, 1987).
Relatively higher ammonia concentration in the carp ponds has been
considered as one of the major factors affecting growth of the fishes
and productivity of pond (Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010). The presently
observed lower ammonia in monsoon and higher ammonia level in
summer in culture ponds is in agreement with the seasonal variations
in ammonia level observed in carp ponds by Garg et al. (2010). The
change in the weather pattern could be responsible for higher
ammonia level during winter. The mannuring practices appear to be
responsible for higher ammonia level in majority of presently
investigated carp ponds. This clearly indicates the requirement of
proper pond management practice for better culture conditions.
In the pond, ammonia is known to be converted to nitrite and
than in to nitrate by oxidizing bacteria by nitrification process (Paat et
al., 1989). According to Ghosh and Mohanty (1981), the nitrite does
not accumulate because the ammonia oxidizing rate is slower than
the nitrite-oxidizing rate; and during complete nitrification, the nitrite
and ammonia usually remain at low concentration. Bacterial
oxidation of ammonia results in the formation of nitrate and nitrite;
and they should remain within the limits to prevent mortality of fish
larval stages (Mohan and Choudhary, 2010). The limited oxidation
rate of nitrite causes its build up; and for salmonid culture, 0.015
mg/L of nitrite has been considered optimum (Iwama et al., 2000).
Sachidanandamurthy and Yajurvedi (2006) also reported significant
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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variations in nitrite level in aquaculture ponds during different
months. During present investigations, nitrite level (Table 7.3-7.6; Fig.
7.12) has been detected as 0.13 mg/L (Napa) to 1.02 mg/L (Ambali);
and found to be quite high than permissible limit as per the report of
(Mohan and Choudhary, 2010). The lower nitrite level during
monsoon as compared to other seasons could be because of the
dilution of water.
Chlorides are known to occur in fresh water as a result of
dissolution of salts (Arain et al., 2008). The chloride concentrations
higher than 200 mg/L are considered to be hazardous for human
health and are known to cause unpleasant taste of water (WHO, 2004;
Arain et al., 2008). Very high chlorides in water are also considered as
pollution indicators of water body (Sachidanandamurthy and
Yajurvedi, 2006; Bhatnagar and Sanghwan, 2009). Bhatnagar and
Singh (2010) reported comparatively higher chloride level in wild pond
also due to the entry of waste. No clear influence of seasonal
variations on chloride content of pond water has been detected in the
present work (Table 7.3-7.6; Fig. 7.13). High chloride content in
Dabhov (85.0 mg/L), Ashoder (80.1 mg/L), Napad (80.0 mg/L),
Shapur (77.1 mg/L), Bakrol (71.0), Jitodiya (76.6 mg/L), Dharmaj
(73.4 mg/L) and Adas (75.7 mg/L) ponds indicate the role of higher
temperature and higher evaporation during summer; however, during
the investigations, chemical treatment of the pond cannot be ruled
out for its higher level; although, fish farmers have not disclosed
about the chemical treatment. The sulfate and chloride contents of
carp pond water samples have been detected as 2.8 to 10.0 mg/L and
35.9 to 85.01 mg/L respectively. Both these parameters are found to
be in permissible limit as per the guide lines of WHO (2004).
During the present investigations the total dissolved solids
(TDS) was found to be 11.95 mg/L to 16.08 mg/L and 16.74 mg/L to
21.70 mg/L in winter and monsoon respectively (Table 7.3-7.6; Fig.
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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7.14). The TDS levels in samples have showed seasonal fluctuations
throughout the study period. The TDS for all the stations were within
the range of the standard level of 500 mg/L set by the USA
Environmental Protection Agency (Charkhabi and Sakizadeh, 2006).
Klein (1992) has reported that the excess amount of TDS in water
disturb ecological balance and cause suffocation of aquatic life. A
maximum value of 400 mg/L of TDS is permissible for diverse fish
population (Nadeem 1994; Pejman et al., 2009). Moreover, higher
turbidity of pond water during monsoon appears to be responsible for
higher TDS level in pond water during this season.
Tables 7.7 to 7.10 show the concentration of different heavy
metals in water samples of all 20 carp culture ponds. The
concentration of heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, mercury
were found below detection limit in all the investigated ponds;
whereas copper, manganese, nickel and zinc have been detected in
water samples during investigation; and the effect of seasonal changes
on the level of these metals could not be observed clearly. During the
investigations, the concentration of copper, manganese, nickel and
zinc have been detected in the ranges (0.001 to 0.68 mg/L), (0.003 to
1.049 mg/L), (0.002 to 0.044 mg/L) and (0.008 to 1.076 mg/L)
respectively in all the investigated ponds (Tables 7.7 to 7.10). The
concentrations of several of heavy metals are found to be below the
drinking water standard as suggested by Liang et al. (1999); however,
the level of copper, manganese, nickel and zinc appear to be higher.
Many studies have been conducted to understand the metal
concentration in fresh water aquaculture systems and other natural
water bodies. The results in the present study demonstrate that there
is a possibility of accumulation of some of the metals in carps through
the food web as they have filter feeding mechanism. Accumulation of
heavy metals by the microbiota and subsequent accumulation in the
food chain in higher trophic levels may adversely affect the entire
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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ecosystem (Vinikour et al., 1980). Several mechanisms are known for
the removal of heavy metals in pond water like complexing with
organic and inorganic compounds, adsorption, precipitation and
sedimentation (Lazerte et al., 1989). The alkaline pH in the fish ponds
also facilitates the removal of heavy metals; and ponds with little or
no buffering capacity tend to have higher concentrations of metals
(Polpraset, 1982; Horne and Dunson, 1995). Apart from the above
mentioned factors, algae can also play an important role in the
elimination of metals in water by producing low molecular weight
compounds of high chelating capacity (Balasubramanian et al., 1992).
The metals like Cr, Zn and Pb can interact with organic matter in
water and settle down, resulting in high concentrations in sediments
and they get deposited in different fish species including carp (Singer,
1977; Balasubramanian et al., 1992). Various fish species accumulate
different amounts of metals due to different feeding habits; and their
bioaccumulation in fish depends on the bioavailability of metals, their
metabolism and their elimination in the target organism as well as
physico-chemical parameters of the water (Hollis et al., 1997;
Jezierska and Witeska, 2001). The results have indicated that
majority of investigated fish culture ponds of Anand district are free
from heavy metal contamination; however, presence of copper, cobalt,
zinc, nickel and manganese in pond water samples clearly indicate
the contamination due to anthropogenic activity; and is a matter of
concern. This suggests requirement of regular monitoring of ponds.
The results of quantitative estimation of indicator bacteria total
viable count (TVC), total vibrio (TV) total fecal coliforms (TFC) and
fecal streptococci (TFS) in carp culture ponds during different seasons
are given in Table 7.11 and 7.12; Figs. 7.14 to 7.18. This is the first
report on the level of indicator bacterial population of aquaculture
ponds of Anand district (Gujarat); and these results would contribute
in understanding bacterial load of carp culture units, which could
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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cause the disease in fishes if present in higher levels. The indicator
bacterial load in all the pond water samples were found to be in
permissible limit as per the WHO (2004) guidelines; the count has
been observed as TVC (3.03 to 5.61 log CFU/ml), TV (1.14 to 3.68 Log
CFU/ml), TFC (86.5 to 194.5 MPN/100ml) and TFS (65.0 to 161.0
MPN/100ml). The results are comparable to the data reported by
Surendraraj et al. (2009) for fresh water fish culture. The dominant
bacterial flora of fresh water carp culture ponds include Aeromonas,
Escherichia, Klebsiella, Serratia, Hafnia, Plesimonas, Salmonella,
Yersinia; and the TVC, TV, TFC and TFS are considered as native
flora of fresh water fishes (Surendran et al., 1995; Surendraraj et al.,
2009). There are reports on the Enterobacteriaceae as a potential fish
and human pathogen from carp and its earthen culture environment
(Karunasagar et al., 1992). The existence of pathogenic bacteria in fish
culture environment is an indication of contamination in ponds; and
the bacterial flora under stress conditions could give rise to fish
epizootics (Nedoluha and Westhoff, 1997; Al-Harbi and Uddin, 2004).
As per the report of Austin and Austin (1993), disease causing
bacteria such as A. hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp. were found to be
present in the culture system in high number. In aquatic system,
environmental parameters temperature, salinity, pH, DO, TOC, BOD,
COD and ammonia are known to play important role in the
distribution and growth of bacteria (Palaniappan, 1982; Jana and
Barat, 1983; Sugita et al., 1985; Markosova and Jezek, 1994;
Ferguson et al., 1996; Surendraraj et al., 2009). The fish biomass,
accumulation of fish faeces, feeding and pond fertilization are known
to contribute to the higher bacterial count (Lalitha and Surendran,
2004; Markosova and Jezek, 1994). To maintain the fish culture
efficiently, proper pond preparation, seeding quality, moderate
stocking density, good water quality, less feed waste and routine
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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monitoring are required to reduce the bacterial load and ultimately to
reduce the chance of disease outbreak (Ganesh et al., 2010).
In the present study, TFS were detected as 65.0 to 161.0
MPN/100ml. According to the report of WHO (1989), the permissible
limit of coliform for pond aquaculture is 1000 MPN/100mL. The E.
coli was reported as predominant enteric bacteria from intestine of
carp and tilapia as well as from pond water (Ogbondeminu, 1993).
Boyd and Tanner (1989) mentioned that pond environment receives
fecal coliform via warm blooded animal faeces; and they represent a
potential problem in pond management. In the present study, TFC
counts in water samples were lower as compared to tiger prawn farms
in India (Surendran et al., 1995) and also as compared to tilapia
culture ponds; and no seasonal fluctuation in their count has been
detected during present investigations. However, during rainy season,
entry of runoff water with contaminants is suggested to be the cause
of coliform contamination in ponds as suggested by Doyle and Ericson
(2006).
During the study period, the TVC ranged from 3.49 to 5.61 Log
CFU/ml in summer, 3.45 to 5.05 Log CFU/ml in monsoon and 3.03
to 5.59 Log CFU/ml in winter. The results of bacterial counts were in
the order of summer > winter > monsoon; and the count is lower than
values recorded for farmed carp in India, for Cyprinid culture facilities
and also their count reported by several other investigators (Ampofo
and Clerk, 2003; Nayyarahamed et al., 1995; Sugita et al., 1985; Jun
et al., 2000; Jeyasekaran and Ayyappan, 2003; Ahmed and Naim,
2003). Heavy raining during monsoon and entry of surface run off in
ponds are reported to contribute to the abnormally higher count of
bacteria. The water samples from different ponds showed small
differences in their count during different seasons. A limited seasonal
fluctuation in the bacterial counts in river fishery has been reported
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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by Austin and Allen-Austin (1985). The present study has revealed
that the potential disease causing bacteria like Streptococcus sp. and
Vibrio sp. are present in the culture system in quite low level; and this
clearly suggest that presently analyzed culture ponds are free of
bacterial contamination. The presently observed bacterial counts are
found to be quite lower than the counts recorded by Ntengwe and
Edema (2008) and Ahmed and Naim (2003); and the bacterial
composition is quite similar to the bacterial count reported by
Sivakami et al. (1996) from the carp pond water from Tamil Nadu. The
present investigation indicates that the physico-chemical and
microbiological qualities of carp culture ponds of Anand district are
found to be quite suitable for fish culture. However, higher ammonia
level and COD level in some of the village ponds indicate higher
organic loading in the ponds and suggest for appropriate measures.
The presently detected levels of some of the heavy metals in water
samples need further consideration form farm management practice.
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Figs. 7.1 to 7.18 represent average values of physico-chemical and
microbiological parameters of water samples of carp culture ponds
analyzed during the years 2008-20010.
Note: In the figures (7.1 to 7.18), X axis indicates the number of ponds and Y axis
indicates the value measured.
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Figure 7.1 seasonal variations in temperature of fresh water fish culture pond of Anand district.
Figure 7.2 seasonal variations in pH in different culture ponds of Anand district. † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).
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Figure 7.3 Seasonal variation in DO of fresh water fish culture ponds.
Figure 7.4 Seasonal variations in BOD. † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).
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Figure 7.5 Seasonal variations in COD.
Figure 7.6 Seasonal variations in chlorine level. † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).
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Figure 7.7 Seasonal variations in hardness.
Figure 7.8 Seasonal variations in phosphate content. † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).
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Figure 7.9 Seasonal variations in sulphate.
Figure 7.10 Seasonal variation in alkalinity of carp culture ponds. † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).
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Figure 7.11 Seasonal variation in ammonia.
Figure 7.12 Seasonal variations in nitrite. † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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Figure 7.13 Seasonal variation in chloride of fresh water ponds.
Figure 7.14 Seasonal variations in total dissolved solids (TDS). † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).
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Figure 7.15 Seasonal variation of total viable count (TVC).
Figure 7.16 Seasonal variations in total vibrio (TV). † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).
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Figure 7.17 Seasonal variations in total fecal coliform (TFC).
Figure 7.18 Seasonal variations in total fecal streptococci (TFS). † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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Table 7.1 Physico-chemical parameters temperature, BOD, COD and chlorine (2008-2009) of fresh water carp culture ponds.
Location
Parameters (2008-2009)
Temp (oc) pH DO (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) Chlorine (mg/L)
W M S W M S W M S W M S W M S W M S
Lambhvel 25.20 25.53 28.90 8.34 8.24 8.87 5.49 5.50 7.63 6.82 3.98 6.34 13.27 14.65 14.53 0.53 ND ND
Bakrol 26.10 28.37 31.73 8.72 8.40 8.40 7.03 7.57 7.64 7.98 5.46 5.28 48.60 49.37 44.33 0.82 0.85 0.43
Mogri 25.20 27.27 25.33 8.35 8.42 8.32 7.59 8.30 6.67 6.92 5.23 5.28 34.80 30.10 30.97 ND 0.31 0.27
Napad 24.23 26.70 30.20 8.40 8.25 8.32 8.82 7.30 8.30 6.08 5.64 5.42 18.47 13.20 15.70 ND 0.53 0.29
Napa 23.20 26.03 30.17 8.37 8.21 8.93 8.42 8.50 8.50 6.88 4.73 5.99 20.20 19.13 20.70 ND ND ND
Jitodiya 27.30 25.63 28.33 8.82 8.14 8.74 7.67 5.50 8.20 8.14 3.94 6.04 13.30 12.83 19.20 0.20 ND ND
Gopalpura 24.27 26.67 29.27 8.33 8.24 8.91 8.90 8.79 8.32 7.28 4.64 5.84 25.37 18.20 23.20 ND ND ND
Shapur 20.77 26.43 31.20 8.52 8.42 8.71 8.29 6.30 6.53 6.23 5.91 6.24 30.20 21.20 28.47 0.40 0.50 0.30
Ankalav 21.40 29.23 30.47 8.19 8.32 8.64 7.92 7.60 7.63 7.23 4.08 6.37 32.17 36.27 36.43 ND ND ND
Ashoder 23.43 27.17 30.50 8.20 7.92 8.61 8.69 8.03 6.47 7.67 4.12 5.97 20.20 23.23 18.47 ND ND ND
Dharmaj 22.10 22.77 29.87 8.55 7.87 8.77 8.17 8.23 7.00 7.05 4.21 6.22 14.40 19.70 16.47 ND ND ND
Dehmi 21.00 28.07 27.50 8.67 8.22 8.48 7.74 8.40 7.60 7.77 4.54 6.49 28.20 25.40 20.13 0.17 0.19 0.13
Adas 24.17 25.37 28.87 8.74 8.31 8.57 8.56 6.62 7.60 7.19 5.11 6.15 13.47 15.13 17.30 ND ND ND
Khambhorej 23.53 26.57 28.40 8.26 8.10 8.71 7.49 7.11 7.53 6.15 4.54 6.21 17.53 13.40 12.93 ND 0.15 0.11
Dabhov 18.20 28.40 31.27 8.42 8.37 8.58 7.98 7.33 5.47 6.91 4.08 6.25 17.40 18.67 17.20 ND ND ND
Ambali 25.17 28.50 32.37 8.67 7.57 8.33 8.02 8.37 8.30 6.75 4.68 5.99 19.13 21.20 22.17 0.19 ND ND
Amiyad 22.17 27.17 27.30 8.76 8.31 8.40 8.56 7.47 8.63 7.01 4.94 6.89 12.27 11.13 14.87 ND ND ND
Bhalej 26.67 27.07 30.20 8.56 7.96 8.72 8.65 6.47 7.87 6.99 4.65 6.04 17.50 16.70 16.20 ND ND ND
Sojitra 24.27 25.37 26.50 8.86 8.50 8.35 8.34 8.10 8.17 7.24 4.74 5.84 26.40 20.73 26.13 ND 0.40 0.29
Mughrol 23.13 26.00 29.43 7.72 7.72 8.70 8.24 7.60 7.93 7.23 4.61 6.05 10.20 12.13 14.13 ND ND ND
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Table 7.2 Physico-chemical parameters hardness, phosphate, sulphate, alkalinity and ammonia (2008-2009) of fresh water carp culture ponds.
Location
Parameters (2008-2009)
Hardness (mg/L) Phosphate (mg/L) Sulphate (mg/L) Alkalinity (mg/L) Ammonia (mg/L)
W M S W M S W M S W M S W M S
Lambhvel 83.49 50.88 71.74 9.69 10.28 6.74 8.69 7.88 5.54 1079.33 849.67 1026.33 1.01 0.55 0.81
Bakrol 91.41 56.18 63.44 8.71 8.88 9.14 7.41 4.58 5.34 1056.67 1116.67 938.33 1.14 1.15 1.15
Mogri 83.81 64.76 75.15 9.11 10.36 8.35 9.01 7.06 6.05 1020.00 935.00 931.00 0.92 0.67 1.20
Napad 75.88 54.48 84.15 9.88 9.48 8.05 8.78 6.38 4.55 1116.67 1076.67 951.67 0.97 0.54 1.41
Napa 88.90 51.84 87.32 8.60 10.44 9.52 8.20 5.84 6.92 1030.00 1085.33 1030.33 0.90 0.80 0.96
Jitodiya 98.04 65.08 65.67 7.94 10.58 7.47 7.54 6.58 5.27 1050.33 1077.33 1243.67 0.88 0.48 1.15
Gopalpura 97.18 55.09 66.57 9.98 9.29 8.57 8.48 6.99 5.17 978.33 597.33 724.67 0.97 0.64 1.42
Shapur 94.83 64.04 73.11 8.83 8.34 9.71 9.03 5.64 6.21 1066.67 978.00 1050.33 0.99 0.98 1.11
Ankalav 82.64 58.44 85.18 10.14 9.74 9.38 7.84 4.74 5.98 853.67 928.00 776.67 0.99 0.80 0.87
Ashoder 91.57 64.09 76.37 8.67 9.89 9.27 8.97 6.99 4.57 978.33 711.33 1049.33 0.87 0.57 1.16
Dharmaj 72.82 56.21 72.41 8.92 8.41 8.21 8.12 6.81 4.81 1026.33 981.00 1042.33 1.02 0.97 0.39
Dehmi 87.21 57.61 63.71 9.71 9.21 7.91 9.71 7.81 6.91 1079.67 981.67 983.67 0.96 0.87 1.07
Adas 77.06 62.05 86.51 10.26 9.75 9.81 9.26 7.55 5.21 1085.67 963.33 1064.33 1.04 0.59 1.48
Khambhorej 88.08 63.73 69.57 9.58 9.13 7.33 7.88 6.63 2.93 1136.33 1146.67 1173.00 0.87 0.56 1.31
Dabhov 91.65 66.31 77.97 9.05 9.81 9.57 8.65 7.31 5.87 1056.67 1068.00 971.67 1.41 0.56 1.18
Ambali 75.04 53.18 72.91 10.24 9.18 8.01 8.04 5.08 4.71 933.33 844.33 769.67 1.42 0.90 1.65
Amiyad 94.80 55.87 88.49 8.10 9.37 8.89 8.90 7.37 5.79 1083.00 968.33 1024.00 1.72 0.57 1.39
Bhalej 73.59 62.08 81.49 8.99 9.18 6.79 7.99 6.58 2.89 1175.00 1279.00 1185.67 1.20 0.60 1.24
Sojitra 95.46 52.08 89.41 8.76 9.78 6.81 9.06 4.98 6.61 1033.33 1080.33 936.33 0.97 0.68 1.25
Mughrol 81.70 62.64 61.78 9.60 9.84 6.78 9.30 8.54 6.38 960.33 959.67 877.67 0.98 0.68 1.17
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Table 7.3 Physico-chemical parameters nitrite, chloride and TDS (2008-2009) of fresh water carp culture ponds.
Location
Parameters (2008-2009)
Nitrite (mg/L) Chloride (mg/L) TDS (mg/L)
W M S W M S W M S
Lambhvel 0.63 0.29 0.47 57.51 33.42 52.55 14.19 21.28 15.74
Bakrol 0.55 0.17 0.40 66.06 32.29 78.62 15.41 20.08 14.84
Mogri 0.67 0.25 0.82 46.08 39.46 72.94 16.11 18.66 16.05
Napad 0.42 0.15 0.79 44.04 34.45 86.56 12.48 20.87 18.25
Napa 0.53 0.13 0.81 61.88 40.50 59.63 15.60 12.84 17.62
Jitodiya 0.63 0.33 0.73 56.98 38.97 86.79 16.84 19.18 17.21
Gopalpura 0.52 0.26 0.69 53.34 38.12 76.82 16.38 19.08 16.57
Shapur 0.48 0.33 0.72 64.28 34.42 84.83 12.73 20.04 14.31
Ankalav 0.43 0.15 0.64 47.68 41.72 53.40 16.24 18.74 18.58
Ashoder 0.59 0.32 0.57 42.63 39.55 83.86 14.17 13.89 16.87
Dharmaj 0.48 0.55 0.29 46.74 38.99 79.37 14.92 22.01 14.91
Dehmi 0.60 0.31 0.67 45.90 36.81 80.08 12.91 18.31 17.31
Adas 0.57 0.53 0.91 51.64 41.37 82.40 12.06 22.25 13.91
Khambhorej 0.63 0.11 0.99 58.83 36.28 56.54 15.48 19.03 16.63
Dabhov 1.03 0.14 0.95 46.83 37.18 83.13 15.35 20.51 15.47
Ambali 1.23 0.51 0.88 50.30 33.07 54.62 13.34 18.98 17.31
Amiyad 1.44 0.28 1.02 61.95 32.24 76.76 13.80 18.17 14.99
Bhalej 0.82 0.13 0.69 55.49 42.98 56.74 14.49 22.18 16.29
Sojitra 0.76 0.44 0.77 45.86 37.24 76.21 15.46 13.68 17.61
Mughrol 0.84 0.30 0.58 41.26 35.45 77.81 13.20 18.24 13.14
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Table 7.4 Physico-chemical parameters temperature, BOD, COD and chlorine (2009-2010) of fresh water carp culture ponds.
Location
Parameters (2009-2010)
Temp (oc) pH DO (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) Chlorine (mg/L)
W M S W M S W M S W M S W M S W M S
Lambhvel 25.13 27.17 31.23 8.65 7.81 8.85 8.74 8.50 7.73 6.86 4.58 6.54 15.40 16.63 16.40 0.40 ND ND
Bakrol 23.40 26.37 28.37 8.74 8.31 8.31 8.47 7.40 7.67 7.70 4.47 5.46 45.27 46.47 46.50 0.74 0.65 0.36
Mogri 27.73 25.80 27.53 8.65 8.35 8.40 7.50 8.37 7.07 6.66 4.59 6.11 37.70 27.90 32.50 ND 0.33 0.26
Napad 25.77 24.33 29.30 8.56 7.82 8.81 7.73 7.50 8.20 6.63 5.26 5.89 20.63 12.97 13.40 ND 0.51 0.27
Napa 23.63 27.63 30.23 8.54 7.83 8.82 8.43 8.30 8.60 7.14 4.74 6.41 18.47 23.53 23.17 ND ND ND
Jitodiya 22.50 29.37 31.93 8.44 7.89 8.35 7.00 8.20 8.37 7.34 4.01 6.61 17.53 14.20 20.13 0.30 ND ND
Gopalpura 24.50 26.27 27.63 8.64 7.64 8.79 9.15 8.71 8.16 7.34 4.31 6.51 36.47 14.47 21.13 ND ND ND
Shapur 21.80 25.37 31.23 8.73 7.28 8.37 8.50 5.57 7.60 6.75 5.63 6.23 32.30 23.33 29.77 0.37 0.61 0.31
Ankalav 24.63 28.37 27.27 8.70 7.84 8.31 8.40 5.60 7.73 6.97 4.48 6.30 34.07 36.43 36.70 ND ND ND
Ashoder 24.33 26.47 28.57 8.67 8.54 8.40 8.23 7.63 7.53 7.21 5.19 5.84 22.20 24.17 19.40 ND ND ND
Dharmaj 22.17 26.10 30.97 8.03 7.21 8.48 8.32 7.90 8.67 7.18 4.54 6.12 15.20 16.70 19.13 ND ND ND
Dehmi 25.90 24.97 29.33 7.74 8.13 8.48 8.22 7.63 7.50 5.29 5.08 6.02 26.47 23.20 21.37 0.10 0.27 0.16
Adas 25.37 26.80 27.27 8.46 7.53 8.70 8.31 6.57 8.07 7.06 5.27 6.19 14.50 14.47 16.47 ND ND ND
Khambhorej 25.33 28.30 30.60 8.25 7.39 8.71 7.41 7.57 8.40 6.42 4.95 5.72 18.70 12.20 14.70 ND 0.16 0.11
Dabhov 25.97 25.50 29.30 8.42 7.62 8.69 8.33 6.67 8.27 7.23 4.71 6.19 19.50 15.63 14.20 ND ND ND
Ambali 24.57 25.57 27.47 7.81 8.33 8.49 8.68 5.80 5.80 7.10 4.67 5.85 18.67 20.13 21.67 0.23 ND ND
Amiyad 26.23 27.87 28.43 7.63 8.32 8.61 8.54 8.43 8.37 6.80 5.15 6.78 16.53 14.20 13.17 ND ND ND
Bhalej 26.63 27.13 30.47 8.63 8.39 8.50 8.33 8.40 6.57 6.91 5.34 5.78 14.83 18.87 17.53 ND ND ND
Sojitra 21.47 25.20 27.83 8.54 8.53 8.44 8.23 8.37 8.40 7.01 4.74 5.88 23.13 19.20 24.40 ND 0.43 0.31
Mughrol 23.20 26.23 31.30 8.64 8.17 8.63 8.36 7.27 7.90 7.22 5.00 6.20 10.53 13.67 15.13 ND ND ND
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Table 7.5 Physico-chemical parameters hardness, phosphate, sulphate, alkalinity and ammonia (2009-2010) of fresh water carp culture ponds.
Location
Parameters (2009-2010)
Hardness (mg/L) Phosphate (mg/L) Sulphate (mg/L) Alkalinity (mg/L) Ammonia (mg/L)
W M S W M S W M S W M S W M S
Lambhvel 91.52 55.58 86.64 9.52 9.58 7.94 8.52 4.98 5.34 1048.33 891.33 1047.00 0.81 0.45 1.27
Bakrol 97.08 64.137 69.35 10.48 8.10 7.24 9.18 1.11 5.28 982.67 1123.67 1055.00 1.48 0.81 0.81
Mogri 84.32 66.56 78.08 9.32 8.59 8.24 7.55 7.43 4.75 949.00 1053.00 1020.33 1.49 0.58 0.56
Napad 76.35 55.24 76.22 10.12 8.34 7.42 9.96 9.14 5.22 1208.33 1220.00 970.00 1.30 0.53 0.79
Napa 93.58 62.13 86.19 9.08 8.83 7.89 9.68 5.93 3.59 875.00 1121.67 1040.00 1.00 0.43 0.82
Jitodiya 91.74 64.44 71.94 9.14 6.84 6.84 9.24 7.64 4.74 1034.00 1042.33 1179.67 1.34 0.59 0.90
Gopalpura 86.28 53.04 83.84 10.58 9.14 7.24 9.68 6.64 6.04 862.67 564.00 632.67 1.38 0.52 1.13
Shapur 90.25 64.77 63.61 9.25 7.97 7.71 10.15 5.27 5.51 1049.67 1043.67 1082.00 1.45 0.71 0.79
Ankalav 93.16 58.13 85.44 10.16 9.33 8.64 9.26 6.63 6.04 814.33 969.00 784.00 1.19 0.58 0.59
Ashoder 96.28 66.44 87.14 10.88 8.04 7.24 8.38 7.64 6.24 942.67 1026.00 951.67 1.23 0.50 0.73
Dharmaj 75.53 64.08 75.97 8.23 6.88 8.87 8.73 8.88 5.47 976.00 1068.33 1070.00 1.09 0.39 0.92
Dehmi 98.273 65.38 84.67 9.27 9.08 6.87 10.37 5.18 5.87 1057.33 1020.33 932.67 1.49 0.37 0.90
Adas 82.22 56.64 65.57 9.12 9.34 8.57 9.12 5.54 4.07 1030.00 975.67 1076.33 1.11 0.57 0.96
Khambhorej 83.66 70.21 72.43 11.16 9.41 7.43 9.56 6.11 5.83 1057.00 1132.67 1098.33 1.11 0.49 0.59
Dabhov 95.60 69.07 81.92 9.90 9.07 8.32 8.60 8.17 5.32 1067.67 1053.33 1022.00 0.81 0.40 0.99
Ambali 77.85 54.45 88.04 9.75 9.05 9.04 9.95 6.65 5.54 1021.67 812.00 798.67 1.06 0.56 1.24
Amiyad 97.58 58.84 78.52 11.68 7.44 7.82 9.28 5.74 4.62 1061.00 977.33 1081.67 1.02 0.45 1.14
Bhalej 73.82 67.88 88.25 10.02 8.98 8.45 10.42 9.38 6.35 1063.33 1072.67 1083.33 1.18 0.47 0.84
Sojitra 84.63 48.99 77.25 9.13 10.69 6.75 9.43 6.39 5.15 1039.00 1065.33 770.67 1.02 0.54 0.74
Mughrol 84.11 59.09 72.16 9.91 8.49 8.46 9.51 8.49 5.86 943.33 1058.33 752.67 0.71 0.33 0.75
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Table 7.6 Physico-chemical parameters nitrite, chloride and TDS (2009-2010) of fresh water carp culture ponds.
Location
Parameters (2009-2010)
Nitrite (mg/L) Chloride (mg/L) TDS (mg/L)
W M S W M S W M S
Lambhvel 0.49 0.17 0.97 48.10 41.54 82.48 14.92 21.38 15.04
Bakrol 1.03 0.11 0.32 55.92 46.97 63.49 11.88 20.40 17.88
Mogri 0.97 0.30 0.38 52.58 40.58 60.84 16.05 18.76 14.01
Napad 0.85 0.18 0.42 57.42 37.50 75.27 11.42 19.04 16.42
Napa 0.73 0.13 0.58 40.70 42.87 71.07 14.78 20.63 14.09
Jitodiya 0.92 0.18 0.59 61.86 44.37 66.41 15.24 19.14 17.34
Gopalpura 0.84 0.16 0.82 55.41 46.31 73.12 15.48 18.84 16.34
Shapur 1.04 0.51 0.42 52.50 41.92 69.52 13.85 19.87 16.51
Ankalav 0.79 0.19 0.50 63.11 45.12 78.72 10.65 20.43 17.64
Ashoder 0.90 0.16 0.31 56.83 36.16 76.31 15.98 21.34 11.74
Dharmaj 0.62 0.21 0.61 41.60 39.11 67.56 14.93 21.38 16.57
Dehmi 1.04 0.22 0.75 49.08 42.13 72.55 14.97 22.18 15.67
Adas 0.71 0.20 0.53 60.56 40.19 69.07 15.22 20.04 14.57
Khambhorej 0.58 0.18 0.30 55.57 42.72 74.60 15.16 19.01 18.03
Dabhov 0.51 0.21 0.73 54.11 41.46 86.90 14.50 18.77 14.12
Ambali 0.61 0.14 1.16 41.61 66.29 77.55 14.25 21.45 18.14
Amiyad 0.54 0.15 0.66 50.43 40.88 66.17 15.08 19.08 16.02
Bhalej 0.73 0.19 0.45 43.92 45.83 86.60 14.32 20.18 18.35
Sojitra 0.79 0.14 0.58 54.48 36.70 70.23 11.43 22.39 16.05
Mughrol 0.55 0.11 0.36 50.24 44.88 72.87 14.31 21.19 15.16
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Table 7.7 Different heavy metal concentration (2008-2009) of fresh water carp culture ponds.
Location
Parameters (2008-2009)
Arsenic Cadmium Cobalt Copper
W S M W S M W S M W S M
Lambhvel BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.006 0.005 0.008
Bakrol BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.014 0.008 0.005
Mogri BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.008 1.226 0.017
Napad BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.023 0.686 0.005
Napa BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.016 0.005 0.012
Jitodiya BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.195 0.008 0.005
Gopalpura BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.012 0.014 0.008
Shapur BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.035 0.018 0.338
Ankalav BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.011 0.005 0.003
Ashoder BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.037 0.005 1.099
Dharmaj BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.003 0.020
Dehmi BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.037 0.011 0.005
Adas BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.033 0.008 0.008
Khambhorej BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.020 0.011
Dabhov BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.008 0.011 0.008
Ambali BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.037 0.005 0.005
Amiyad BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.069 0.005 1.005
Bhalej BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.015 0.008
Sojitra BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.008 0.015 0.014
Mughrol BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.023 0.005 0.005
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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Table 7.8 Different heavy metal concentration (2008-2009) of fresh water carp culture ponds.
Location
Parameters (2008-2009)
Manganese Mercury Nickel Zinc
W S M W S M W S M W S M
Lambhvel 0.031 0.034 0.050 BDL BDL BDL 0.019 0.043 0.019 0.040 0.043 0.034
Bakrol 0.092 0.043 0.012 BDL BDL BDL 0.015 0.020 0.015 0.031 0.020 0.043
Mogri 1.049 0.086 1.027 BDL BDL BDL 0.015 0.032 0.015 0.037 0.032 1.076
Napad 0.022 0.077 0.045 BDL BDL BDL 0.019 0.045 0.019 0.045 0.045 0.086
Napa 0.025 0.021 0.030 BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.040 0.050 0.043 0.040 0.021
Jitodiya 0.031 0.033 0.031 BDL BDL BDL 0.022 0.043 0.022 0.038 0.043 0.033
Gopalpura 0.044 0.040 0.031 BDL BDL BDL 0.029 0.024 0.029 0.055 0.024 0.040
Shapur 0.020 0.040 0.034 BDL BDL BDL 0.026 0.014 0.026 0.045 0.014 0.040
Ankalav 0.046 0.033 0.046 BDL BDL BDL 0.027 0.022 0.027 0.043 0.022 0.033
Ashoder 0.039 0.045 0.048 BDL BDL BDL 0.023 0.012 0.023 0.042 0.012 0.045
Dharmaj 0.047 0.032 0.043 BDL BDL BDL 0.031 0.043 0.031 0.037 0.043 0.032
Dehmi 0.047 0.040 0.034 BDL BDL BDL 0.030 0.034 0.307 0.037 0.034 0.040
Adas 0.056 0.033 0.040 BDL BDL BDL 0.023 0.037 0.023 0.037 0.037 0.033
Khambhorej 0.052 0.025 0.028 BDL BDL BDL 0.015 0.038 0.015 0.045 0.038 0.025
Dabhov 0.038 0.034 0.043 BDL BDL BDL 0.027 0.025 0.027 0.039 0.025 0.034
Ambali 0.052 0.031 0.054 BDL BDL BDL 0.027 0.037 0.027 0.032 0.037 0.031
Amiyad 0.052 0.045 0.054 BDL BDL BDL 0.016 0.029 0.016 0.035 0.029 0.045
Bhalej 0.049 0.041 0.050 BDL BDL BDL 0.021 0.035 0.021 0.025 0.035 0.041
Sojitra 0.031 0.016 0.052 BDL BDL BDL 0.030 0.025 0.030 0.026 0.025 0.016
Mughrol 0.037 0.015 0.052 BDL BDL BDL 0.035 0.038 0.035 0.031 0.038 0.015
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
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Table 7.9 Different heavy metal concentration (2009-2010) of fresh water carp culture ponds.
Location
Parameters (2009-2010)
Arsenic Cadmium Cobalt Copper
W S M W S M W S M W S M
Lambhvel BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.085 0.004 0.067
Bakrol BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.032 0.006 0.018
Mogri BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.088 0.008 0.061
Napad BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.011 0.010 0.057
Napa BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.021 0.006 0.057
Jitodiya BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.057 0.005 0.088
Gopalpura BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.014 0.001 0.018
Shapur BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.145 0.004 0.057
Ankalav BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.033 0.002 0.088
Ashoder BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.013 0.003 0.017
Dharmaj BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.054 0.002 0.088
Dehmi BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.015 0.003 0.011
Adas BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.057 BDL 0.088
Khambhorej BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.018 0.002 0.057
Dabhov BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.020 0.002 0.088
Ambali BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.103 BDL 0.017
Amiyad BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.088 0.003 0.018
Bhalej BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.023 0.001 0.055
Sojitra BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.033 0.002 0.057
Mughrol BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.088 0.021 0.057
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Table 7.10 Different heavy metal concentration (2009-2010) of fresh water carp culture ponds.
Location
Parameters (2009-2010)
Manganese Mercury Nickel Zinc
W S M W S M W S M W S M
Lambhvel 0.066 0.007 0.033 BDL BDL BDL 0.030 0.002 0.058 0.057 0.016 0.012
Bakrol 0.027 0.099 0.051 BDL BDL BDL 0.020 0.014 0.034 0.031 0.077 0.021
Mogri 0.055 0.029 0.083 BDL BDL BDL 0.011 0.012 0.015 0.120 0.055 1.019
Napad 0.012 0.021 0.082 BDL BDL BDL 0.071 0.010 0.012 0.057 0.022 0.041
Napa 0.033 0.069 0.076 BDL BDL BDL 0.027 0.010 0.011 0.113 0.027 0.021
Jitodiya 0.013 0.056 0.030 BDL BDL BDL 0.017 0.013 0.025 0.057 0.072 0.087
Gopalpura 0.072 0.020 0.011 BDL BDL BDL 0.034 0.020 0.014 0.006 0.179 0.008
Shapur 0.014 0.006 0.070 BDL BDL BDL 0.057 0.022 0.038 0.029 0.069 0.013
Ankalav 0.066 BDL 0.013 BDL BDL BDL 0.015 0.028 0.023 0.026 0.047 0.066
Ashoder 0.091 0.206 0.033 BDL BDL BDL 0.066 0.020 0.021 0.033 0.040 0.029
Dharmaj 0.028 0.046 0.058 BDL BDL BDL 0.060 0.018 0.025 0.011 0.046 0.033
Dehmi 0.066 0.091 0.040 BDL BDL BDL 0.072 0.020 0.060 0.024 0.061 0.018
Adas 1.035 0.066 0.017 BDL BDL BDL 0.006 0.032 0.012 0.029 0.041 0.033
Khambhorej 0.011 0.042 0.087 BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.031 0.031 0.017 0.031 0.066
Dabhov 0.040 0.016 0.043 BDL BDL BDL 0.033 0.028 0.015 0.012 0.076 0.096
Ambali 0.032 0.191 0.027 BDL BDL BDL 0.044 0.042 0.032 0.020 0.037 0.030
Amiyad 0.092 0.027 0.058 BDL BDL BDL 0.130 0.027 0.032 0.017 0.018 0.063
Bhalej 0.095 0.021 0.078 BDL BDL BDL 0.033 0.040 0.044 0.057 0.081 0.049
Sojitra 0.014 BDL 0.008 BDL BDL BDL 0.072 0.036 0.014 0.017 0.064 0.038
Mughrol 0.052 0.003 0.063 BDL BDL BDL 0.301 BDL 0.013 0.033 0.021 0.032
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
Ph.D. Thesis; BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University 137
Table 7.11 showing total microbial load (2008-2009) of fresh water carp culture ponds.
Location
Parameters (2008-2009)
Total count (Log CFU/ml) Total vibrio (Log CFU/ml) Total fecal coliform
(MPN/100ml)
Total streptococci
(MPN/100ml)
W M S W M S W M S W M S
Lambhvel 3.07 3.69 3.49 2.61 2.25 2.44 180 81 186 131 90 90
Bakrol 4.36 4.76 4.56 3.71 3.38 3.36 110 79 180 140 80 137
Mogri 4.12 4.74 04.5 02.7 2.07 2.11 204 100 130 125 60 161
Napad 05.4 4.69 5.51 1.66 1.44 1.23 90 88 170 148 75 110
Napa 4.35 4.74 4.54 1.57 1.39 1.34 175 105 188 132 65 150
Jitodiya 4.15 4.73 04.5 02.7 2.23 2.49 95 90 122 130 90 105
Gopalpura 5.26 4.71 4.51 2.59 2.46 2.07 203 86 110 135 85 140
Shapur 3.07 3.72 3.55 1.54 1.04 1.43 220 94 175 155 61 160
Ankalav 4.26 04.7 4.44 2.68 2.17 2.25 165 85 160 130 70 95
Ashoder 3.42 4.65 3.49 3.72 01.2 01.5 110 95 188 160 98 121
Dharmaj 4.15 3.71 3.47 2.65 2.32 3.32 202 80 150 140 85 162
Dehmi 4.26 5.76 3.54 1.67 1.23 2.14 170 93 125 155 65 142
Adas 4.39 3.77 4.59 1.56 3.41 1.41 210 85 180 155 75 130
Khambhorej 3.44 4.74 4.56 2.71 2.17 2.27 130 84 140 144 100 142
Dabhov 3.33 5.74 3.53 0.66 1.11 2.04 209 92 187 141 70 98
Ambali 4.44 4.77 3.55 1.55 1.32 1.17 160 88 130 138 71 140
Amiyad 4.18 5.74 4.46 2.67 1.43 1.39 201 80 181 130 72 160
Bhalej 3.33 04.7 3.53 1.65 1.14 02.2 205 91 120 140 60 100
Sojitra 4.35 3.76 04.5 1.53 2.34 1.38 142 90 127 155 101 138
Mughrol 4.05 3.75 4.55 2.68 1.11 1.32 200 95 126 160 110 101
Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand
Ph.D. Thesis; BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University 138
Table 7.12 showing total microbial load (2009-2010) of fresh water carp culture ponds.
Location
Parameters (2009-2010)
Total count (Log CFU/ml) Total vibrio (Log CFU/ml) Total fecal coliform
(MPN/100ml)
Total streptococci
(MPN/100ml)
W M S W M S W M S W M S
Lambhvel 03.8 3.23 3.62 2.64 2.11 2.34 120 98 199 115 75 130
Bakrol 4.38 4.38 4.57 3.64 2.27 2.44 140 94 130 144 112 135
Mogri 4.77 4.34 4.63 2.63 2.38 2.55 175 80 197 100 70 140
Napad 5.78 5.27 05.7 1.56 1.14 1.53 133 105 190 121 85 141
Napa 4.79 4.32 4.58 2.55 1.44 1.43 142 90 201 138 76 138
Jitodiya 4.81 04.2 4.67 2.62 2.36 2.46 160 103 160 95 75 143
Gopalpura 4.72 5.11 4.56 1.63 2.25 2.54 135 97 140 135 78 135
Shapur 4.81 3.17 3.62 2.68 1.23 1.32 170 110 205 140 100 138
Ankalav 2.79 4.49 4.66 1.61 2.43 2.49 155 93 145 131 90 142
Ashoder 02.8 3.25 3.48 3.53 1.07 1.53 160 110 191 120 65 145
Dharmaj 2.78 4.14 03.6 2.62 03.2 03.3 140 102 208 140 80 110
Dehmi 2.76 4.34 4.58 0.66 2.41 2.41 165 90 155 128 60 150
Adas 2.81 4.17 4.63 1.68 1.23 01.5 130 115 175 138 72 121
Khambhorej 02.7 3.17 3.56 01.5 01.3 1.49 140 92 188 132 85 161
Dabhov 2.73 3.11 3.49 1.61 2.39 1.51 132 95 160 100 70 130
Ambali 2.82 4.23 5.61 1.66 02.2 1.39 168 91 190 110 85 125
Amiyad 2.71 03.5 3.57 2.69 2.34 1.53 145 120 188 135 90 162
Bhalej 2.81 04.2 4.62 1.59 2.04 02.5 130 98 177 130 77 121
Sojitra 3.72 3.36 4.55 1.65 2.32 1.38 170 105 195 121 80 98
Mughrol 04.7 4.25 3.63 2.57 2.17 1.54 143 96 180 140 105 130