Chapter 7Chapter 7
Electrical properties
Typical values of electrical conductivity
Formation of polyacetylene and polyethylene
Polyparaphenylene and polypyrrole
Electrical resistance of YBa2Cu3O7
Meissner effect showing repulsion of a superconductor
Levitation inaction
Type I and II superconductors
Some superconducting materials
Perovskite-related cuperate structures showing octahedral
YBa2Cu3O6
YBa2Cu3O7
BaTiO3RbxWO3
ABO3
A3B3O9-2
A3B3O9-3
Cu2+
Cu+
Cu2+
Cu3+
Y
Ba
Perovskite-related cuperate structures showing square planar
Cu+3, d8; Cu+2, d9; and Cu(I), d10s1
Crystal structures of YBa2Cu3O7 and YBa2Cu3O6
Tc vs oxygen content
YBa2Cu3O
YBa2Cu3O
Pressure of O2 in bars
Oxygen loss on heating
Tc as a function of lattice parameter for K3C60
more metallic less metallic
The interaction of C603- anions determines conductivity.
Conductivity of metals, semiconductors and insulators
Relation between electronic properties and magnitude of the band gap
p-type semiconductivity in gallium-doped silicon
n-type semiconductivity in arsenic-doped silicon
Migration of cation vacancies
Schematic ionic conductivity of doped NaCl crystal
Em = activation energy of cation migrationEf = activation energy to form Schottky defects
= ne0exp(-Em/RT)
n = N exp(-Ef/2RT)
Low tempHigh temp
Na1-2xMnxVxCl
Pathway for Na+ migration in NaCl
Triangular interstice
Ionic conductivity of pure NaCl as a function of temperature
Conductivity in NaCl crystals
Migration of interstitial Ag+ ions by direct interstitial jump and indirect interstitialcy mechanism
Effect of Cd+2 on conductivity of AgCl crystals
depends on[Agi
+]
Addition of Cd2+ decreases [Agi+] first, then increase [VAg].
This indicates more than one mechanisms for conductivity.
Solid electrolytes as intermediate between normal crystalline solids and liquids
Ionic conductivity of some solid electrolytes
LTHT
Oxide layers in -alumina
Oxide packing in - and ’’-alumina
Conduction plane in -alumina
Conductivity of PbF2
An example of F- anionic conductor
Some oxide ion conductors
Electrochemical cell containing a solid electrolyte
Components of a secondary lithium battery
A thin film electrochromic device
Oxygen concentration cell
Dielectric material between two plates of a parallel plate capacitor
Hysteresis loop of a ferroelectric
Some ferroelectric materials
Spontaneous polarization of a TiO6 octahedron in BaTiO3
Dipole orientation in a ferroelectric, an antiferroelectric, and a ferrielectric
Ferroelectric domains separated by a domain wall or boundary
Dielectric constant for barium titanate ceramic
paraelectricantiferroelectric
‘= C/(T-)
Curie-Weiss Law
Antiferroelectric-ferroelectric transition in PbZrO3 as a function of applied field
antiferroelectric
ferroelectric
Displacement of phosphorus within a PO2(OH)2