Chapter 6 The skeletal system
Structural terms – Match the pairs.
Definition Term
the articular end of a long bone k a) yellow marrow
dense bone substance at the outer part of a bone g b) diaphysis
the type of bone tissue consisting of lattice-shaped spicules; its structure is usually filled with red bone marrow
e c) articular cartilage
the shaft of a long bone, consisting of a tube of compact bone enclosing the medullary cavity
b d) red bone marrow
the cavity in the diaphysis of a long bone containing the marrow i e) spongy (cancellous, trabecular) bone
the thick fibrous membrane covering a bone h f) endosteum
the tissue lining the medullary cavity of a bone f g) compact (cortical) bone
the type of bone marrow in which blood cells are produced (the site of hematopoiesis)
d h) periosteum
the bone marrow that is rich in fat, occurring in adults a i) medullary cavity (canal)
the external opening for the entrance of blood vessels in a bone. j j) nutrient foramen
a type of hyaline connective tissue that covers the articulating surfaces of bones
c k) epiphysis
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The neurocranium (Cranium cerebrale) consists of 7 bones:
frontal bone (os frontale), the bone at the forehead
temporal bones (os temporale dextrum et sinistrum) the bones at the temple
parietal bones (os parietale dextrum et sinistrum): the bones making up the wall of skull
occipital bone (os occipitale): the bone at the back of the skull
sphenoidal bone (os sphenoidale): the wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull
The facial skeleton (Cranium viscerale) consists of 15 bones:
ethmoid bone (os ethmoidale): the sieve-like bone at the cranial base
nasal bones (os nasale dextrum et sinistrum): the bones of the nose
lacrimal bones (os lacrimale dextrum et sinistrum): the bones at the tear canal
zygomatic bones (os zygomaticum dextrum et sinistrum): the yoke-shaped cheek bones
Turbinate bones (concha nasalis inferior dextra et sinistra): bones in the nasal cavity
vomer : the sharp bone forming the nasal septum
palatine bones (os palatinum dextrum et sinistrum): bones of the roof of the mouth
maxilla bones(maxilla dextra et sinistra):upper jaw bones
mandible bone (mandibula): lower jaw bone
Page 38
Bones of the trunk - Ossa trunci
The bones of the trunk consist of the spinal column (columna vertebralis) and the bones of the chest (ossa thoracis) The first part of the spinal column is the 7 cervical vertebrae (vertebrae cervicales), of which the 1st one is the atlas, which articulates with the occipital bone and bears the weight of the skull. The 2nd cervical vertebra is the axis or epistropheus, which is so named because it is responsible for the rotational movement of the skull. The 7th cervical vertebra (vertebra prominens) got its name from its longer spinous process. 12 thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracicae) articulates 12 pairs of ribs (costae). The first 7 pairs of ribs are named true ribs (costae verae) because of their individual cartilage connection to the breastbone (sternum). The rest of the ribs are called false ribs (costae spuriae), of which the last 2 are named floating ribs (costae fluctuantes), because they do not connect to the sternum. The 3rd part of the spinal column consists of the 5 lumbar vertebrae (vertebrae lumbales), situated at the lower back or loin. The next part is the fusion of 5 vertebrae named sacrum (os sacrum) that means sacred or sacrificial. The last part is the coccyx (os coccygis) or tailbone, which got its name from its resemblance to the beak of the bird cuckoo.
Page 39
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of the upper limb - Ossa extremitatis superioris
The free upper limb is connected to the trunk by the bones of the shoulder girdle, i.e. by the clavicle (_clavicula) and the shoulder blade (scapula). The free upper limb consists of the upper arm bone or humerus, the two bones of the forearm, the medial one is ulna, and the lateral one is radius. The bones of the hand comprise 8 bones of the wrist or carpal bones (ossa carpi), 5 metacarpals (ossa metacarpalia) and the bones of the fingers or phalanges (phalanges manus). Bones of the lower limb – Ossa extremitatis inferioris The free lower limb is connected to the trunk by the pelvic girdle, that is the hip bone (os coxae) and the sacrum. The hip bone consists of 3 fused bones, the upper portion is the ilium (os ilium), the middle part is the pubic bone (os pubis), the lower part is the „sitting bone” or ischium (os ischii). The longest bone of our body is the femur, which joins the hip bone at the hip joint. At the knee joint a flat, round shaped bone, patella is situated. Lower leg comprises the larger medial shinbone (tibia) and a lesser, lateral bone, the fibula. The bones of the foot include 7 tarsal bones (ossa tarsi), 5 metatarsals (ossa _metatrsalia) and the bones of the toes or phalanges pedis
Page 41
2. Group the bones according to the categories.
Cranium Ossa cervicis et trunci Ossa extremitatis superioris
Ossa extremitatis inferioris
os occipitale os sphenoidale, atlas, os parietale, os nasale,
costae verae, sternum, os coccyges, axis, vertebrae lumbales,
humerus phalanx proximalis manus ossa metacarpalia, clavicula, radius,
os coxae patella, tibia, calcaneus, ossa tarsi,
Page 42
3-4. Match the pairs.
English Latin Latin Greek stem
shinbone 7 1. columna
vertebralis
articulatio g a) rachi-
rib 4 2. os coxae ligamentum e b) chondr-
spinal column 1 3. talus columna vertebralis a c) myel-
skull 8 4. costa cartilago b d) spondyl-
upper portion of hip bone 6 5. scapula vertebra d e) syndesm-
shoulder blade 5 6. os ilium medulla c f) cleid-
knee cap 10 7. tibia clavicula f g) arthr-
ankle bone 3 8. cranium
hip bone 2 9. os ischii
lower portion of hip bone 9 10. patella
5. Give the Latin equivalent.
bones of the fingers phalanges lateral bone of the leg fibula
thigh bone femur breastbone sternum
lower jaw mandibula upper jaw maxilla
bones of the neck vertebrae cervcales lateral bone of the forearm radius
6. Odd one out
os ethmoidale – os parietale – os coccygis – os palatinum ___________________
ossa metacarpalia – phalanges manus – scapula – fibula ___________________
vertebrae thoracicae – axis – ulna – os sacrum ___________________
calx – pollex – phalanx – hallux ___________________
7. Which bones do the Latin descriptions match?
Latin description Bone Latin description Bone
os brachii humerus os mediale cruris tibia
os laterale antebrachii radius os anterius pelvis os pubis
os mediale antebrachii ulna os superius pelvis os ilium
os genus patella os inferius pelvis os ischii
os laterale cruris fibula
8. Fill in the blanks in the definition.
Term Definition
spondylarthritis inflammation of the joints of vertebrae
osteomyelitis inflammation of bone marrow
rachischisis fissure of spinal column
chondroblast immature cartilage cell
syndesmology study of ligament
9. Give the term based on the definition.
Definition Term
the articular end of a long bone epiphysis
the shaft of a long bone, consisting of a tube of compact bone diaphysis
the dense bone substance at the external part of a bone substantia compacta
the thick fibrous membrane covering a bone periosteum
the cavity in the diaphysis of a long bone containing the marrow cavum medullare
the external opening for the entrance of blood vessels into a bone foramen nutricium
a type of hyaline connective tissue that covers the articulating surfaces of bones _cartilago articularis
the type of bone marrow in which blood cells are produced medulla rubra
the tissue lining the medullary cavity of a bone endosteum
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Grammar 4 Singular and Plural forms
1. Write in the Plural forms of the given examples. Use the table above.
Decl. Gender Sing. Nom. Sing. Gen. Root Plur Nom. I. f. costa costae cost- costae
II. m. oculus oculi ocul- oculi
II. n. ligamentum ligamenti ligament- ligamenta
III. m/f. index phalanx
articulatio pes
auris dens ren
basis
indicis phalangis
articulationis pedis auris
dentis renis basis
indic- phalang-
articulation- _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
indices phalanges
articulations pedes aures
dentes renes bases
III. n. femur caput
os crus
foramen carcinoma
femoris capitis ossis cruris
foraminis carcinomatis
femor- capit-
_______ _______ _______ _______-
femora capita ossa crura
foramina carcinomata
IV. m. sinus sinus sin- sinus
IV. n. cornu cornus _______ cornua
V. f. facies faciei faci- facies
Exercises
1. Put each word from singular into plural and vice versa.
Singular Plural Plural Singular
ulna, ulnae f ulnae venae vena
vertebra, ae f vertebrae laminae lamina
radius, radii m; radii rami ramus
stratum, strati n strata bacteria bacterium
index, indicis m indices cortices cortex
articulatio, onis f; articulations regiones region
auris, auris f; aures bases basis
pelvis, is f; pelves diagnoses diagnosis
cartilago, -inis f; cartilagines tendines tendo
ren, renis m renes extremitates extremitas
corpus, corporis n; corpora crura crus
crus, cruris n; crura foramina foramen
species, speciei f; species facies facies
2. Decide whether the following terms are Singular or Plural, then transform them.
brachium Sing/Plur brachia
phalanges Sing/Plur phalanx
bacilli Sing/Plur phalanx
costae Sing/Plur costa
vertebra Sing/Plur vertebrae
digiti Sing/Plur digitus
3. Anatomical abbreviations (Sing. Nom. and Plur. Nom.)
Abbr. Sing. Nom.
Sing. Nom. Abbr. Plur. Nom.
Plur Nom. English
a. arteria aa. arteriae artery
v. vena vv. venae vein
m. musculus mm. musculi muscle
n. nervus nn. nervi nerve
lig. ligamentum ligg. ligamenta ligament
gl. glandula gll. glandulae gland
Page 50 - Chapter 7 Connections of bones
Structural parts of diarthroses or synovial joints – Identify them.
Page 51 - Terms of movements
Find the appropriate Latin term from above to each of the definitions.
Latin name Definition pronatio 1 A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing
position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down.
supinatio 2 The rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up.
inversio 3 The movement of the sole towards the median plane, “turning in”
eversio 4 The movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane. “turning out”
circumductio 5 Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path.
rotatio 6 A rotary movement of a bone around its own long axis
adductio 7 A motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb.
abductio 8 A motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body (or, in the case of fingers and toes, spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot)
flexio 9 Closing the angle at a joint
extensio 10 Opening the angle at a joint
dorsalflexio 11 Flexion of the entire foot superiorly, as if taking one's foot off an automobile pedal.
plantarflexio 12 Flexion of the entire foot inferiorly, as if pressing an automobile pedal.
1 caput articulare
2 cavitas articularis
3 facies articularis
4 cartilago articularis
5 cavum articulare
6 synovia
7 capsula articularis
8 ligamentum
Names of synovial joints
1. Identify the joints on the basis of their Latin names.
2. Find the Latin name matching the English description
elbow joint art. cubiti
joint between the 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae atlantoaxialis
joint between the ankle bone and the bones of lower leg talocruralis
joint between temporal bone and lower jaw temporomandibularis
joints between the bones of the spinal column intervertebralis
knee joint genus
joint of the medial and lateral bone of forearm close to elbow radioulnaris proximalis
joint between the medial and lateral bones of the leg tibiofibularis
joints between the ribs and the vertebrae costovertebralis
joint between the breastbone and the clavicle sternoclavicularis
3 articulatio acromioclavicularis
28 art. atlantoaxialis
27 art. atlantooccipitalis
12 art. carpometacarpea
16 art. costovertebralis
19 art. coxae
5 art. cubiti
20 art. genus
4 art. humeri
6 art. humeroradialis
7 art. humeroulnaris
11 art. intercarpea
14 art. interphalangea manus
26 art. interphalangea pedis
17 art. intervertebralis
13 art. metacarpophalangea
25 art. metatarsophalangea
10 art. radiocarpea
9 art. radioulnaris distalis
8 art. radioulnaris proximalis
18 art. sacroiliaca
2 art. sternoclavicularis
15 art. sternocostalis
23 art. talocruralis
24 art. tarsometatarsea
1 art. temporomandibularis
21 art. tibiofibularis
22 syndesmosis tibiofibularis
Page 53 – Exercises
1. Fill in the blanks in the sentences by choosing from the list below.
Ligament connection of bones is termed as syndesmosis. Articulating surfaces are covered by cartilage
articularis. Joint cavity is filled by synovia, and surrounded by capsula articularis. The cartilage connection
of the pubic bones is symphysis pubica. The bony fusion of the sacrum bone is named synostosis. When a
limb is turned around its own axis it is rotatio, and moving a part so that its end follows a circular path is
termed as circumductio.
rotatio, cartilago articularis, synarthrosis, synostosis, symphysis pubica, circumductio, synovia,
diarthrosis, syndesmosis, capsula articularis,
2-3. Match the pairs
Latin English Latin Greek
sutura d a) peg-like connection of teeth to jaws
articulatio g a) chondr-
gomphosis a b) half-moon shaped cartilage ring in knee joint
ligamentum d b) -itis
meniscus articularis b c) synovial joint cartilago a c) -pathia
diarthrosis c d) connection of skull bones os f d) syndesm-
inflammatio b e) spondyl-
morbus c f) oste-
vertebra d g) arthr-
4. Give the opposite pairs.
extensio flexio
repositio oppositio
pronatio supinatio
eversio inversio
diarthrosis synarthrosis
plantarflexio dorsalflexio
abductio adductio
5. Define the terms in English.
oppositio moving the thumb against other fingers
flexio closing the angle at a joint
supinatio turning the palm to the front
synovia fluid in the joint
synchondrosis cartilage connection of bones
discus articularis articular disc
6. Inflammation of .....?
syndesmitis inflammation of the ligament chondritis infl. of cartilage
osteomyelitis infl. of bone marrow osteitis infl. of bones
spondylarthritis infl. of vertebral joint discitis infl. of the disc
meniscitis infl. of meniscus
Page 55 – Grammar 5 Word formation: complex adjectives
Exercises 1. Analyse the terms. Where are these structures?
atlantooccipital joint E.g. atlas + os occipitale
metacarpophalangeal ligament os metacarpale + phalanges
iliolumbar ligament os ilium + vertebrae lumbales
nasomaxillary suture os nasale + maxilla
pubofemoral ligament os pubis + femur
acromioclavicular joint acromion + clavicula
sacroiliac joint os sacrum + os ilium
sphenoparietal suture os sphenoidale + os parietale
2. Form complex adjectives from the given words and the suffixes.
Nouns Roots/stems Suffix Complex adjective
E.g. atlas, atlantis m + occiput, -itis, n.
atlant- + occipit- -alis 2 atlantooccipitalis 2
sternum + clavicula -aris 2 sternoclavicularis 2
radius + ulna -aris 2 radioulnaris 2
talus + crus -alis 2 talocruralis 2
tarsus + metatarsus -eus 3 tarsometarseus 3
os temporale + mandibula -aris 2 temporomandibularis 2
tip of shoulder + clavicle -aris 2 acromioclavicularis 2
shin bone + fibula -aris 2 tibiofibularis 2
breastbone + rib -alis 2 sternocostalis 2
armbone + radius -alis 2 humeroradialis 2
rib + vertebra -alis 2 costovertebralis 2
pubic bone + thighbone -alis 2 pubofemoralis 2
ilium + thigh -alis 2 iliofemoralis 2
3. Form the names of the structures.
joint between the vertebrae intervertebral joint
ligament between the bones of the forearm radioulnar_ ligament
suture of the temporal and the zygomatic bones temporozygomatic suture
ligament between the sternum and the ribs sternocostal ligament
ligament between the sacrum and the upper part of the hip bone sacroiliac lig.
joint between the bones of digits interphalangeal joint
ligament between the wrist and the middle partof hand carpometacarpal ligament
Page 60 – Grammar 7 Latin praefixes
Exercises
1. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate prefix
If someone does not enjoy social life but prefer to spend time alone with their thoughts, they are called an
introvert, and somone who is more open to the outside world is called an extrovert. A child’s fear of leaving
his or her parents or familiar surroundings is termed separation anxiety. We use different terms to distinguish
in between cells, i.e. intercellular structures, and within cells, i.e. intracellular structures. If an airplane can fly
faster than the speed of sound it is called supersonic, but if an imaging technique uses higher frequencies than
we can hear it is termed ultrasound technique. The radiation whose frequency is lower then visible red light
is called infrared radiation. A person who wishes to keep traditional values instead of following newer ideas
can be described as a conservative person. A structure on the opposite side of the body part is termed as
contralateral in medical terminology. Jewish religion prescribes the removal of the foreskin of infant boys and
this procedure is called circumcision. The time period before operation is the praeoperative phase of the
treatment.
2. Where can you find the following structures or symptoms?
Latin English Latin English
arteria subclavia under the clavicle mycosis interdigitalis between the fingers
nervus subcostalis under the ribs bursa infrapatellaris below the knee cap
thrombus intracardialis inside of the heart discus intervertebralis between the vertebrae
cyanosis circumoralis around the mouth transdermal patch through the skin
musculi extraoculares outside of the eye intracranial pressure inside of skull
3. Fill in the blanks with a prefix.
Definition Latin Definition Latin
replacement of an organ transplantation pulling out extraction
an object that is inserted into the body
implant straight upright erect
not broken or injured intact substance taken from a herb extract
studying something again revision to stop someone speaking interruption
4. Match the pairs. 5. Give an opposite pair.
Latin English Latin term with prefix Opposite
a-, ab- b a) outside praepositio postpositio
extra a b) down, away extraocularis intraocularis
supra- e c) against supraspinatus infraspinatus
com- f d) under postnatalis praenatalis
trans- g e) above adductio abductio
contra- c f) together
sub- d g) through
Page 61 - Chapter 8 The muscular system
1. Identify the parts of the muscle numbered in the diagram.
Page 62 – Muscles of the head and neck 2. Give the Latin name of the following muscles from the diagram.
the greater muscle at the cheekbone m. zygomaticus maior
m. at the nose m nasalis
m. at the forehead m. frontalis
circular muscle of the mouth m. orbicularis oris
m. at the chin m. mentalis
the muscle that raises the upper lip m. levator labii superioris
muscle at the temple m. temporalis
m. that carries out chewing m. masseter
the muscle that moves down the corner of mouth m. depressor anguli oris
the muscle that is attached to sternum, clavicle
and the mastoid process of temporal bone m. sternocleidomastoideus
the muscle that pulls the corner of mouth
toward the ears when you smile or laugh m. risorius
flat muscle of the skin of the neck platysma
the lesser muscle at the cheekbone m. zygomaticus minor
circular muscle of the eye m. orbicularis oculi
Page 63 3. Fill in the blanks based on the diagram.
English meaning Latin term
1 two-headed muscle of the arm m. biceps brachii
2 four-headed muscle of the thigh m. quadriceps femoris
3 three-headed muscle of the arm m. triceps brachii
4 straight muscle of the abdomen m. rectus abdominis
5 slanting muscle of the abdomen m. obliquus abdominis
6 horizontal muscle of the abdomen m. transversus abdominis
7 muscle that turns the palm to the front m. supinator
8 round shaped muscle that turns the palm to the back m. pronator teres
9 saw-tooth shaped muscle on the front side m. serratus anterior
4. Match the pairs based on the diagram.
English meaning Latin term
1 short muscle that extends the thumb d a) m. latissimus dorsi
2 three-headed muscle of the calf g b) m. levator scapulae
3 the broadest muscle of the back a c) m. supraspinatus
4 the smallest muscle of the buttock i d) m. extensor pollicis brevis
5 the muscle that raises the shoulder blade b e) m. triceps brachii
6 the muscle above the spine of the shoulder blade c f) m. infraspinatus
7 the muscle below the spine of the shoulder blade f g) m. triceps surae
8 three headed muscle of the arm e h) m. biceps femoris
9 two-headed muscle of the thigh h i) m. gluteus minimus
endomysium 6
epimysium, deep fascia 7
fasciculus 5
fibra 4
os 1
perimysium 2
tendo 8
vas sanguineum3
flexor ● deltoideus ● rectus ● quadratus ● teres ● gracilis ● biceps ● tensor ● pectoralis ●
serratus ● piriformis ● erector ● masseter ● tibialis ● quadriceps ● orbicularis ● levator ●
infraspinatus ● gluteus ● nasalis ● extensor ● triceps ● obliquus ● rhomboideus ●
depressor ●
Page 65
5. Look for examples of the categories below among the names above.
Location Function Shape Size Direction of fiber Number of heads
pectoralis tibialis infraspinatus gluteus nasalis
flexor tensor erector masseter levator extensor depressor
deltoideus quadratus teres serratus piriformis orbicularis rhomboideus
gracilis rectus obliquus
biceps quadriceps triceps
6. Odd one out.
flexor - teres - orbicularis - piriformis ____________________________
adductor - masseter - minor - depressor ____________________________
biceps - quadratus - quadriceps - triceps ____________________________
major - parvus - serratus - minimus ____________________________
tendo - origo - cartilago - insertio - ____________________________
7. Match the pairs.
Latin English Latin Greek
serratus d a) straight musculus e a) psoa, psoas
sphincter e b) slender, thin lumbus a b) cleid-
levator i c) short fibularis d c) gastr-
rectus a d) saw-tooth shaped clavicula b d) peroneus
magnus h e) closing muscle venter c e) my-, mys-
gracilis b f) laughter
Sartorius j g) long and round
teres g h) big, large
risorius f i) m. that raises
brevis c j) tailor’s
8. Opposite pairs
flexor ↔ extensor
depressor ↔ levator
parvus 3 ↔ magnus
minimus 3 ↔ maximus
abductor ↔ adductor
supinator ↔ pronator
brevis 2 ↔ longus
synergeta ↔ antagonista
insertio ↔ origo
minor ↔ maior
9. Define/translate the highlighted words within the terms.
m. orbicularis oris circular
m. mentalis chin
m. intercostalis internus between the ribs
m. extensor carpi ulnaris m. that opens the
wrist
m. obliquus externus abdominisslanting
m. serratus posterior superior saw-tooth shaped
m. flexor digitorum superficialis closes the fingers
m. biceps femoris two-headed
mm. levatores costarum raising the ribs
mm. interossei palmares between the bones
10. Give the Latin name equivalent of the definition.
transverse m. of the belly m. transversus abdominis the larger pectoral muscle m. pectoralis major
the m. that extends little fingerm. extensor digiti minimi the straight m. of the thigh m. rectus femoris
circular m. of the eye m. orbicularis oculi front m. over the shinbone m. tibialis anterior
11. Fill in the blanks from the list below. You do not need all of them!
Muscles produce movement by contractio. The muscle fibers make up bundles or fasciculus. Muscles or groups of muscles are covered by a sheath orfascia, which is continuous with the fibrous tissue, called tendo that attaches the muscle to a bone. The fixed attachement point of the muscle is origo, the other one that is more mobile is insertio. The muscle that works together with the prime mover or agonist is termed as synergist. The muscle whose contraction opposes the contraction of an other muscle is called antagonist. A flat, wide tendon is called aponeurosis, and the bands that keep tendons in place at the wrist and ankles are named retinaculum.
fascia, origo, retinaculum, agonist, insertio, antagonist, musculus, fasciculus, contractio, tendo, aponeurosis, fibra, synergist,
12. Fill in the blanks in the definitions from the list below! For the suffixes see the list.
-algia - pain
-asthenia - weakness
-malacia - softening
-necrosis - death
-oma - tumor,
-pathia - chronic disease
-plegia/-paralysis loss of function
-spasmus - sudden involuntary
contraction
myositis chronica, cardiomyopathia, myasthenia gravis, myonecrosis, myomalacia cordis, myalgia,
myoparalysis, myospasmus, myoma.
The name of diseases involving permanent inflammation of muscles is myositis.
All these diseases share the feature of permanent inflammation of muscles involving weakness of muscles,
pain in muscles (myalgia) and sometimes fever.
One of the autoimmune diseases is myasthenia gravis involving severe weaknes of muscles.
cardiomyopathia is the chronic disease of the heart muscles which results in the weakening of the heart
contractions so that the heart is unable to circulate the necessary amount of blood.
Gas gangrene is a disease that causes the death of muscle tissue, and is named Clostridialis myonecrosis.
Myoma is a benign tumour of muscle tissue occurring most frequently in the uterus. The softening of the
heart muscle of the ventricles is termed as myomalacia cordis. Sudden and involuntary contraction of
muscles is named myospasmus, the paralysis of the muscles is termed myoparalysis.
Exercises
1. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate word. Are they positive or comparative or
superlative in degree?
major • malus • intimate • pejorative • optimist • pluralist • extreme • plus • pessimist
1. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate word. Are they positive or comparative or
superlative in degree?
An overwhelming greater force of nature having unavoidable consequences (greater force) i.e. vis major.
Knowledge of Latin gives you an advantage or plus in studying medicine. Many say climate change causes
abnormally high and very low or extreme temperatures even in Hungary. A society that tolerates many
different opinions and values is called is called pluralist. Someone who always expects that the worst thing
will happen can be called a pessimist. In contrary, someone who always believes that good things will happen
is an optimist. Car insurance companies apply a bonus-malus system for motivating good drivers and punishing
bad drivers. If a word or expression is used as a disapproval or in a negative sense it is pejorative. When you
share the innermost secrets with somebody, you can say you are intimate friends.
Positive Comparative Superlative
E.g. bonus
2. Fill in the blanks.
M. pectoralis major is the _________ pectoral muscle. Tunica intima is the _________ layer of the vein.
Pars inferior is the _____________ part of a structure. Dosis minima is the ______________ dosage.
Lig. cruciatum anterius is the ____________ cruciate ligament. Ossa brevia means__________ bones.
3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate adjective.
The broadest m. of the back is m. ________________ dorsi. The lower limb is membrum(!) _________.
The larger part of the pelvis is pelvis _____________. The smallest m. of buttock is m. gluteus __________.
The highest level of honours: ________ cum laude. The longest m. of the chest is m. _________ thoracis.
Chapter 9 Greek roots
1. What is the meaning of the Greek roots in the names of medical specialities? (N.B. -logy
stands for study of something)
Medical speciality What do they treat? (Use common English words.)
Name of the system related
dermatology E.g. skin a) a) Integumentary system
angiology vessels d b) male reproductive system
gynecology female reproductive organs f c) mental diseases
andrology male reproductive organs b d) circulatory system
arthrology joints j e) nervous system
otorhinolaryngology ear, nose, throat g f) female reproductive system
myology muscles i g) auditory meatus, nasal cavity, voice box
stomatology oral cavity h h) oral cavity
psychiatry mental diseases c i) muscular system
neurology nerves e j) articular system
Inflammation Greek root Meaning Inflammation Greek root Meaning
rhinitis rhin-+ it is infl. of nose neuritis neur- infl. of nerve
otitis ot- infl. of ear mastitis mast- infl. of breast
osteitis oste- infl. of bone gastritis gastr- infl. of stomach
stomatitis stomat- infl. of oral cavity arthritis arthr- infl. of joint
3. Form the following names of inflammatory conditions. Consult vocabulary.
inflammation of the kidney nephritis inflammation of the skin dermatitis
inflammation of the liver hepatitis inflammation of the veins phlebitis
inflammation of the small intestine enteritis inflammation of the muscles myositis
inflammation of the large intestine colitis inflammation of the navel omphalitis
4. Figure out which body part or organ is affected by the following diseases, procedures or
devices.
colonoscopy endoscopic examination of the large intestine
enterocolitis inflammation of small and _ large intestine
nephropathy disease of kidneys
angiography image making procedure of vessels
dactylogramm fingerprint
electrocardiograph image making device of heart
chiroplasty reconstructive surgery of hand
laparoscopy endoscopic examination of abdominal wall
odontalgia pain in teeth
hepatomegaly enlargement of liver
stethoscope a device for listening the sounds from chest
podalgia pain in feet
dermatomycosis fungal infection of skin
hydrocephalus enlargement of head or ventricles due to increased amount of liquor
acrocyanosis bluish colour of extremities
trichosis abnormal growing of hair
psychopathy disease of mind
myoma benign tumour of muscle
splenomegaly enlargement of spleen
ophthalmoscope a device for examination of eyes
otoscopy visual examination of ear
mastoectomy surgical removal of breast
pneumonia inflammation of lungs
osteoporosis decrease in calcium level of bones
Grammar 9 Latin and Greek prefixes related to numerals and quantities There are both Latin and Greek prefixes that express quantities or numbers and modify the word in this
sense. Latin prefixes are more frequent in anatomy, Greek prefixes are found rather in clinical terms.
Latin English Greek Latin example Greek example
semi- half- hemi- semi hemisphaerium (half of brain)
uni- one- mono- unipennatus (one feathered muscle)
monocyta
bi- two- di-, diplo- bipolaris (having 2 poles) diplegia,diplopia
tri- three- tri- triceps trigonum (triangle)
quadr/i- four- tetra- quadriceps tetraplegia (paralysis of 4 limbs)
multi- many- poly- multilateralis (many sided) polyodontia (excess teeth)
few olig(o)- oligodactylia (lower than normal number of fingers or toes)
small- micro- micrognathia (unusually small jaws)
large macro- macrosomia (large size)
large mega(lo)- megalomania
omni-, toti- all, whole
pan(to)- omnipotens totalis
panplegia (total paralysis)
1. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate Latin prefix.
The half-membraneous muscle is m. semimembranosus. Triangle in Latin is triangulum. A structure in the ear
that is responsible for balance includes half-circle shaped canals i.e. semicircular canals. The two-headed m.
of the thigh is m. biceps femoris. An organism that consist of a single cell is unicellular. A woman who has been
pregnant many times is a multigravida. Being married to two people at the same time is bigamy. In the heart
there are half-moon shaped valves, i.e. semilunar valves. The degenerative disease of the nervous system that
has symptoms in many different parts of the body is multiple sclerosis.
2. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate Greek prefix.
One of the neck muscles has two muscle bellies so it got the name m. digastricus. Polyarthritis is the
inflammation of many joints. Pandemic is an epidemic that affects vast numbers (almost all) of people in many
countries. The paralysis of one limb is termed as Monoplegia. Polypus is a growth from the mucous
membrane, its original meaning is “many-feeted”. Abnormally small red blood cells are termed mycrocytes.
Inflammation of the whole ear is panotitis.
3. Which numbers or quantities are referred to in the following words?
polysaccharide _____many________ uniform ______1________
Pentagon ______5_______ multinational _______many_______
octane _______8______ quadruped ______4________
monozygote ________1_____ decade _______10_______
Fallot’s tetralogy _________4____ quintipara _________5_____
Revision Test of Chapters 6-9 1. Choose the one right answer. Mark it with an „X” at the appropriate box!
1. M. masseter means: a, closing muscle b, laughter c, m. for chewing d, pear-shaped
2. The tail bone at the lower end of the spine is os ... a. coxae b. caudale c. cochleare d. coccygis
3. M. occipitalis is at the: a, back of the head b, back of the neck c, belly button d, cheek
4. The name of musculus gracilis means: a, broad b, slender c, straight d, sawtooth-shaped
5. The connection of bones only by ligament is: a, intervertebralis b, synostosis c, gomphosis d, syndesmosis
6. First cervical vertebra in Latin is: a, talus b, atlus c, atlas d, axis
7. Greek word root of a joint is...: a. chondr/o- b. my/o- c. ten/o- d. arthr/o-
8. Turning the palm upwards is...: a. supination b. dorsalflexion c. anteversion d. pronation
9. The Greek word root that refers to cartilage is...: a. chondr/o- b. arthr/o- c. in/o- d. syndesm/o-
10. Movement of a bone around its own longitudinal axis is: a. circulation b. rotatio c. circumductio d. flexio
11. Synovial joints of bones are called ...: a. diarthroses b. retinaculum c. synarthroses d. aponeuroses
12. The name of the movement which closes the angle of a joint: a. flexio b. extensio c. elevatio d. depression
13. Peg-like connections of the teeth to the jaws are named: a. sutura b. cartilaginous joint c. gomphosis d. amphiarthrosis
14. Four-sided muscle of the loin in Latin is m. ... lumborum.: a. quadratus b. quadriceps c. quadriformis d. quartus
15. The sheath of a muscle is...: a. fascia b. fasciculus c. epimysium d. retinaculum
16. A muscle raising a part is called...: a. inferior b. levator c. depressor d. minor
17. The muscle having saw-tooth shape is m.: a. serratus b. levator c. masseter d. psoas
18. Lumbricalis m. means: a. lumbal b. lateral c. worm-like d. lubricated
19. Latissimus means: a. the longest b. the strongest c. the broadest d. the most lateral
20. The joint between the medial and lateral bone of the lower leg is articulatio ... a. radioulnaris b. talocruralis c. talotibialis d. tibiofibularis
21. The name of m. teres means: a. thankful b. vast c. slim, thin d. long and round
22. The ligament between the upper part of hip bone and bones of lower back is ligamentum... a. ilioinguinale b. iliofemorale c. pubofemorale d. iliolumbale
23. M. sphincter means: a. belly muscle b. belly of the leg c. m. regulating an opening d. back of knee
24. The bones in the middle part of foot are ossa ... a. metatarsalia b. metacarpalia c. plantaria d. tarsi
25. The 7th cervical vertebra is vertebra ... a. septem b. prominens c. protuberans d. longa
2. Give the Latin name of the bones based on the description. 5/___
os brachii humerus os menti mandibula
os mediale cruris tibia os anterius pelvisos pubis
os laterale antebrachii_radius ossa palmae ossa metacarpalia
3. Name the joints in Latin based on the description. 5/___
joint between the 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae art. atlantoaxialis
joint between temporal bone and lower jaw art. temporomandibularis
joint between the breastbone and clavicle art. sternoclavicularis
joint between bones of palm and bones of fingers art. metacarpophalangea
elbow joint _art cubiti
4. What is inflamed? Name it in English. 6/___
syndesmitis __ligament ____ discitis ____disc_______________
osteitis ___bone ___________ chondritis _____cartilage___________
osteomyelitis___bone marrow__________ spondylarthritis _____joint of vertebrae_________
5. Give the meaning of the Latin prefixes based on the examples. 6/___
revision – study something _again__ opposition – moving _against
intracranial - _inside the skull extracellular - _outside of cells
infrascapularis - below shoulder blade contralateral - _opposite side
6. Fill in the table with the missing forms and translate the plurals. 8/___
Singular Nominative Singular Genitive Plural Nominative
digitus digiti digiti
bucca buccae buccae
os (n) ossis ossa
hallux hallucis halluces
7. Fill in the muscles’ Latin name with the proper words. 8/___
muscle that raises the shoulder blade m. _levator scapulae
circular muscle of the mouth m. orbicularis oris
short m. that opens the angle at the thumb m. extensor pollicis brevis
smallest m. of the buttock m. gluteus minimus
lower, posterior saw-tooth shaped m. m. serratus posterior inferior
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