Chapter 3
Solid, Liquid and Gas
Classification of Matter
Separation Techniques
Solid, Liquid, Gas
(a) Particles in solid (b) Particles in liquid (c) Particles in gas
Solid
H2O(s) Ice
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 31
Liquid
H2O(l) Water
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 31
In a liquid• molecules are in constant motion
• there are appreciable intermolecular forces
• molecules are close together
• Liquids are almost incompressible
• Liquids do not fill the container
Gas
H2O(g) Steam
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 31
Gas, Liquid, and Solid
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 441
Gas Liquid Solid
Some Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Shape Has definite shape Takes the shape of Takes the shape the container of its container
Volume Has a definite volume Has a definite volume Fills the volume of the container
Arrangement of Fixed, very close Random, close Random, far apartParticles (compressible)
Interactions between Very strong Strong Essentially noneparticles
MATTER
Can it be physically separated?
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE
yes no
Can it be chemically decomposed?
noyesIs the composition uniform?
noyes
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Pure SubstancesElement– composed of identical atoms– EX: copper wire, aluminum foil
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Pure Substances
Compound
– composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
– properties differ from those of individual elements
– EX: table salt (NaCl)
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Mixtures
Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
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Pure Substances
Law of Definite CompositionLaw of Definite Composition
– A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements.
Law of Multiple ProportionsLaw of Multiple Proportions
– Elements can combine in different ratios to form different compounds.
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Pure Substances
For example…
Two different compounds, each has a definite composition.
Carbon, C Oxygen, O Carbon monoxide, CO
Carbon, C Oxygen, O Oxygen, O Carbon dioxide, CO2
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Mixtures
Solution– homogeneous– very small particles
Tyndall Effect
– particles don’t settle– EX: rubbing alcohol
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Air is a Solution
AirAir
NitrogenNitrogen
OxygenOxygenHeliumHelium
Watervapor
Watervapor
NeonNeon
Carbondioxide
Carbondioxide ArgonArgon
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 34
Solid Brass
An alloy is a mixture of metals.
• Brass = Copper + Zinc• Solid brass
• homogeneous mixture
Copper
Zinc
Classification of Matter
MATTER(gas. Liquid,
solid, plasma)
PURESUBSTANCES MIXTURES
HETEROGENEOUSMIXTURE
HOMOGENEOUSMIXTURESELEMENTSCOMPOUNDS
Separated by
physical means into
Separated by
chemical means into
Kotz & Treichel, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 3rd Edition , 1996, page 31
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
(a)an element(hydrogen)
(b)a compound(water)
(c)a mixture(hydrogen and oxygen)
(d)a mixture(hydrogenand oxygen)
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68
hydrogenatoms hydrogen
atoms
oxygen atoms
Classify the following as element, compound, solution, or heterogeneous
mixture
• Copper
• H2O
• Salt in water
• Air
• Sand in water
• Sulfur
Separation of MixturesFiltration
Distillation
Crystallization
Chromatography
Filtration
• Filter paper placed in a funnel is used to separate a solid from a liquid. The solid will stay on the filter paper and the liquid flows through the paper to a collection beaker below.
The solution is boiled and steam is driven off.
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39
Separation of a sand-saltwater mixture.
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40
Crystallization
• Formation of a pure solid from a solution. An example of this is rock candy.
Paper Chromatography
• Separates the parts of a mixture as it travels across the surface of another material.
Conservation of Mass
• Mass cannot be created or destroyed.
Mass of Reactants=Mass of Products
(reactants) (products)
Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium Oxide
10.0 g + ?? 16.6 g
How much oxygen reacts with the magnesium to form the magnesium oxide?
Pure Substances
Law of Definite CompositionLaw of Definite Composition
– A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements.
Law of Multiple ProportionsLaw of Multiple Proportions
– Elements can combine in different ratios to form different compounds.
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Pure Substances
For example…
Two different compounds, each has a definite composition.
Carbon, C Oxygen, O Carbon monoxide, CO
Carbon, C Oxygen, O Oxygen, O Carbon dioxide, CO2
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Sucrose
• The formula is C6H12O6
• Every sample of sucrose contains 42.1% carbon, 6.48% hydrogen and 51.4% oxygen.
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