Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid and Gas Classification of Matter Separation Techniques.

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Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid and Gas Classification of Matter Separation Techniques

Transcript of Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid and Gas Classification of Matter Separation Techniques.

Page 1: Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid and Gas Classification of Matter Separation Techniques.

Chapter 3

Solid, Liquid and Gas

Classification of Matter

Separation Techniques

Page 2: Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid and Gas Classification of Matter Separation Techniques.

Solid, Liquid, Gas

(a) Particles in solid (b) Particles in liquid (c) Particles in gas

Page 3: Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid and Gas Classification of Matter Separation Techniques.

Solid

H2O(s) Ice

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 31

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Liquid

H2O(l) Water

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 31

In a liquid• molecules are in constant motion

• there are appreciable intermolecular forces

• molecules are close together

• Liquids are almost incompressible

• Liquids do not fill the container

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Gas

H2O(g) Steam

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 31

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Gas, Liquid, and Solid

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 441

Gas Liquid Solid

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Some Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Shape Has definite shape Takes the shape of Takes the shape the container of its container

Volume Has a definite volume Has a definite volume Fills the volume of the container

Arrangement of Fixed, very close Random, close Random, far apartParticles (compressible)

Interactions between Very strong Strong Essentially noneparticles

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MATTER

Can it be physically separated?

Homogeneous Mixture

(solution)

Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes no

Can it be chemically decomposed?

noyesIs the composition uniform?

noyes

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Page 9: Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid and Gas Classification of Matter Separation Techniques.

Pure SubstancesElement– composed of identical atoms– EX: copper wire, aluminum foil

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Page 10: Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid and Gas Classification of Matter Separation Techniques.

Pure Substances

Compound

– composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio

– properties differ from those of individual elements

– EX: table salt (NaCl)

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Page 11: Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid and Gas Classification of Matter Separation Techniques.

Mixtures

Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.

Heterogeneous Homogeneous

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Page 12: Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid and Gas Classification of Matter Separation Techniques.

Pure Substances

Law of Definite CompositionLaw of Definite Composition

– A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements.

Law of Multiple ProportionsLaw of Multiple Proportions

– Elements can combine in different ratios to form different compounds.

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Page 13: Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid and Gas Classification of Matter Separation Techniques.

Pure Substances

For example…

Two different compounds, each has a definite composition.

Carbon, C Oxygen, O Carbon monoxide, CO

Carbon, C Oxygen, O Oxygen, O Carbon dioxide, CO2

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Page 14: Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid and Gas Classification of Matter Separation Techniques.

Mixtures

Solution– homogeneous– very small particles

Tyndall Effect

– particles don’t settle– EX: rubbing alcohol

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Page 15: Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid and Gas Classification of Matter Separation Techniques.

Air is a Solution

AirAir

NitrogenNitrogen

OxygenOxygenHeliumHelium

Watervapor

Watervapor

NeonNeon

Carbondioxide

Carbondioxide ArgonArgon

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 34

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Solid Brass

An alloy is a mixture of metals.

• Brass = Copper + Zinc• Solid brass

• homogeneous mixture

Copper

Zinc

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Classification of Matter

MATTER(gas. Liquid,

solid, plasma)

PURESUBSTANCES MIXTURES

HETEROGENEOUSMIXTURE

HOMOGENEOUSMIXTURESELEMENTSCOMPOUNDS

Separated by

physical means into

Separated by

chemical means into

Kotz & Treichel, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 3rd Edition , 1996, page 31

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Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

(a)an element(hydrogen)

(b)a compound(water)

(c)a mixture(hydrogen and oxygen)

(d)a mixture(hydrogenand oxygen)

Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68

hydrogenatoms hydrogen

atoms

oxygen atoms

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Classify the following as element, compound, solution, or heterogeneous

mixture

• Copper

• H2O

• Salt in water

• Air

• Sand in water

• Sulfur

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Separation of MixturesFiltration

Distillation

Crystallization

Chromatography

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Filtration

• Filter paper placed in a funnel is used to separate a solid from a liquid. The solid will stay on the filter paper and the liquid flows through the paper to a collection beaker below.

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The solution is boiled and steam is driven off.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39

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Separation of a sand-saltwater mixture.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40

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Crystallization

• Formation of a pure solid from a solution. An example of this is rock candy.

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Paper Chromatography

• Separates the parts of a mixture as it travels across the surface of another material.

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Conservation of Mass

• Mass cannot be created or destroyed.

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Mass of Reactants=Mass of Products

(reactants) (products)

Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium Oxide

10.0 g + ?? 16.6 g

How much oxygen reacts with the magnesium to form the magnesium oxide?

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Pure Substances

Law of Definite CompositionLaw of Definite Composition

– A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements.

Law of Multiple ProportionsLaw of Multiple Proportions

– Elements can combine in different ratios to form different compounds.

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Page 30: Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid and Gas Classification of Matter Separation Techniques.

Pure Substances

For example…

Two different compounds, each has a definite composition.

Carbon, C Oxygen, O Carbon monoxide, CO

Carbon, C Oxygen, O Oxygen, O Carbon dioxide, CO2

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Page 31: Chapter 3 Solid, Liquid and Gas Classification of Matter Separation Techniques.

Sucrose

• The formula is C6H12O6

• Every sample of sucrose contains 42.1% carbon, 6.48% hydrogen and 51.4% oxygen.