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C 2 C A
1
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All crude oils undergo separation processes through distillation,so it is common to express the capacity a refinery in terms ofdistillation capacity.
BPSD : (Barrels Per Stream Day)Maximum number of barrels of input that a distillation facilitycan process when running at full capacity under optimal crude
2
an pro uct s ate con t on w t a owance or ownt me.BPCD : (Barrels Per Calendar Day)Amount input that a distillation facility can process under usualoperating conditions, making allowance for the types and grades
of products to be manufactured, environmental constraints, andunscheduled and scheduled downtime due to maintenance,repairs, and shutdown.
BPSD slightly > BPCD
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C Refining processes and operation classified into five basic types:1. Distillation : Separation of Crude oil in Atm and Vacuum
columns into hydrocarbon compound based on size and boilingpoint ranges.
2. Conversion process : change size or structure of hydrocarbonmolecules by decomposition, unification and reforming
3. Treatment process : Prepare hydrocarbon streams for
3
a t ona process ng an to prepare n s e pro uct us ngchemical or physical separation. Desalting, Hydro-desulfurization, solvent refining, sweetening and dewaxing.
4. Blending: process of mixing and combining hydrocarbon
fractions additives, and other components to produce finishedproducts with specific performance properties.
5. Others include light ends recovery, sour-water stripping,utilities, sulfur recovery etc.
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4
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TBP Apparatus
No of stages:10-12Capacity : 2Lit
Larger capacity
are preferable asgood amount ofBottom.
Hot air circulationor Electric heater
Top of rectifier air
cooled refluxcondenser
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TBP Curve
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G , ,
, , .
A 86 A : A
A .
650 F
.C
B .
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A 86
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H (650 F+).
10 40 H .
A 1160
C .
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Fraction Boiling
Range /
C
No of carbon
atoms permolecule
Uses
PetroleumGas
Below 40 1 - 4 Fuel forcooking
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Fraction Boiling
Range /
C
No of carbon
atoms permolecule
Uses
Petrol(Gasoline)
40 - 75 5 -10 Fuel for carengines
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Fraction Boiling
Range /
C
No of carbon
atoms permolecule
Uses
ap t a - - em cafeedstock
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Fraction Boiling
Range / CNo of carbon
atoms permolecule
Uses
Kerosene 140 - 270 11 - 16 Fuel for jet
,cookingand heating
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Fraction Boiling
Range / CNo of carbon
atoms permolecule
Uses
ese - - ue ordieselengines
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Fraction Boiling
Range / CNo of carbon
atoms permolecule
Uses
- -waxes andlubricating
oils
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Fraction Boiling
Range / CNo of carbon
atoms permolecule
Uses
70
roads
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( G )
G /
K /A F
D
B
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G ( G )
10 15 .
C
E , 25 , 36B 38, H2 ( H )
.
D , 2C.
.
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G ( G )
( )
14.2 37.8
8 /2
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G ( G )
C H2
.C
: 30 C
E :
A 1, 1 , 1 , 2, 2 , . A 1.
H2 D E A(DEA)
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G ( G )
H2
G.
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G ( G )
F
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K (140 270 C)
H , .
B
( )H ( )
. G , .
D K 20
C
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K (140 280 C)
F
.
F , .( 35 C )
A
5 6 C 30 .
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K (140 280 C)
C B
C C A .
. I , .
B . I .
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K (140 280 C)
F
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A , .
. , , (
) D .
(60 )
(50 )
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( I) .
( ) ( ) I
( ) I(H) ( :100 I ) I
37.8 98.9 C
I 100
A 37.8 C
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C
.
.
D 46 C , 32 C
.I
5 F .
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( ) ( A )
.
12 .
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C C
. B C
C B C
B C C 180
B .
C C ( ) 4 180 = 720
.
K
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C C
C
K
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A
C B C A
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C E IKE
B BDC
C
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B
C B C
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A
B C C
K
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A D H 200 C.
I .I.E , .
A ,
70 , 125 180 C.
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E
.
, , .
.
. , % .
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2,2,4
=100
H
= 0
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0 100, (CF ) .
100 ( I )
(600 ) (900 )
.
I E ( )
BE E BE ( E B E )
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C
.
( ) 2 .
.
C G 3
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. (
, , ( , ).
, ,
2. I .
6 .
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AC , ,
, ,
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H D (H D)
B 250 360 C, C
.
).
% ( )
.
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BI E
A ( D )
.
, .A 90 C ,
.
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BI E
I
.
D .
A 100 (1/100 ) 25 C 5 .
60/70
80/100.I
I
BI E
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BI E
( B ) 3.5+ 0.05 ( 9.53 )
.
,
H
.
BI E
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BI E
D
B 75
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