Ch 9Joints- Articulations
-between bones, cartilage and bones, or teeth and bones
Functional Classification
•1. Immovable / •2. Slightly movable /•3. Freely movable /
Structural Classification
1. Fibrous – many collagenous fibers
Examples:
a. - ligament can be twisted, amphiarthroticex: distal ends of tibia & fibula
b. - between flat bones, synarthrotic
ex: skull
c. - cone-shaped bony process meets bony socket, synarthrotic
ex: root of tooth
Structural Classification
2. Cartilaginous- cartilage connects Examples:
a. - hyaline or costal cartilageex: b/w 1st ribs & sternumepiphyseal disk – no movement after age 25
(synarthrotic)
b. - broad flat disk of fibrocartilage, amphiarthrotic
ex: pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks
3. Synovial- allow free movements *most joints fit this classification
Examples:a. movement in all planes ex: hip, shoulder
b. - condyle of one bone fits into cavity of another
ex: metacarpals into phalanges
c. - back and forth motion, nearly flat ex: wrist and ankle
d. - convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
ex: elbow and knee
e. - ex: head side to side, between radius and ulna
f. - between bones that fit togetherex: carpals and metacarpals
Accessory Structures
Ligaments-
Tendons-
Bursae- BursitisBunion
Menisci-
Fat pads -
Preventing injury = limiting range of motion/stabilizing joint• Factors responsible for limiting ROM:
If movement occurs beyond ROM = damage•
• ligaments with some torn collagen fibers• Ligament as a whole survives and joint is not damaged
• • Articulating surfaces forced out of position• Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule
• : partial dislocation
9-3 Joint Movement
• Refer to chart from outline
Intervertebral Discs• Separate vertebrae, pads of fibrocartilage• Not found
• nucleus pulposus distort the annulus fibrosus, forcing it into vertebral canal• nucleus pulposus breaks through
the annulus fibrosus, distorts/compresses sensory nerves
Parts of a synovial joint
1. Articular Cartilage-
2. Joint capsule-
3. Joint cavity-
4. Ligaments-
MCL-medial
LCL- lateral
Aging• • A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems• Several major forms
• • All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints• Damage results from: Infection, Injury to joint, Metabolic problems, Severe
physical stressesOsteoarthritis Caused by:
• wear & tear of joint surfaces• Genetic factors affecting collagen formationGenerally affects people 60 or older
Rheumatoid arthritis Inflammatory conditionCaused by:• Infection• Allergy• Autoimmune disease: body attacks own tissues
Gouty arthritis Buildup of uric acid crystals in synovial fluid interferes w/ joint movementCaused by:• Gout• Calcification of joints in people over 85
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