Medical LanguageMedical LanguageImmerse YourselfImmerse Yourself
CHAPTER
THIRD EDITION
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Cardiology
5
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
1. Identify the structures of the cardiovascular system.
2. Describe the processes of circulation and a heartbeat.
3. Describe common cardiovascular diseases, laboratory and diagnostic procedures, medical and surgical procedures, and drug categories.
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
4. Give the medical meaning of word parts and abbreviations related to the cardiovascular system.
5. Build cardiovascular words from word parts and divide and define cardiovascular words.
6. Spell and pronounce cardiovascular words.
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
7. Analyze the medical content and meaning of a cardiology report.
8. Dive deeper into cardiology by reviewing the activities at the end of this chapter and online at www.MyMedicalTerminologyLab.com.
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Multimedia DirectoryMultimedia Directory
Slide 43 Atrial Blood Flow AnimationSlide 44 Atrial Contraction AnimationSlide 45 Ventricular Contraction AnimationSlide 46 Systole and Diastole AnimationSlide 54 Angina VideoSlide 55 Heart Attack VideoSlide 56 Myocardial Damage AnimationSlide 58 Pericarditis AnimationSlide 63 Dysrhythmia VideoSlide 64 Shock Video #1
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Multimedia DirectoryMultimedia Directory
Slide 65 Shock Video #2Slide 68 Aneurysm VideoSlide 71 Coronary Artery Disease VideoSlide 79 Electrocardiogram VideoSlide 85 Ventricular Fibrillation VideoSlide 89 Blood Pressure VideoSlide 104 Cardiac Stress Technologist VideoSlide 105 Cardiac Stress Technology and Medical
Terminology Video
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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CardiologyCardiology
• The medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Figure 5-1 Cardiovascular system.
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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The Cardiovascular SystemThe Cardiovascular System
• A continuous, circular body system that includes the heart and the vascular structures (blood vessels such as arteries, capillaries, and veins)
• Moves blood throughout the body and transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes in the blood
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Heart A muscular organ that contracts at least
once every second to pump blood through the body
Has an extensive electrical system that initiates and coordinates its contractions
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Figure 5-2 Surface of the heart.
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Heart Chambers The heart contains four chambers, two
on the top and two on the bottom. Each small upper chamber is an atrium. Each large lower chamber is a ventricle. The septum, a central wall, divides the
heart into right and left sides. The inferior tip of the heart is the apex.
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Figure 5-3 Chambers and valves of the heart.
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Four valves control the flow of blood through the heart: Tricuspid Pulmonary Mitral Aortic
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Figure 5-4 Aortic valve.
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Heart Muscle - Myocardium Composed of cardiac muscle Responds to electrical impulses
generated by a node within the heart itself
Contracts in a coordinated way to pump blood
Thickest on the left side of the heart
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Table 5-1 Layers and Membranes of the Heart.
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Figure 5-5 Layers and membranes of the heart.
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Thoracic Cavity Contains the lungs and the
mediastinum, an irregularly shaped central area between the lungs
Mediastinum contains the heart and parts of the great vessels (aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, and veins), as well as the thymus, trachea, and the esophagus.
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Figure 5-6 Mediastinum.
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Blood Vessels Vascular channels through which blood
circulates in the body Have a central opening or lumen
through which the blood flows Lined with endothelium, a smooth inner
layer that promotes the flow of blood
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• There are three kinds of blood vessels in the body, each performing a different function: Arteries Capillaries Vein
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Arteries Large blood vessels that branch into
smaller arteries called arterioles.
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Arteries All share important characteristics and
functions:• Carry blood away from the heart to the
body or lungs• Carry bright red blood that has a high
level of oxygen (exception: pulmonary arteries)
• Most lie deep beneath the skin• All have smooth muscle in their walls
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Figure 5-7 Vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Capillaries Smallest blood vessels in the body The lumen of a capillary is so small that
blood cells must pass through in single file.
• Veins Capillaries merge to form small veins
known as venules, which then combine to form a large vein.
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• All veins share some important characteristics and functions: Carry blood from the body and lungs
back to the heart Carry dark red-purple blood with a low
level of oxygen (exception: pulmonary veins)
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• All veins share some important characteristics and functions: Largest have valves that keep blood
flowing in one direction—toward the heart
Many are near the surface of the body and can be seen just under the skin as bluish, sometimes bulging lines.
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Figure 5-8 Valves in a vein.
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Aorta Largest artery in the body Receives oxygenated blood from the left
ventricle of the heart
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Figure 5-9 Arteries and veins around the heart.
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Figure 5-10 Arteries in the body.
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Arteries Coronary artery Carotid artery Subclavian artery Axillary artery (armpit) Brachial artery (upper arm)
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Arteries Radial artery (thumb side of the lower
arm) Ulnar artery (little finger side of the
lower arm)
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Thoracic Aorta and Arterial Branches Thoracic aorta travels inferiorly through
the thoracic cavity. It branches into arteries that bring blood
to the esophagus, muscles between the ribs, diaphragm, upper spinal cord, and the back.
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Abdominal Aorta and Arterial Branches Abdominal aorta brings oxygenated
blood to the organs in abdominopelvic cavity: stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small and large intestines, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries, testes, and the lower spinal cord.
Abdominal aorta ends where right and left iliac arteries begin.
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Abdominal Aorta and Arterial Branches Iliac artery Femoral artery (upper leg) Popliteal artery (near the knee joint) Tibial artery (front and back of the lower
leg) Peroneal artery (little toe side of the
lower leg)
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Pulmonary Arteries Originate from the pulmonary trunk,
which comes from the right ventricle of the heart
• Two major veins of the body: superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Other major veins Jugular vein Portal vein Saphenous vein Femoral vein
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Circulation Circulation of the blood occurs through
two different pathways: systemic and pulmonary circulation.
Systemic circulation includes the arteries, capillaries, and veins everywhere in the body, except in the lungs.
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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Circulation Pulmonary circulation includes the
arteries, capillaries, and veins going to, within, and coming from the lungs.
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Figure 5-11 Circulation of the blood.
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Atrial Blood Flow AnimationAtrial Blood Flow Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on atrial blood flow.
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Atrial Contraction AnimationAtrial Contraction Animation
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Ventricular Contraction AnimationVentricular Contraction Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on ventricular contraction.
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Systole and Diastole AnimationSystole and Diastole Animation
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Physiology of a HeartbeatPhysiology of a Heartbeat
• Heart contracts and relaxes in a regular rhythm coordinated by the conduction system of the heart. Sinoatrial node (SA node) initiates the
electrical impulse that begins each heartbeat.
Atrioventricular node (AV node) receives the impulse to contract from the SA node.
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Physiology of a HeartbeatPhysiology of a Heartbeat
• Heart contracts and relaxes in a regular rhythm coordinated by the conduction system of the heart. Purkinje fibers, a network of nerves,
cause both ventricles to contract simultaneously.
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Figure 5-12 Conduction system of the heart.
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Physiology of a HeartbeatPhysiology of a Heartbeat
• Two Heartbeat Phases Systole (contraction) Diastole (resting period between
contractions)
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Figure 5-13 Exercise increases the heart rate.John Garrett/Dorling Kindersley
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DiseasesDiseases
• Myocardium Acute coronary syndrome Angina pectoris Cardiomegaly Cardiomyopathy Congestive heart failure (CHF) Myocardial infarction (MI)
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Figure 5-14 Peripheral edema.Antonia Reeve/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Angina VideoAngina Video
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Heart Attack VideoHeart Attack Video
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Myocardial Damage AnimationMyocardial Damage Animation
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DiseasesDiseases
• Heart Valves and Layers of the Heart Endocarditis Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) Murmur Pericarditis
Rheumatic heart disease
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card/i-
-itis
peri- = around
= heart
= inflammation of; infection of
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Pericarditis AnimationPericarditis Animation
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Figure 5-15 Vegetation on the mitral valve.Abrahas/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
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DiseasesDiseases
• Conduction System Arrhythmia Bradycardia Fibrillation Flutter Heart block
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DiseasesDiseases
• Conduction System Premature contraction Sick sinus syndrome Tachycardia Asystole Palpitation
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card/i-
-ia
tachy- = fast
= heart
= condition; state; thing
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Figure 5-16 Arrhythmias on an ECG tracing.
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Dysrhythmia VideoDysrhythmia Video
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Shock Video #1Shock Video #1
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Shock Video #2Shock Video #2
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DiseasesDiseases
• Blood Vessels Aneurysm Arteriosclerosis Bruit Coronary artery disease (CAD) Hyperlipidemia Hypertension (HTN) Hypotension
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Figure 5-17 Aneurysm.Lester V. Bergman/Corbis Images
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Aneurysm VideoAneurysm Video
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Figure 5-18 Mild atheromatous plaque.SIU BioMed/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
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Figure 5-19 Severe atherosclerotic plaque in an artery.C. Abrahams, M.D./Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
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Coronary Artery Disease VideoCoronary Artery Disease Video
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DiseasesDiseases
• Blood Vessels Peripheral artery disease (PAD) Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) Phlebitis Raynaud’s disease Varicose veins
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Figure 5-20 Severe varicose veins in the leg.
Robinson/Fotolia
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Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures
• Blood Tests Cardiac enzymes C-reactive protein (CRP) Homocysteine Lipid profile Troponin
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures
• Diagnostic Heart Procedures Cardiac catheterization Cardiac exercise stress test Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG) Electrophysiologic study (EPS) Holter monitor Pharmacologic stress test Telemetry
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Figure 5-21 Treadmill exercise stress test.Brownie Harris/Corbis
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Figure 5-22 Electrocardiography.Alvis Upitis/Jupiter Images
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Figure 5-23 ECG tracing.
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Electrocardiogram VideoElectrocardiogram Video
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Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures
• Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Procedures Angiography Echocardiography Multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan Myocardial perfusion scan Single-photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT) scan
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Figure 5-24 Echocardiogram.Martin/ Custom Medical Stock Photo
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Figure 5-25 Doppler ultrasonography.Matt Meadows/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Medical and Surgical ProceduresMedical and Surgical Procedures
• Medical Procedures Auscultation Cardioversion Sclerotherapy Vital signs
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Figure 5-26 Defibrillation.CMPS
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Ventricular Fibrillation VideoVentricular Fibrillation Video
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Figure 5-27 Pulse points.
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Figure 5-28 Carotid pulse.
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Figure 5-29 Measuring the blood pressure.
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Blood Pressure VideoBlood Pressure Video
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Medical and Surgical ProceduresMedical and Surgical Procedures
• Surgical Procedures Aneurysmectomy Cardiopulmonary bypass Carotid endarterectomy Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) Heart transplantation Pacemaker insertion
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Figure 5-30 Open heart surgery.
F. Schussler/Getty Images, Inc.
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Figure 5-31 Pacemaker.(left) picsfive/Fotolia; (right) Apogee/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Medical and Surgical Medical and Surgical ProceduresProcedures
• Surgical Procedures Percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty_(PTCA) Pericardiocentesis Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) Valve replacement Valvoplasty
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valv/o--plasty
= valve= process of
reshaping by surgery
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Figure 5-32 Balloon angioplasty.
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Figure 5-33 Stent.
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Figure 5-34 Valve replacement surgery.VAS Comm./Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
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Drug CategoriesDrug Categories
• These categories of drugs are used to treat cardiovascular diseases: ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme)
inhibitor drugs Antiarrhythmic drugs Anticoagulant drugs Antihypertensive drugs Aspirin
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Drug CategoriesDrug Categories
• These categories of drugs are used to treat cardiovascular diseases: Beta-blocker drugs Calcium channel blocker drugs Digitalis drugs Diuretic drugs
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Figure 5-35 “The Starry Night.”
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Drug CategoriesDrug Categories
• These categories of drugs are used to treat cardiovascular diseases and conditions: Drugs for cardiac arrest Drugs for hyperlipidemia Nitrate drugs Thrombolytic drugs
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AbbreviationsAbbreviations
AAA abdominal aortic aneurysmACE angiotensin-converting enzymeACS acute coronary syndromeAED automatic external defibrillatorAI aortic insufficiencyAICD automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillatorAMI acute myocardial infarctionAS aortic stenosisASCVD arteriosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseASD atrial septal defectASHD arteriosclerotic heart diseaseAV atrioventricularBP blood pressure
LVH left ventricular hypertrophyMI myocardial infarctionmm Hg millimeters of mercuryMR mitral regurgitationMUGA multiple-gated acquisition (scan)MVP mitral valve prolapseNSR normal sinus rhythmP pulse (rate)PAC premature atrial contractionPAD peripheral artery diseasePCI percutaneous coronary interventionPDA patent ductus arteriosusPMI point of maximum impulse
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AbbreviationsAbbreviations
BPM, bpm beats per minuteCABG coronary artery bypass graft (pronounced “cabbage”)CAD coronary artery diseaseCCU coronary care unitCHF congestive heart failureCK-MB creatine kinase-MBCPK-MB creatine phosphokinase-MBCPR cardiopulmonary resuscitationCRP C-reactive proteinCV cardiovascularDSA digital subtraction angiography
PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PVC premature ventricular contractionPVD peripheral vascular diseaseRA right atriumRBBB right bundle branch blockRFA radiofrequency ablationRNV radionuclide ventriculographyRV right ventricleS1 first heart sound
S2 second heart sound
S3 third heart sound
S4 fourth heart sound
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AbbreviationsAbbreviations
ECG electrocardiographyEKG electrocardiographyHDL high-density lipoproteinHTN hypertensionJVD jugular venous distentionLA left atriumLBBB left bundle branch blockLDH lactic dehydrogenaseLDL low-density lipoproteinLV left ventricleLVAD left ventricular assist device
SA sinoatrialSBE subacute bacterial endocarditisSPECT single-photon emission computerizedtomographySVT supraventricular tachycardiaTEE transesophageal echocardiographyTPR temperature, pulse, and respirationV fib ventricular fibrillation (slang)VLDL very low-density lipoproteinVSD ventricular septal defectV tach ventricular tachycardia (slang)
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Cardiac Stress Technologist VideoCardiac Stress Technologist Video
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Cardiac Stress TechnologyCardiac Stress Technologyand Medical Terminology Videoand Medical Terminology Video
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Combining Forms Match UpCombining Forms Match Up
1. angi/o-2. cardi/o-3. cusp/o-4. fus/o-5. pect/o-
a. pouringb. heartc. pointd. cheste. blood vessel
5-4
Medical LanguageMedical LanguageImmerse YourselfImmerse Yourself
CHAPTER
THIRD EDITION
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Hematology and Immunology
6
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
1. Identify the structures of the blood and lymphatic system.
2. Describe the processes of blood clotting and the immune response.
3. Describe common blood, lymphatic system, and immune response diseases, laboratory and diagnostic procedures, medical and surgical procedures, and drug categories.
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
4. Give the medical meaning of word parts and abbreviations related to the blood, lymphatic system, and immune response.
5. Build blood, lymphatic system, and immune response words from word parts and divide and define those words.
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
6. Spell and pronounce blood, lymphatic system, and immune response words.
7. Analyze the medical content and meaning of an immunology report.
8. Dive deeper into hematology and immunology by reviewing the activities at the end of this chapter and online at www.MyMedicalTerminologyLab.com.
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Multimedia DirectoryMultimedia Directory
Slide 55 Lymphatic System AnimationSlide 66 Sickle Cell Anemia VideoSlide 70 AIDS VideoSlide 72 Leukemia VideoSlide 82 Blood Test Basics VideoSlide 92 Venipuncture VideoSlide 100 Phlebotomy Career Video
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
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Hematology and ImmunologyHematology and Immunology
• Hematology is the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the blood and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat blood diseases.
• Immunology is the medical specialty related to the lymphatic system and the immune response.
6-1
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Figure 6-1 Blood and the lymphatic system.
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Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
• Blood Contains blood cells, blood cell
fragments, water, and other substances (proteins, clotting factors, etc.)
Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and the waste products of metabolism
Some blood cells also function as part of the immune response of the lymphatic system.
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Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
• Lymphatic System Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph
fluid, lymph nodes, lymphoid tissues, and lymphoid organs
Forms a pathway throughout the body that is separate from that of the cardiovascular system that contains the blood
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Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
• Lymphatic System Defends the body against
microorganisms, foreign particles, and cancerous cells
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Plasma Clear, straw-colored liquid (about 90%
water) that makes up 55% of the blood The formed elements of the blood
(erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes) are suspended in the plasma.
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Plasma Contains amino acids, cholesterol,
triglycerides, electrolytes, glucose, minerals, and vitamins
Contains substances produced by the liver or glands such as: albumin, bilirubin, hormones, complement proteins, and clotting factors
Contains creatinine and urea, which are waste products of cellular metabolism
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Figure 6-2 Plasma.
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Hematopoiesis Process by which all formed elements in
the blood are produced Occurs in the red marrow of long bones
and flat bones Every type of blood cell and blood cell
fragment begins in the bone marrow as a very immature cell called a stem cell.
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Figure 6-3 Hematopoiesis.
6-1
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Erythrocytes Most numerous of the formed elements
in the plasma Red blood cells are round, somewhat
flattened, red disks. Unique because, unlike other body cells,
they have no cell nucleus when they are mature
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Figure 6-4 Erythrocytes.Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Erythrocytes Contain hemoglobin, a red, iron-
containing molecule that binds to oxygen molecules to form oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to every cell in the body, and carries carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs.
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Erythrocytes Erythrocyte stem cells mature to
become erythroblasts and then normoblasts.
Reticulocytes are immature erythrocytes that are released into the blood.
Hormone erythropoietin from the kidneys increases erythrocyte production.
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Erythrocytes Do not have a nucleus, so they cannot
divide or repair themselves Last 120 days before they begin to
deteriorate The spleen removes old erythrocytes
from the blood, breaking down their hemoglobin into heme and globins.
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Erythrocytes Iron stripped from heme molecules is
stored in the liver and the spleen; the remainder of heme molecules is converted to bilirubin.
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Leukocytes White blood cells include five types of
cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes).
Can be identified by the presence or absence of granules in their cytoplasm and the shape of their nucleus
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Leukocytes Leukocytes with many large granules in
their cytoplasm are categorized as granulocytes, which include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Leukocytes with few or no granules in their cytoplasm are categorized as agranulocytes, which include lymphocytes and monocytes.
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Neutrophils Most common leukocyte, making up 54
to 62% of leukocytes in blood Categorized as granulocytes Nucleus has many segments or lobes, so
they are also known as polymorphonucleated leukocytes (PMNs), polys, segs, or segmenters.
6-1
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Neutrophils Develop in the red marrow from stem
cells that become myeloblasts, then myelocytes, then bands (also known as stabs), then mature neutrophils
Engulf and destroy bacteria (phagocytosis)
Live only a few days or even just a few hours if they are actively destroying bacteria
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Figure 6-5 Neutrophil.
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Eosinophils Make up just 1 to 3% of leukocytes Categorized as granulocytes; also
known as eos Nucleus has two lobes. Develop in the red marrow from stem
cells
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Eosinophils Release chemicals to destroy foreign
cells (pollen, animal dander, dust, etc.) Release chemicals that kill parasites
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Figure 6-6 Eosinophil.
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Basophils Least common leukocyte, making up 0.5
to 1% of leukocytes Categorized as granulocytes; also
known as basos Nucleus has more than one lobe. Develop in the red marrow from stem
cells
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Basophils Release histamine at the site of tissue
injury Release heparin, an anticoagulant to
limit the size of blood clots
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Figure 6-7 Basophil.
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Lymphocytes Make up 25 to 33% of leukocytes Categorized as agranulocytes and are
the smallest leukocytes; they are also known as lymphs.
Nucleus is round and nearly fills the cell. Some lymphocytes live for just a few
days, while others live for many years.
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Lymphocytes Begin development in red marrow; some
become B cells or natural killer cells; others migrate to the thymus to become T cells.
B lymphocytes produce antibodies (immunoglobins).
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Figure 6-8 Lymphocyte.
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Monocytes Make up 3 to 7% of leukocytes Categorized as agranulocytes and are the
largest leukocytes; also known as monos Have a large amount of cytoplasm, and
nucleus is large and kidney bean shaped. Develop in the red marrow from stem
cells
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Monocytes Are phagocytes that engulf and destroy
microorganisms, cancerous cells, dead leukocytes, and cellular debris.
Monocytes in the lymph nodes, intestine, liver, pancreas, thymus, spleen, bone, and skin are known as macrophages.
6-1
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Figure 6-9 Monocyte.
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Table 6-1 Leukocyte Types and Characteristics.
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Table 6-1 (continued) Leukocyte Types and Characteristics.
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Thrombocytes (platelets) Different from other blood cells because
they are only cell fragments. Active in the blood-clotting process Begin in red marrow as stem cells that
then become megakaryoblasts, and then mature into megakaryocytes, very large cells
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Thrombocytes (platelets) Cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte breaks
away at the edges to form cell fragments (thrombocytes) that are released into the blood.
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Blood Type Most important blood types are the ABO
and Rh blood groups. ABO blood group contains A, B, AB, and
O antigens.
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Table 6-2 ABO Blood Group
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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood
• Blood Type Rh blood group has 47 different
antigens. Rh is positive when antigens are present
on erythrocytes. Rh is negative when antigens are not
present on erythrocytes.
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Figure 6-10 Unit of blood.Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Physiology of Blood ClottingPhysiology of Blood Clotting
• Platelet aggregation: Thrombocytes form clumps to decrease blood loss.
• Coagulation: Blood clot forms.• Hemostasis: Cessation of bleeding.• When clotting factors in the plasma are
activated to form a blood clot, the fluid portion of plasma that remains is known as serum.
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Figure 6-11 Blood clot.Susumu Nishinaga/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Table 6-3 Blood Clotting Factors.
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic SystemAnatomy of the Lymphatic System
• Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph, and Lymph Nodes Lymphatic vessels are similar in
structure to blood vessels, but with several important differences.
Begin as tiny lymphatic capillaries in the tissues
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic SystemAnatomy of the Lymphatic System
• Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph, and Lymph Nodes End at lymphatic ducts that empty into
large veins in the neck Tissue fluid enters a lymphatic capillary
and becomes lymph, the fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system.
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic SystemAnatomy of the Lymphatic System
• Lymphatic capillaries have large openings in their walls that allow microorganisms and cancerous cells to enter.
• Lymphatic capillaries become larger lymphatic vessels that bring lymph to the lymph nodes.
• Valves keep the lymph flowing in one direction.
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic SystemAnatomy of the Lymphatic System
• Lymph nodes Filter the lymph Contain macrophages that destroy
microorganisms or cancer cells Grouped in chains in areas invaded by
microorganisms or cancerous cells
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Figure 6-12 Lymphatic system.
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Lymphatic System AnimationLymphatic System Animation
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic SystemAnatomy of the Lymphatic System
• Lymphoid Tissues Contain lymphocytes and macrophages
that are active in the immune response• Tonsils and adenoids in the oral cavity• Appendix and Peyer's patches in the
small intestine
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic SystemAnatomy of the Lymphatic System
• Lymphoid Organs Thymus is located within the
mediastinum and helps lymphoblasts mature into T lymphocytes.
Spleen is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity and is the largest organ in the lymphatic system.
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic SystemAnatomy of the Lymphatic System
• Lymphoid Organs Spleen removes and recycles old
erythrocytes from the blood. Spleen also acts as storage area for
whole blood, which is released into the circulatory system during times of danger or injury.
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Physiology of the Immune Physiology of the Immune ResponseResponse
• Detects and destroys invading microorganisms (pathogens) and cancerous cells that arise internally: Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes
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Physiology of the Immune Physiology of the Immune ResponseResponse
• Detects and destroys invading microorganisms (pathogens) and cancerous cells that arise internally: Monocytes Lymphocytes Antibodies Complement proteins
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DiseasesDiseases
• Blood Blood dyscrasia Hemorrhage Pancytopenia Septicemia
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DiseasesDiseases
• Erythrocytes Abnormal red blood cell morphology Anemia
• Aplastic anemia• Folic acid deficiency anemia• Iron deficiency anemia• Pernicious anemia• Sickle cell anemia
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Figure 6-13 Microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes.Joaquin Carillo Farga/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Figure 6-14 Sickle cell.Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Figure 6-15 Sickle cells in a capillary.
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Sickle Cell Anemia VideoSickle Cell Anemia Video
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DiseasesDiseases
• Erythrocytes Anisocytosis Poikilocytosis Polycythemia vera Thalassemia Transfusion reaction
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DiseasesDiseases
• Leukocytes Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) Leukemia Mononucleosis Multiple myeloma
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Figure 6-16 Human immunodeficiency virus.Chris Bjornberg/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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AIDS VideoAIDS Video
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Figure 6-17 Acute lymphocytic leukemia.Peres/Custom Medical Stock
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Leukemia VideoLeukemia Video
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DiseasesDiseases
• Thrombocytes Coagulopathy Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) Disseminated intravascular coagulation
(DIC) Hemophilia
Thrombocytopenia
6-3
cyt/o-
-penia
thromb/o- = thrombus (blood clot)
= cell
= condition of deficiency
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Figure 6-18 Deep venous thrombosis.
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DiseasesDiseases
• Lymphatic System Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) Lymphadenopathy Lymphedema Lymphoma
• Hodgkin's lymphoma• Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Splenomegaly Thymoma
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Figure 6-19 Lymphadenopathy.Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
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DiseasesDiseases
• Autoimmune Disorders Diabetes mellitus, type 1 Gluten sensitivity enteropathy Graves' disease Hashimoto's thyroiditis Inflammatory bowel disease Multiple sclerosis
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DiseasesDiseases
• Autoimmune Disorders Myasthenia gravis Psoriasis Rheumatoid arthritis Scleroderma Systemic lupus erythematosus
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Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures
• Blood Cell Tests Blood type Complete blood count (CBC) with
differential Peripheral blood smear
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Table 6-4 Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Differential.
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Table 6-4 (continued) Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Differential.
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Blood Test Basics VideoBlood Test Basics Video
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Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures
• Coagulation Tests Activated clotting time (ACT) Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) Prothrombin time (PT)
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Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures
• Other Blood Tests Blood chemistries Ferritin
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Figure 6-20 Blood chemistry analyzer.Alvis Upitis/Jupiter Images
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Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures
• Other Blood Tests Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
tests• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA): First screening test done for HIV.• Western blot: Used to confirm a positive
ELISA and make a diagnosis of HIV infection.
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Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures
• Other Blood Tests Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
tests• Viral RNA load test: Measures tiny
amounts of HIV RNA and monitors progression of the disease and response to antiretroviral drugs.
• p24 antigen test: Detects the protein p24 in HIV.
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Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures
• Other Blood Tests Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
tests• CD4 count: Used to monitor the
progression of the disease and response to antiretroviral drugs.
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Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures
• Serum Tests Monospot Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP)
• Urine Tests Bence Jones protein Schilling test
• Radiologic Procedures Lymphangiography
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Medical and Surgical ProceduresMedical and Surgical Procedures
• Medical Procedures Bone marrow aspiration Phlebotomy Vaccination
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Figure 6-21 Phlebotomy.Keith Brofsky/Getty Images
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Venipuncture VideoVenipuncture Video
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Venipuncture
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Medical and Surgical ProceduresMedical and Surgical Procedures
• Blood Donation and Transfusion Procedures Blood donation Blood transfusion Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) Plasmapheresis Stem cell transplantation
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Figure 6-22 Stem cell.Dr. Yorgos Nikas/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Medical and Surgical ProceduresMedical and Surgical Procedures
• Surgical Procedures Lymph node biopsy Lymph node dissection Splenectomy Thymectomy
6-3
thym/o-
-ectomy
= thymus; rage
= surgical removal
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Drug CategoriesDrug Categories
• Drugs used to treat blood and lymphatic diseases: Anticoagulant drugs Corticosteroid drugs Erythropoietin Immunosuppressant drugs Nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitor drugs Platelet aggregation inhibitor drugs
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Drug CategoriesDrug Categories
• Drugs used to treat blood and lymphatic diseases: Protease inhibitor drugs Thrombolytic enzyme drugs Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
drugs Vitamin B12 drugs
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6.4
AbbreviationsAbbreviations
A blood type in the ABO blood groupAB blood type in the ABO blood groupAIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndromeALL acute lymphocytic leukemiaAML acute myelogenous leukemiaB blood type in the ABO blood groupbasos basophilsBMT bone marrow transplantationCBC complete blood countCLL chronic lymphocytic leukemiaCML chronic myelogenous leukemiacmm cubic millimeterDIC disseminated intravascular coagulation
IgE immunoglobulin EIgG immunoglobulin GIgM immunoglobulin Mlymphs lymphocytesMCH mean cell hemoglobinMCHC mean cell hemoglobin concentrationMCV mean cell volumemm3 cubic millimetermono mononucleosis (slang)monos monocytesO blood type in the ABO blood groupPMN polymorphonuclear (leukocyte)polys polymorphonuclear leukocytes
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6.4
AbbreviationsAbbreviations
DVT deep venous thrombosisEBV Epstein-Barr virusELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayeos eosinophilsGVHD graft-versus-host diseaseHCT hematocritHgb hemoglobinH&H hemoglobin and hematocritHIV human immunodeficiency virusHLA human leukocyte antigenIgA immunoglobulin AIgD immunoglobulin D
PRBCs packed red blood cellspro time prothrombin time (slang)PT prothrombin timePTT partial thromboplastin timeRBC red blood cellsegs segmented neutrophilsSPEP serum protein electrophoresis (pronounced “S-pep”)TNF tumor necrosis factorTPA tissue plasminogen activator (drug)UPEP urine protein electrophoresis (pronounced “U-pep”)WBC white blood cell
Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Phlebotomy Career VideoPhlebotomy Career Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of careers in phlebotomy.
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Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Combining Forms Match UpCombining Forms Match Up
1. eryth/o-2. leuk/o-3. path/o-4. splen/o-5. tox/o-
a. diseaseb. spleenc. poisond. whitee. red
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