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6H2O + 6CO2+ EnergyC6H12O6+ 6O2
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
Harvesting Chemical EnergyHarvesting Chemical Energy
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Organic compounds store energy in
their arrangement of atoms Fats, CH2O protein can all be used as
fuel . Traditionally, cellular respiration is
studied using glucose as the source. There are 2 energyproviding
!catabolic" path#ays
Cellular Respiration Fermentation ( partial degradation of
sugar without oxygen
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!he "rea#down of glu$ose is
exergoni$ with a free energyex$hange of %6&6' !his meansthat the produ$ts store lessenergy than the rea$tants'
Cata"oli$ pathways do not
dire$tly do $ellular wor# "ut arelin#ed to wor# "y a $hemi$aldrie shaft) *!
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Cells Re$y$le *!
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RE,O- Rea$tions
$ chemical reaction in #hich there is thetransfer of one or more electrons from one
reactant to another.
O%idation is the loss of electrons and
Reduction is the addition of electrons.
&ecause the electron transfer re'uires adonor and an acceptor, o%idation and
reduction al#ays go together.
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C6H12O6+ 6O2 6CO2+ H2O
oxidation
redu$tion
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(n general, organic molecules that have
an abundance of H atoms are e%cellentfood sources because they have
)hilltop* electrons #ith the potential to
)fall* closer to o%ygen.
+lucose loses hydrogen atoms but they
are not passed directly to o%ygen. They
are passed to a coenyme first -$/
!nicotinamide adenine dinuclotide".
-$/ serves as the o%idiing agent.
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!he en.yme dehydrogenase
remoes a pair of ele$trons fromglu$ose' !hin# of it in terms of
2p + 2e' !he en.yme deliers 2e
+ 1p to /*,+and releases 1 H+
into the surrounding solution'
/*,++ 2e and 1p 0 /*,H'
Ele$trons lose ery little of their
potential when transferred from
food to /*,+
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Respiration uses an ele$tron $hain to
"rea# the fall of ele$trons toseeral steps'
Oxidation phosphorylationa$$ountsfor 345 of the *! generated "y
respiration' u"strate leel phosphorylation
produ$es a smaller amount of *!'
7n this synthesis8 *! is produ$edwhen an en.yme transfers aphosphate from a su"strate to *,'
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hosphorylation
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Four tages of Cellular RespirationFour tages of Cellular Respiration9ly$olysis
reparation for Citri$ *$idCy$le
Citri$ *$id Cy$le
Ele$tron !ransport
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9ly$olysis9ly$olysis
plits a glu$ose
mole$ule into
2 : ; Car"on
mole$ules $alled
*!E*!E'
produ$ts) 2 *!8 /*,H and pyruate
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reparation for the Citri$ *$id Cy$lereparation for the Citri$ *$id Cy$le
!he pyruate looses a
$ar"on leaing the 2
$ar"on mole$ule*$etyl Co*
CC
CO2
produ$ts) CO28 *$etyl Co* and /*,H
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!he Citri$ *$id Cy$le!he Citri$ *$id Cy$le
rodu$ts)
CO2*!8 /*,H8 F*,H
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Ele$tron !ransportEle$tron !ransport
!he mito$hondria has
two mem"ranes::the
outer one and the innermem"rane whi$h is
$onoluted' !he H+
whi$h are "rought to
mito$hondria a$$umulate
"etween these twomem"ranes'
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matrix
H+
H+
H+
H+H+H+
outer mem"rane
inner mem"rane
!*! synthetase
The matri% is a protein rich solution #hich contain theenymes #hich run electron transport.
*!
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!he ele$trons are passed"a$# and forth a$ross the
mem"rane where their energy
is gradually de$reased and used
to transportH+through the
mem"rane' Oxygenis the finalele$tron a$$eptor and it ?oins with
the H+to produ$e H2O'
7f there is no oxygen8 the ele$tron $hain $annot $ontinue
"e$ause there is no way to release ele$trons''
ele$trons
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rodu$ts of the Ele$tron !ransport Chainrodu$ts of the Ele$tron !ransport Chain
34 $T1
@ater
+
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O-E +56CO7E O5EC65E 1RO6CE7O-E +56CO7E O5EC65E 1RO6CE7 ;& *!;& *!
Each -$H 3 $T1
Each F$H 2 $T1
8+lycolysis !2 -$H" 9 $T181rep for Citric $cid 9 $T18Citric $cid !9 -$H" :; $T1
8 !2 F$H2" 4 $T1
8 34 $T18direct 4 $T18total ;& *!
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glycolysis
-$H carries
electrons to ETC
prep
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@hat happens when there is no oxygen@hat happens when there is no oxygen
to a$$ept the ele$tronsAto a$$ept the ele$tronsAOnly the pro$ess of gly$olysis is $arried out and la$ti$
a$id is produ$ed in the mus$les' !he "ody $annot
tolerate mu$h la$ti$ a$id and it must eentually "e$onerted in the lier to pyruate'
results in mus$le soreness
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*l$oholi$ Fermentation*l$oholi$ Fermentation
ome organisms $arry out al$oholi$ fermentation' !his was
dis$oered "y Bouis asteur in his study of the $hemistry
of wines'
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