The Industrial RevolutionWorld History
Chapter 12 section 1Reading essentials & study guide answers & notes
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?
Changing agricultural practices Growing population Capital to invest Plentiful natural resources (coal, iron
ore) Huge empire provided markets for
goods
How did factories create a new labor system?
Factory owners wanted machines running all day & all night
This led to the development of shifts Employees came to work for set hours Employees did the same work over and
over
What countries were the 1st to be industrialized in Continental Europe? Why? Belgium, France,
German States Because their
governments took an active role in supporting the development of industry
In what ways did the Industrial Revolution change the social life of Europe?
Larger population Urbanization (the growth of cities) Creation of a new middle class Creation of a new working class Changes in family roles & structure Birth of socialism
How did a cottage industry produce goods?
All of the steps in the production process were done by individuals in their homes
Where were early factories located? Why?
Near water Early machines relied on water power
What development allowed factories to be located anywhere?
James Watt improved the steam engine so it was able to power machinery - 1782
What new mode of transportation was crucial to the evolution of industrialization?
Railroads
What group of people made up a large % of America’s early industrial workforce, especially in textile factories?
Women
What were the two most important modes of transportation in early industrial America?
Railroads Steamboats
What factors influenced the dramatic population growth during the 19th century?
A decline in death rates (less war & famine)
Abundant food supply › More healthy people› More resistant to disease
What is urbanization? What led to rapid urbanization during the IR?
The growth and development of cities Less labor was required in the rural
areas b/c farming had become more mechanized
People flocked to growing cities to find jobs in the new factories
What were conditions like in early factories?
Miserable!› Long hours› Repetitive work› Low wages› Dangerous› Strict discipline› Use of child labor› Excessive hours for women› Lower wages for children & women
How did the factory system and industrialization affect the traditional roles of families?
Often the entire family had to work in some capacity b/c they needed the money to afford living in the city
Men became the “breadwinner” Women became the caregiver to the
kids Before everyone in the family helped
with all tasks
What is socialism? A system where society (really, the
government) owns and controls all of the means of production› Natural resources (mines)› Transportation industries› Factories
What did early socialists want to replace in industry? With what?
Competition Cooperation
Other Contributing Factors Enclosure Movement:
› Laws allowing large landowners to fence in common lands, which forced peasants to urban areas in search of work in the new factories
Capital:› Money to invest in machinery and buildings
Entrepreneurs:› Businessmen who look for new ways to make a
profit and are willing to take risks with their investments
The Coal & Iron Industries Coal was CRUCIAL to industrialization!
› It was burnt to power steam engines› It was an ingredient in the iron making
process Puddling:
› New iron making process developed by Henry Cort that resulted in a higher quality, stronger product
› Iron was used to construct taller buildings, machines, and new modes of transportation
Impact of the Railroads Construction of new lines created jobs Less expensive transportation costs led
to lower prices for consumers & larger markets
Larger markets & lower prices = more sales
More profits allowed owners to reinvest in new/more machinery
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