The Industrial RevolutionWorld History

Chapter 12 section 1Reading essentials & study guide answers & notes

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?

Changing agricultural practices Growing population Capital to invest Plentiful natural resources (coal, iron

ore) Huge empire provided markets for

goods

How did factories create a new labor system?

Factory owners wanted machines running all day & all night

This led to the development of shifts Employees came to work for set hours Employees did the same work over and

over

What countries were the 1st to be industrialized in Continental Europe? Why? Belgium, France,

German States Because their

governments took an active role in supporting the development of industry

In what ways did the Industrial Revolution change the social life of Europe?

Larger population Urbanization (the growth of cities) Creation of a new middle class Creation of a new working class Changes in family roles & structure Birth of socialism

How did a cottage industry produce goods?

All of the steps in the production process were done by individuals in their homes

Where were early factories located? Why?

Near water Early machines relied on water power

What development allowed factories to be located anywhere?

James Watt improved the steam engine so it was able to power machinery - 1782

What new mode of transportation was crucial to the evolution of industrialization?

Railroads

What group of people made up a large % of America’s early industrial workforce, especially in textile factories?

Women

What were the two most important modes of transportation in early industrial America?

Railroads Steamboats

What factors influenced the dramatic population growth during the 19th century?

A decline in death rates (less war & famine)

Abundant food supply › More healthy people› More resistant to disease

What is urbanization? What led to rapid urbanization during the IR?

The growth and development of cities Less labor was required in the rural

areas b/c farming had become more mechanized

People flocked to growing cities to find jobs in the new factories

What were conditions like in early factories?

Miserable!› Long hours› Repetitive work› Low wages› Dangerous› Strict discipline› Use of child labor› Excessive hours for women› Lower wages for children & women

How did the factory system and industrialization affect the traditional roles of families?

Often the entire family had to work in some capacity b/c they needed the money to afford living in the city

Men became the “breadwinner” Women became the caregiver to the

kids Before everyone in the family helped

with all tasks

What is socialism? A system where society (really, the

government) owns and controls all of the means of production› Natural resources (mines)› Transportation industries› Factories

What did early socialists want to replace in industry? With what?

Competition Cooperation

Other Contributing Factors Enclosure Movement:

› Laws allowing large landowners to fence in common lands, which forced peasants to urban areas in search of work in the new factories

Capital:› Money to invest in machinery and buildings

Entrepreneurs:› Businessmen who look for new ways to make a

profit and are willing to take risks with their investments

The Coal & Iron Industries Coal was CRUCIAL to industrialization!

› It was burnt to power steam engines› It was an ingredient in the iron making

process Puddling:

› New iron making process developed by Henry Cort that resulted in a higher quality, stronger product

› Iron was used to construct taller buildings, machines, and new modes of transportation

Impact of the Railroads Construction of new lines created jobs Less expensive transportation costs led

to lower prices for consumers & larger markets

Larger markets & lower prices = more sales

More profits allowed owners to reinvest in new/more machinery