Catherine the Great To successfully lead a developing country to become a industrialized global power.
Experience - German Princess- Married Grand Duke Peter of Holstein, grandson of Peter the Great- Gained Russian throne from husband-Empress of all of Russia
Achievements- Expanded Russian borders to Black Sea to gain warm water port.- Modernized and Westernized Russia - Promoted enlightenment and education - Improved agriculture by importing technology from England - Built and repaired Russian Infrastructure - Promoted manufacturing businesses and mining operations to improve Russian economy - Set up hospitals to vaccinate Russian citizens
References Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin – helped bring Catherine to power, Russian army officer and statesman; powerful Russian leader under Catherine. Empress Elizabeth – Catherine’s mother-in-law who helped bring Catherine to power
Factors affecting Europe
• The Renaissance• The Protestant Reformation• The Scientific Revolution• The Enlightenment• Exploration and Expansion• The New World• The Commercial Revolution• Development of the nation-state
Changes and Continuities
Changes
Highly centralized empiresMovement away from religion (secularism)Overseas (maritime) empiresGrowth of bourgeosie challenging nobilityIncreasing private investment (joint-stock companies)Vernacular(local language) increases literacyCartography improvesConstitutionalism (Dutch/English)New foodstuffs introduced from Columbian exchange enhances dietReligious wars and intolerance (1/3 of Europe dies in 30yrs war)
Most populations still ruralChristianity still most important religionMost society still illiterateFeudalism still exists (although less so)Europe still behind Asia in tradePatriarchy persists (especially amongst nobility)Nobility (aristocracy) still powerfulWar persists (from 100 yrs to 30 yr) although now new weaponry (gunpowder) leads to higher casualty ratesSerfdom remains a coercive labor force
Spain
• Union of Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon• Reconquista (1492)- fall of Grenada• Charles V - Holy Roman Emperor
The lands of the Hapsburg emperor, Charles V
Spain
• Philip II - “The Most Catholic King”
• New World wealth
• Religious wars: Thirty Years War, Lepanto, Spanish Netherlands, Spanish Armada
• Spanish Inquisition
• Decline- weak rulers, bankruptcy, decline in military power
France
• Hundred Years War – consolidation of lands
• War within France – Huguenots
• Edict of Nantes 1598
• Thirty Years War – Treaty of Westphalia 1648
• Cardinal Richelieu and Mazzarin – development of the French state
France
• Louis XIV – The “Sun King”
• “L’etat c’es moi”• Absolutism – rule by
divine right• The Court at
Versailles• The Estates General
– the Three Estates• Colonies
Louis XIV
England
• Henry VIII – Reformation
• “Bloody Mary”• Elizabeth I –
Consolidation of Protestantism
• England as a nation-state
Elizabeth I
England
• The Stuarts• James I – Catholicism versus Protestantism /
Monarch versus parliament• Charles I
Execution of Charles I
England
• The English Civil War (Revolution?)
• Oliver Cromwell• Roundheads versus
Cavaliers• New Model Army• Ireland & Scotland
conquered• The Commonwealth
Oliver Cromwell
Britain
• The Restoration of Charles II
• James II – Religious issues
• 1688 - “The Glorious Revolution”
• William and Mary• Queen Anne• The House of Hanover• Impact on Colonies
Charles II
The Cross of St. Andrew - Scotland
The Cross of St. George - England
The Cross of St. Patrick - Ireland
=
The Union Jack
Act Of Union 1707
• Kiev – established by Vikings
• Strong Byzantine influences
• Conquered by Mongols in late 1230’s
• Princes of Muscovy worked with Mongols to gain power
• Ivan III (the Great) stopped tribute to Mongols in 1480
• Ivan III absorbed independent Novgorod (tied to Poland-Lithuania) into new state
• To settle new territories, Ivan III used free peasant pioneers (Cossacks)
• Cossacks played large role in the expansion of Russia
• Focus of expansion was to the east - Furs
• Peter the Great Peter developed fascination for
Western technology Took throne in 1689 Established a policy of rapid and
forced modernization and Westernization
Copied many aspects of Western military
Peter developed fascination for Western technology
Took throne in 1689 Established a policy of rapid and
forced modernization and Westernization
Copied many aspects of Western military
Peter the Great
Established the “Table of Ranks,” permitting nobles to move ahead based on merit
Abolished the Terem, the Russian equivalent of the harem Encouraged the mixing of the sexes in towns and cities 1703 - built new capital on the Baltic Sea, St. Petersburg abolished the “Table of Ranks,” permitting nobles to move ahead
based on merit Abolished the Terem, the Russian equivalent of the harem
Encouraged the mixing of the sexes in towns and cities 1703 - built new capital on the Baltic Sea, St.
Petersburg
• Russia and the WestPeter adopted only that which did not
interfere with the autocratic stateWesternization caused hostility on part of
the populaceRussia would continue love-hate
relationship with the West
Russia and the WestPeter adopted only that which did not interfere with the autocratic stateWesternization caused hostility on part of the populaceRussia would continue love-hate
relationship with the West
• Catherine the Great Married Peter III Peter murdered – Catherine the
Great Married Peter III Peter murdered – Catherine
succeeded to throne as Catherine II (1762 – 1796)
Ruled with support of nobility and military
Selective Westernization – interested in the Enlightenment
Catherine succeeded to throne as Catherine II (1762 – 1796)
Ruled with support of nobility and military
Selective Westernization – interested in the Enlightenment
Catherine II (the Great)
Continued expansion of Russia into the Crimea and Siberia Partitioned Poland – Poland not free again until 1918 Absorbed large Jewish population Enacted harsh policies on treatment of serfs Continued expansion of Russia into the Crimea and Siberia Partitioned Poland – Poland not free again until 1918
Absorbed large Jewish populationEnacted harsh policies on treatment of
serfs
The Netherlands
• Freedom from Spain (map)
• Dutch Republic de facto 1609
• Strong naval traditions
• Tradition for tolerance
• VOC – Dutch East India Company
• The Spice Trade
• Colonies
The Holy Roman Empire
• Hapsburgs – lands divided by Emperor Charles V
• Core – Austria (Hungary added)
• German states lost after Thirty Years War
• Ottoman pressures• Weakly bound nation-
state
Italy
• City-states• Center of
Renaissance• Decline in power
and influence after late 1400’s as trade shifts from Mediterranean to Atlantic and Asia
Portugal
• Early success in exploration
• Early domination of spice and slave trade
• Too weak to fend off competing European states (England & Dutch)
• Gradual decline
The German States
• Origin of Lutheranism
• Treaty of Westphalia – Freedom
• Emergence of Prussia Militaristic state – Europe’s fourth largest
army Frederick I (Frederick the Great) – Prussia
dominant German state
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