Catherine the Great To successfully lead a developing country to become a industrialized global power.

 

Experience - German Princess- Married Grand Duke Peter of Holstein, grandson of Peter the Great- Gained Russian throne from husband-Empress of all of Russia

 

Achievements- Expanded Russian borders to Black Sea to gain warm water port.- Modernized and Westernized Russia - Promoted enlightenment and education - Improved agriculture by importing technology from England - Built and repaired Russian Infrastructure - Promoted manufacturing businesses and mining operations to improve Russian economy - Set up hospitals to vaccinate Russian citizens

 

 

References Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin – helped bring Catherine to power, Russian army officer and statesman; powerful Russian leader under Catherine. Empress Elizabeth – Catherine’s mother-in-law who helped bring Catherine to power

 

Factors affecting Europe

• The Renaissance• The Protestant Reformation• The Scientific Revolution• The Enlightenment• Exploration and Expansion• The New World• The Commercial Revolution• Development of the nation-state

Changes and Continuities

Changes

Highly centralized empiresMovement away from religion (secularism)Overseas (maritime) empiresGrowth of bourgeosie challenging nobilityIncreasing private investment (joint-stock companies)Vernacular(local language) increases literacyCartography improvesConstitutionalism (Dutch/English)New foodstuffs introduced from Columbian exchange enhances dietReligious wars and intolerance (1/3 of Europe dies in 30yrs war)

Most populations still ruralChristianity still most important religionMost society still illiterateFeudalism still exists (although less so)Europe still behind Asia in tradePatriarchy persists (especially amongst nobility)Nobility (aristocracy) still powerfulWar persists (from 100 yrs to 30 yr) although now new weaponry (gunpowder) leads to higher casualty ratesSerfdom remains a coercive labor force

Spain

• Union of Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon• Reconquista (1492)- fall of Grenada• Charles V - Holy Roman Emperor

The lands of the Hapsburg emperor, Charles V

Spain

• Philip II - “The Most Catholic King”

• New World wealth

• Religious wars: Thirty Years War, Lepanto, Spanish Netherlands, Spanish Armada

• Spanish Inquisition

• Decline- weak rulers, bankruptcy, decline in military power

France

• Hundred Years War – consolidation of lands

• War within France – Huguenots

• Edict of Nantes 1598

• Thirty Years War – Treaty of Westphalia 1648

• Cardinal Richelieu and Mazzarin – development of the French state

France

• Louis XIV – The “Sun King”

• “L’etat c’es moi”• Absolutism – rule by

divine right• The Court at

Versailles• The Estates General

– the Three Estates• Colonies

Louis XIV

The Third Estate

The Commoners

The First Estate

The Clergy

The Second Estate

The Nobility

England

• Henry VIII – Reformation

• “Bloody Mary”• Elizabeth I –

Consolidation of Protestantism

• England as a nation-state

Elizabeth I

England

• The Stuarts• James I – Catholicism versus Protestantism /

Monarch versus parliament• Charles I

Execution of Charles I

England

• The English Civil War (Revolution?)

• Oliver Cromwell• Roundheads versus

Cavaliers• New Model Army• Ireland & Scotland

conquered• The Commonwealth

Oliver Cromwell

Britain

• The Restoration of Charles II

• James II – Religious issues

• 1688 - “The Glorious Revolution”

• William and Mary• Queen Anne• The House of Hanover• Impact on Colonies

Charles II

The Cross of St. Andrew - Scotland

The Cross of St. George - England

The Cross of St. Patrick - Ireland

=

The Union Jack

Act Of Union 1707

• Kiev – established by Vikings

• Strong Byzantine influences

• Conquered by Mongols in late 1230’s

• Princes of Muscovy worked with Mongols to gain power

• Ivan III (the Great) stopped tribute to Mongols in 1480

• Ivan III absorbed independent Novgorod (tied to Poland-Lithuania) into new state

• To settle new territories, Ivan III used free peasant pioneers (Cossacks)

• Cossacks played large role in the expansion of Russia

• Focus of expansion was to the east - Furs

• Peter the Great Peter developed fascination for

Western technology Took throne in 1689 Established a policy of rapid and

forced modernization and Westernization

Copied many aspects of Western military

Peter developed fascination for Western technology

Took throne in 1689 Established a policy of rapid and

forced modernization and Westernization

Copied many aspects of Western military

Peter the Great

Established the “Table of Ranks,” permitting nobles to move ahead based on merit

Abolished the Terem, the Russian equivalent of the harem Encouraged the mixing of the sexes in towns and cities 1703 - built new capital on the Baltic Sea, St. Petersburg abolished the “Table of Ranks,” permitting nobles to move ahead

based on merit Abolished the Terem, the Russian equivalent of the harem

Encouraged the mixing of the sexes in towns and cities 1703 - built new capital on the Baltic Sea, St.

Petersburg

• Russia and the WestPeter adopted only that which did not

interfere with the autocratic stateWesternization caused hostility on part of

the populaceRussia would continue love-hate

relationship with the West

Russia and the WestPeter adopted only that which did not interfere with the autocratic stateWesternization caused hostility on part of the populaceRussia would continue love-hate

relationship with the West

• Catherine the Great Married Peter III Peter murdered – Catherine the

Great Married Peter III Peter murdered – Catherine

succeeded to throne as Catherine II (1762 – 1796)

Ruled with support of nobility and military

Selective Westernization – interested in the Enlightenment

Catherine succeeded to throne as Catherine II (1762 – 1796)

Ruled with support of nobility and military

Selective Westernization – interested in the Enlightenment

Catherine II (the Great)

Continued expansion of Russia into the Crimea and Siberia Partitioned Poland – Poland not free again until 1918 Absorbed large Jewish population Enacted harsh policies on treatment of serfs Continued expansion of Russia into the Crimea and Siberia Partitioned Poland – Poland not free again until 1918

Absorbed large Jewish populationEnacted harsh policies on treatment of

serfs

Russian Expansion 1700 to 1741

The Netherlands

• Freedom from Spain (map)

• Dutch Republic de facto 1609

• Strong naval traditions

• Tradition for tolerance

• VOC – Dutch East India Company

• The Spice Trade

• Colonies

The Holy Roman Empire

• Hapsburgs – lands divided by Emperor Charles V

• Core – Austria (Hungary added)

• German states lost after Thirty Years War

• Ottoman pressures• Weakly bound nation-

state

Italy

• City-states• Center of

Renaissance• Decline in power

and influence after late 1400’s as trade shifts from Mediterranean to Atlantic and Asia

Portugal

• Early success in exploration

• Early domination of spice and slave trade

• Too weak to fend off competing European states (England & Dutch)

• Gradual decline

The German States

• Origin of Lutheranism

• Treaty of Westphalia – Freedom

• Emergence of Prussia Militaristic state – Europe’s fourth largest

army Frederick I (Frederick the Great) – Prussia

dominant German state

European Wars

• Competition for territory, resources, and markets

• Balance of power – guiding philosophy

• War of the Austrian Succession – First World War?

• Seven Years War – aka French & Indian War

Maria Theresa