Carolyn J. MerryNCRST-FlowsThe Ohio State University
Available sensors
Current satellite sensors Wavelength region – spectral resolution Area of coverage Spatial resolution Costs of imagery Projected uses in transportation flow
applications
Satellite systems
Landsat-7 – Enhanced Thematic
Mapper Plus (ETM+) SPOT-4, -5 – High Resolution
Visible (HRV) Ikonos-2 Quickbird-2
Landsat-7 satellite
705-km altitude
16-day repeat cycle
185-km swath width
Descending node at 10:00 - +15 min.
Whisk-broom scanner
Radiometric resolution: 28 (256 levels)
Landsat MSS sensor – 920 km altitude Landsat-1 (23 Jul 72 - 6 Jan 78) Landsat-2 (22 Jan 75 - 25 Feb 82) Landsat-3 (5 Mar 78 - 31 Mar 83)
Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+ – 705 km altitude Landsat-4 (16 July 82 - present) Landsat-5 (1 Mar 84 - present) Landsat-6 (5 Oct 93 – lost shortly after launch) Landsat-7 (15 Apr 99 - present)
Landsat data availability
Landsat-7 imagery
15-m pan (0.52-0.90 µm)6-band multispectral (XS) – 30-m
0.45-0.52 µm (blue), 0.53-0.60 µm (green), 0.63-0.69 (red)0.76-0.90 (near IR), 1.55-1.75 µm (mid IR), 2.07-2.35 µm (mid IR)10.4-12.5 µm (thermal IR – 60 m)
Image data ~$600/scene (185 by 185 km)Web site: http:/edcsns17.cr.usgs.gov/EarthExplorer/
ETM+ Band 10.45-0.52 m
ETM+ Band 20.53-0.60 m
ETM+ Band 30.63-0.69 m
ETM+ Band 40.76-0.90 m
ETM+ Band 51.55-1.75 m
ETM+ Band 610.4-12.5 m
ETM+ Band 72.07-2.35 m
ETM+ PAN Band 0.52-0.90 m
Landsat-7 spectral bands
Landsat-7 spatial resolution
False Color Composite (4,3,2)
True Color Composite (3,2,1) 15M PAN Band
DISP, 1962
Landsat 5, 1984
Landsat 5, 1994
Landsat 5, 1989
Landsat 7, 1999
Historical archive
Information content
Highway centerline – principally interstates & wider roads
General utility line mapping & routing Land use mapping for corridor studies –
USGS level I, II Monitoring urban heat island effect
SPOT-1, -2, -3 satellites
822-km altitude 98° inclination – sun-
synchronous orbit 101-minute orbit, 26-day
repeat cycle, allows 1-2 day
revisit 2 HRVs; CCDs – 6000
detectors; 60-km swath
French SPOT satellites SPOT-1 (22 Feb 86 – 31 Dec 90) SPOT-2 (22 Jan 90 – present) SPOT-3 (26 Sep 93 – 14 Nov 97) SPOT-4 (24 Mar 98 – present) SPOT-5 (3 May 02 – present) Web site: http://www.spot.com
SPOT-1, -2, -3 satellites 10-m pan (0.51- 0.70 µm) 3-band multispectral (XS) – 20-m
0.50-0.59 µm (green), 0.61-0.68 (red), 0.79-0.89 (near
IR)
Off-nadir viewing capability (+27°) Allows us to acquire stereo pairs
Image data ~$2000/scene for level 1B data (60 km by 60 km, up to 80 km by 60 km for off-
nadir scenes)
SPOT-4 satellite
2 HRVIR Instruments – 10, 20 m resolution
Pan – 0.61-0.68 µm XS – green (0.50-0.59 m); red (0.61-0.68 µm); near IR
(0.79-0.89 µm); mid IR (1.58-1.75 µm)
SPOT-5 satellite
3 May 2002 launch; 830-km orbit HRG (High Resolution Geometry) – 12,000 CCD
array 2.5 m & 5 m pan (instead of 10 m) 10 m 3-band XS (instead of 20 m); 20 m for mid
IR In-line stereo – fore, aft, nadir 10 m planimetric accuracy; 5 m elevation accuracy –
~1:50,000 map scale
SPOT-2 spectral bands
SPOT Band 1, 0.50-0.59 m
SPOT Band 2, 0.61-0.68 m SPOT Band 3, 0.79-0.89 m
SPOT, Color Composite (3,2,1)
SPOT 10-m pan
SPOT-2 spatial bands
SPOT Selection, 10-m pan mosaic of Ohio
Information content
Highway centerline – interstates, roads with
better road definition General utility line mapping & routing Land use mapping for corridor studies – USGS
level I, II
Hyperspectral data – EO-1 satellite
Hyperion sensor 242 spectral bands (0.4-2.5 µm) – 30 m
resolution 7.5 by 100 km area Research imagery – NASA investigators
Example Hyperion data
True Color Composite, (29, 23, 16)
Image cube
Information content
Highway centerline – principally interstates, &
wider roads General utility line mapping & routing Land use mapping for corridor studies – USGS
level I, II Material type of roads – asphalt, concrete
Commercial companies
Space Imaging, Inc. – Thornton, CO
www.spaceimaging.com
EarthWatch, Inc. – Longmont, CO
www.digitalglobe.com
Space Imaging – Ikonos-2
Launched 24 Sept 99 Sun-synchronous, polar-orbiting 680 km altitude, 98.1° inclination ±26° off-nadir collection, 1-day revisit 10:30 local time 11 x 11 km scene size 11-bit data
Space Imaging – Ikonos-2 1-m pan – 0.45-0.90 µm
1:24,000 scale (12.2 m w/o ground control) 1:2,400 scale (2 m with ground control)
4-m multispectral sensor 0.45-0.52 µm (blue) 0.52-0.60 µm (green) 0.63-0.69 µm (red) 0.76-0.90 µm (near IR)
$97-$211/sq mi for 1-m pan or 4-m XS, depending on
orthorectification process Ikonos model data products – DEMs
15-m & 30-m postings (7 m vertical accuracy)
Ikonos Band 3 0.63-0.69 m
Ikonos Band 1 0.45-0.52 m Ikonos Band 2 0.52-0.60 m
Ikonos Band 4 0.76-0.90 m
Ikonos spectral bands
False Color Composite (4,2,1)
1M Pan Image
Ikonos sensor resolution
True Color Composite (4,2,1)
Multi-resolution data merging
Landsat-7 ETM+ 30m & Ikonos 4m XS
Ikonos 1m Pan & 4m XS
Ikonos 1-m panchromatic image of highway segment Enlargement
High resolution image of highways
Entire image histogram
Pavement pixels onlyOriginal image
Image histogram
Ikonos 1-m pan –Tucson, AZ
Backgroundimage
Roadextracted
PCA 3 PCA 4
Principal components analysis
EarthWatch, Inc. – QuickBird-2
18 October 2001 launch 450 km altitude; off-nadir viewing (+25°) 0.61-m pan (0.45-0.90 µm) 2.44-m multispectral
0.45-0.52 µm (blue) 0.52-0.60 µm (green) 0.63-0.69 µm (red) 0.76-0.90 µm (near IR)
16.5-km image swath 11-bit data
Denver, CO – 17 July 200260 cm natural color pan-sharpened
Paris, France – Champs-Elysées27 Mar 02 – 61-cm pan
Source: www.digitalglobe.com
QuicKBird-2 sample image
Dresden, Germany – 2.4 m natural color XS22 Aug 02 recent flooding
Yokohama, Japan – 9 Mar 0261-cm natural color pan-
sharpenedSource: www.digitalglobe.com
QuicKBird-2 sample image
Information content
Transportation infrastructure - detailed road centerline with road width
Detect vehicles on roads for traffic count studies Disaster emergency response – pre- & post-imagery,
damaged housing stock, damaged transportation, damaged utilities & services
Building & property infrastructure – building perimeter, area, height & cadastral information (property lines)
Land use/land cover for corridor studies – USGS level I, II, III, IV
Conclusions
Satellite data are available Spatial resolution is detailed enough to map
highway networks & detect vehicles Methods are being developed to incorporate
imagery results into transportation flow methodologies
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