Obumneke Amadi Master Of Public Health
Kaplan UniversityCapstone Project
March, 2014
The Association between Health Literacy Levels, Education and the
Recommendations of Water Borne Illness Prevention for Safe Water in Nigeria
Faces of Safe Water in Nigeria
Introduction
Relief:
Access to safe drinking water can improve longevity, reduce infant mortality, health, productivity, and material well-being
Source:(NCEZID,2011–2012).
Waterborne Diseases: Diarrhea Hookworm Ascaris Schistosomiasis Dracunculisis
Trachoma
Over 780 million people do not have access to safe water, and 2.5 billion People (50%) of the developing world are short of access to suitable Hygiene
1.8 million deaths and approximately 4 billion cases of illnesses of water borne diseases annually
The International Community’s response: the UN MDGs Targets the proportion of people without access to safe
water & improved sanitation
Consequence: second most leading cause of death among children under the age of 5 is by diarrhea due to unsafe water and poor sanitation and millions of people suffer from various WBDs that include, trachoma, intestinal parasites, and malaria
Benefits : Decreased problem of water and sanitation related diseases in poor & vulnerable communities (healthier people, reduced medical bills)
Local Partner Organization Regional Training & Community Workshops
Hygiene Education
Hygiene Education : school & home practice
Purpose and Objective
The purpose of the study was to review studies associated with health literacy, education and safe water recommendation methods relevant to Nigerian communities.
Public health significance: Lack of Knowledge and non- compliance of the recommendation practices associated with obtaining safe water for the prevention of WBDs .
Hypothesis: The method in this study hypothesized that noncompliance to obtaining safe water is due to lack of information of safe health practice linked to low literacy and education.
Nigeria Water Status SANITATION COVERAGE: over 111 million people don't have access to adequate sanitation
97,000 children die every year from diarrhea caused by unsafe water and poor sanitation
DRINKING WATER COVERAGE: 63.2 million people don't have access to safe water
Source:WaterAid.org
Waterborne Disease Prevention Access to safe drinking water recommendation:
Health literacy & Education : safe water Information
Practice methods : Point-of-use disinfection Safe water storage Sanitation/hygiene Behavior techniques
Methods
Search Strategy
Search engines: peer reviewed literatures, journals, and articles published within the last 12 years
Literature search using key terms “Nigeria”, “safe water practice” and “WBDs”
Results: UNESCO, GLAAS, WHO,NBS, NCEZID), Water Aid Nigeria, UNESCO, NRWSS,UNICEF
Studies: Observational, experimental, prevention and interventional studies
Components: include Health literacy levels, Education levels, point-of-use water disinfection, sanitation/hygiene, safe water storage, and behavioral changes
Results
Articles by Topic: 65% of each represents either, health literacy, education, point-of-use methods, safe water storage. sanitation/hygiene and behavior
22 studies identified
Point-of-Use Disinfection: improved technologies: piped water, boreholes, protected dug wells, tankers ▫ Overall effective, inexpensive, and resources can easily be found in local communitiesSafe Water Storage: Clay pots, plastic containers, and direct piping are most effective ▫ Overall outdoor and indoor storage methods of water was found to be less contaminated
Results
Sanitation/HygienePreventing runoff into water source, Properly
washing dishes/cooking utensils and Washing hands with soap before eating
Health literacy & Education Ability to read and write is at 61.3 % a good indication
that education is linked to obtaining health information.
Behavior Change TechniquesKnowledge and use of resources based
on culture, environment, and community
RESULT TRENDS %
100908070 57.960 66.5 51.5 48.550 51.140 76.330 32 5820 23.110 10
0 0adult literacy
youth literacy
adult English
youth English
Improved water
Unimproved water sanitation
drinking water hygiene hygiene WBDs
educ; educ; Lang; Lang; sources sources HL(U&R) HL(U&R) promo; U promo; R A,B,C
Acronyms:WBDs = A: Cholera; B: Diarrhea; C: Dysentry:Lang = LanguageHL = Health LiteracyU = Urban: R = RuralPromo = promotion
N/B the chart is a snap shot of the sub total percentage of the prevalence of safe water recommendation criteria's for the project.
Source: (Appendices A-1)
GRAPHS
adult l
iterac
y
youth lie
reacy
adult e
nglish
youth en
glish
impro
ved
unimpro
ved
sanita
tion
drinkin
g wate
r
hygien
e
hygien
e
WBDs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
%
adult l
iterac
y
youth lie
reacy
adult e
nglish
youth en
glish
impro
ved
unimpro
ved
sanita
tion
drinkin
g wate
r
hygien
e
hygien
e WBDs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
%
Source: (Appendices A-1)
Discussion Collaboration with
local communities, Non-profit organizations, and public health funding is essential
Incorporating all 6 essential components with:
Nigerian Safe Water System
WHO Safe Water Plan
Conclusion
Most studies did incorporate all 6 essential components of safe water recommendations, but there are also limits in the practice of all component used.
Surveillance of trends and health status related to waterborne disease outbreaks needs to researched further and reviewed on a continuous basis.
A final word…
A quote by Kofi Annan, former UN Secretary General states that:
“We shall not finally defeat AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, or any of the other infectious diseases that plague the developing world until we have also won the battle for safe drinking water, sanitation, and basic health care.”
Finally --- Appreciations
(Institute Water for Africa, 2014)
ReferencesIn s t i tu te Water for Afr i ca . (2 014 ) . Water an d h ea l th . Re tr i eved f rom h t tp : / / www.w ater-for-a fr i ca .org / en /h ea l th .h tml
In ce , M. , O n i , O . O . O . , Aw e , E . O . , Og b ech ie , V. , Korve , K . , Ad ey i n k a , M. A . , O l u fo lab o , A . A . , & Oford u , F. (2 01 0 ) . R ap id a s se s s men t o f d r i n k i n g -water q u a l i ty i n th e f ed era l rep u b l i c o f N ig er i a . Cou n try rep or t o f th e p i lo t p ro jec t imp l emen ta t ion i n 2004 -2005 . R etr i eved from h t tp : / / w ww.w s s i n fo .org / f i l ead mi n /u ser_u p load /res ou rces /R AD WQ_N iger i a .p d f
Len n tech , B . V. (2014 ) . Waterb orn e d i s eas es . G en era l I n format ion , Re tr i eved from h t tp : / / ww w. l enn tech . com/ l ib r a ry / d i sea s e s /d i s ea s e s /w a te rbo rne -d i sea s e s . h tm NCE ZI D . (2011–2012) . Waterb orn e d i s eas es an d w ater s a f e ty. Cu rren t ch a l l en ges , Re tr i eved from h t tp : / /w ww.cd c .g ov / n cez id /p d f / an n u a l - rep ort .p d f
WaterAi d (n .d ) . N i ger ia . Re tr i eved f rom h t tp : / / ww w.w atera id .org /n g
Water I n i t ia t i ves N iger i a (2013 ) . Prov i d in g acces s to s a f e d r i n k i n g water an d ap p rop r ia te s an i ta t ion . Re tr i eved f rom h t tp : / /w ww.watern iger i a .c om/
Wor l d H eal th O rg an iza t io n . (20 06 ) . Mee t i n g th e MDG d r in k i n g water an d s an i ta t ion targe t : th e u rb an an d ru ra l , R e tr i eve d from h t tp : / /ww w.w h o . i n t /wa ter_s an i ta t i on _h ea l th / mon i tor i n g
Wi t t e , P. G . (2010 ) . H ea l th l i t eracy : C an w e l i ve wi th ou t i t ? A d u l t Bas i c E d u cat ion & L i teracy Jou rn a l , 4 (1 ) , 3 -12 .
UNE S CO . (2011 ) . U IS s ta t i s t i cs i n b r i e f . E d u cat ion (a l l l eve l s ) p ro f i l e - N iger ia , Re tr i eved from h t tp : / / s ta t s .u i s .u n es co .org /u n esco / Ta b leVi ewer /d ocu men t .a s p x?Rep or t Id =121&I F_Lan gu age= en g&BR_C ou n try=5660&BR _Reg i on =4 054 0
Top Related