Body Systems IINeurologic Examination - Reflex testing and lesion
localisation
Lesion SiteA - H
Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
3 video case examples
Abnormal cranial nerve function
Reflex testing
0 = absent
1+ = hyporeflexia
2+ = normal
3+ = hyperreflexia
4+ = hyperreflexia & clonus
Abnormal limb function
weakness
ataxia
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
A Brainstem
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
A Brainstem
Abnormal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
A Brainstem
Abnormal Depressedor
Absent
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
A Brainstem
Abnormal Depressedor
Absent
Abnormal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
A Brainstem
Abnormal Depressedor
Absent
Abnormal Normalto
Clonic
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
A Brainstem
Abnormal Depressedor
Absent
Abnormal Normalto
Clonic
Abnormal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
A Brainstem
Abnormal Depressedor
Absent
Abnormal Normalto
Clonic
Abnormal Normal to
Clonic
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
BPeripheral
Cranial Nerves
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
BPeripheral
Cranial Nerves
Abnormal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
BPeripheral
Cranial Nerves
Abnormal Depressedor
Absent
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
BPeripheral
Cranial Nerves
Abnormal Depressedor
Absent
Normal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
BPeripheral
Cranial Nerves
Abnormal Depressedor
Absent
Normal Normal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
BPeripheral
Cranial Nerves
Abnormal Depressedor
Absent
Normal Normal Normal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
BPeripheral
Cranial Nerves
Abnormal Depressedor
Absent
Normal Normal Normal Normal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
CC1-C6
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
CC1-C6
Normal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
CC1-C6
Normal Normal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
CC1-C6
Normal Normal Abormal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
CC1-C6
Normal Normal Abormal Normal to
Clonic
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
CC1-C6
Normal Normal Abormal Normal to
Clonic
Abormal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
CC1-C6
Normal Normal Abormal Normal to
Clonic
Abormal Normalto
Clonic
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
DC7-T2
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
DC7-T2
Normal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
DC7-T2
Normal Normal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
DC7-T2
Normal Normal Abormal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
DC7-T2
Normal Normal Abormal Depressedor
Absent
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
DC7-T2
Normal Normal Abormal Depressedor
Absent
Abormal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
DC7-T2
Normal Normal Abormal Depressedor
Absent
Abormal Normalto
Clonic
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
ET3-L2
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
ET3-L2
Normal Normal Normal Normal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
ET3-L2
Normal Normal Normal Normal Abormal Normalto
Clonic
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
FL3-S3
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
FL3-S3
Normal Normal Normal Normal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
FL3-S3
Normal Normal Normal Normal Abormal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
FL3-S3
Normal Normal Normal Normal Abormal Depressedor
Absent
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
HDiffuseLMN
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
HDiffuseLMN
Abormal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
HDiffuseLMN
Abormal Depressedor
Absent
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
HDiffuseLMN
Abormal Depressedor
Absent
Abormal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
HDiffuseLMN
Abormal Depressedor
Absent
Abormal Depressedor
Absent
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
HDiffuseLMN
Abormal Depressedor
Absent
Abormal Depressedor
Absent
Abormal
Lesion Site Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
HDiffuseLMN
Abormal Depressedor
Absent
Abormal Depressedor
Absent
Abormal Depressedor
Absent
Case 1 – 3 week old lamb
Case 1 Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
3 week old lamb
Case 1 Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
3 week old lamb
Normal Normal
Case 1 Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
3 week old lamb
Normal Normal Normal Normal
Case 1 Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
3 week old lamb
Normal Normal Normal Normal Abormal
Case 1 Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
3 week old lamb
Normal Normal Normal Normal Abormal Hyper with
clonus
Case 1 Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
3 week old lamb
Normal Normal Normal Normal Abormal Hyper with
clonus
Case 1 – 3 week old lamb• bright & alert
• normal forelimbs
• paraplegic
• hyperactive HL reflexes
• dribbling urine
Lesion at T3 – L3
T12 vertebral abscess
Case 2 – 8 YEAR OLD MARE
Case 2 Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
8 year old mare
Case 2 Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
8 year old mare
Abnormal Depressed or
Absent
Case 2 Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
8 year old mare
Abnormal Depressed or
Absent
Normal Normal Normal Normal
Case 2 Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
8 year old mare
Abnormal Depressed or
Absent
Normal Normal Normal Normal
Case 2 – 8 YEAR OLD MARE• bright & alert
• paralysed left face
• no left facial reflexes
• [additional vestibular signs – CNVIII]
Trauma to left Facial nerve in guttural pouch
Mare doing well
Case 3 – 8 yo GS Bitch
Case 3 Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
8 year old GS bitch
Case 3 Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
8 year old GS bitch
Abnormal Depressed
Case 3 Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
8 year old GS bitch
Abnormal Depressed Abnormal Depressed Abnormal Depressed
Case 3 Cranial Nerve
Function
Cranial Nerve
Reflexes
Forelimb Function
Forelimb Reflexes
Hindlimb Function
Hindlimb Reflexes
8 year old GS bitch
Abnormal Depressed Abnormal Depressed Abnormal Depressed
Case 3 – 8 yo GS Bitch• tetraparetic [weak in all 4 limbs]
• poor reflexes in all limbs
• weak tongue
• good response to edrophonium
[anticholinesterase drug]
acquired myasthenia gravis
managed on oral prednisolone
Body Systems IINeurologic Examination - Reflex testing and lesion
localisation
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