Before the ReformationBefore the Reformation 15 th century-
Christian humanism (aka Northern Renaissance humanism) Goal: reform
of the Catholic Church Christian humanists believed in the ability
of human beings to reason and improve themselves Believed that
people who read the Bible became sincerely religious
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Desiderius ErasmusDesiderius Erasmus Best known Christian
humanist Believed Christianity should show people how to live good
lives on a daily basis Called for the Church to return to simpler
days Pilgrimages, fasts, and relics were not important to him.
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Need for ReformNeed for Reform Popes from 1450-1520 a series of
popes were more concerned with Italian politics and worldly issues
than with the spiritual needs Parish priests did not place concerns
on the spiritual needs of the people Parishioners wanted to know
how to save their souls, priests did not give instruction
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Need for ReformNeed for Reform Parishioners wanted to know and
have assurance that they would have salvation (acceptance into
heaven) Church promised indulgences- people had to pay money to the
church and the church promised in return that the parishioners
would get into heaven
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Martin LutherMartin Luther Catholic monk From Germany Against
selling of indulgences Ninety-five Theses Martin Luther wrote 95
reasons why he was against the teachings of the Catholic Church
Posted it to the Church of Wittenbergs doors
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Break With The ChurchBreak With The Church Martin Luther wanted
to break from the Catholic Church Luther- against the system of
sacraments Only sacraments Luther kept were baptism and Eucharist
Luther calls for a new emphasis on salvation Luther said faith
alone justifies salvation, not good works
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Rise of LutheranismRise of Lutheranism Luthers ideas gained
support Luther set up new religious services to replace the
Catholic mass Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith
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Break With The ChurchBreak With The Church The pope
excommunicated Luther- January 1521 Diet of Worms- Emperor tried to
get Luther to change his ideas Emperor at the time- Charles V
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Martin Luthers BeliefsMartin Luthers Beliefs Did not believe in
sale of indulgences Believed Christians reached heaven only through
faith in God Did not believe that priests had special powers
Followers called themselves Protestants
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Politics and the Reformation Religious authority primarily saw
the Reformation as a challenge to Church power Rulers saw the
Reformation as a force that disrupted the political and social
order
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Causes of the ReformationCauses of the Reformation The
Renaissance- Humanism led people to question Church authority. They
placed increasing faith in human reason Strong Monarchs- strong
national monarchs were emerging. Sometimes they increased their own
power by supporting reformers against the Church Problems in the
Church- selling of indulgences, religious were living lavish
lifestyles
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John CalvinJohn Calvin Another reformer like Martin Luther
Believed Christians could read heaven only through faith in God
Promoted the idea of predestination Began his own sect of
Christianity which spread to Germany, France, Scotland, and
England
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John Calvins BeliefsJohn Calvins Beliefs Believed Christians
reached heaven only through faith in God Believed people are born
sinners Preached predestination Ideas spread to Germany, France,
Holland, England and Scotland
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Reformation in EnglandReformation in England Began with King
Henry VIII The King wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon
Catherine did not produce a male heir for Henry to pass the throne
to King Henry VIII wanted to marry Anne Boleyn Pope was unwilling
to annul King Henrys marriage to Catherine
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Reformation in EnglandReformation in England Archbishop of
Canterbury Thomas Cranmer declared King Henrys marriage null and
void 1534- Parliament finalized Englands break with the pope and
the Catholic Church Act of Supremacy- declared the king had control
over religious doctrine
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Anabaptists Anabaptists are reformers who did not want so much
religious power to be given to the state Believed in a complete
separation of church and state Anabaptists believed that believing
in the religion was voluntary Followers went through a personal
rebirth and were baptized
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Reformation and SocietyReformation and Society Martin Luther
believed and taught that all children should gain an education that
is provided by the state Schools, according to Luther, were to
teach Greek and Latin Protestants required celibacy of their clergy
Calvin and Luther saw a role for women
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Counter ReformationCounter Reformation Reform movement taking
place within the Roman Catholic Church Movement was also called the
Catholic Reformation Goal: strengthen the Catholic Church and to
keep Catholics from converting to Protestantism
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Ignatius LoyolaIgnatius Loyola Loyola founded the Society of
Jesus, also known as the Jesuits Jesuits- religious order that
emphasized spiritual and moral discipline and strict obedience of
the Catholic authority (the pope) Jesuits saw themselves as
defenders of the Catholic faith
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Long-term EffectsLong-term Effects Religious wars break out in
Europe for more than 100 years Catholic reformation takes place
Inquisition becomes stronger Many Jews forced into Eastern
Europe
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Short-term EffectsShort-term Effects Peasant revolt Lutheran,
Calvinist, Anglican, and other Protestant churches founded Holy
Roman emperor weakened