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Before the ReformationBefore the Reformation 15 th century- Christian humanism (aka Northern Renaissance humanism) Goal: reform of the Catholic Church Christian humanists believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves Believed that people who read the Bible became sincerely religious

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Desiderius ErasmusDesiderius Erasmus Best known Christian humanist Believed Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis Called for the Church to return to simpler days Pilgrimages, fasts, and relics were not important to him.

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Need for ReformNeed for Reform Popes from 1450-1520 a series of popes were more concerned with Italian politics and worldly issues than with the spiritual needs Parish priests did not place concerns on the spiritual needs of the people Parishioners wanted to know how to save their souls, priests did not give instruction

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Need for ReformNeed for Reform Parishioners wanted to know and have assurance that they would have salvation (acceptance into heaven) Church promised indulgences- people had to pay money to the church and the church promised in return that the parishioners would get into heaven

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Martin LutherMartin Luther Catholic monk From Germany Against selling of indulgences Ninety-five Theses Martin Luther wrote 95 reasons why he was against the teachings of the Catholic Church Posted it to the Church of Wittenbergs doors

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Break With The ChurchBreak With The Church Martin Luther wanted to break from the Catholic Church Luther- against the system of sacraments Only sacraments Luther kept were baptism and Eucharist Luther calls for a new emphasis on salvation Luther said faith alone justifies salvation, not good works

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Rise of LutheranismRise of Lutheranism Luthers ideas gained support Luther set up new religious services to replace the Catholic mass Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith

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Break With The ChurchBreak With The Church The pope excommunicated Luther- January 1521 Diet of Worms- Emperor tried to get Luther to change his ideas Emperor at the time- Charles V

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Martin Luthers BeliefsMartin Luthers Beliefs Did not believe in sale of indulgences Believed Christians reached heaven only through faith in God Did not believe that priests had special powers Followers called themselves Protestants

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Politics and the Reformation Religious authority primarily saw the Reformation as a challenge to Church power Rulers saw the Reformation as a force that disrupted the political and social order

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Causes of the ReformationCauses of the Reformation The Renaissance- Humanism led people to question Church authority. They placed increasing faith in human reason Strong Monarchs- strong national monarchs were emerging. Sometimes they increased their own power by supporting reformers against the Church Problems in the Church- selling of indulgences, religious were living lavish lifestyles

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John CalvinJohn Calvin Another reformer like Martin Luther Believed Christians could read heaven only through faith in God Promoted the idea of predestination Began his own sect of Christianity which spread to Germany, France, Scotland, and England

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John Calvins BeliefsJohn Calvins Beliefs Believed Christians reached heaven only through faith in God Believed people are born sinners Preached predestination Ideas spread to Germany, France, Holland, England and Scotland

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Reformation in EnglandReformation in England Began with King Henry VIII The King wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon Catherine did not produce a male heir for Henry to pass the throne to King Henry VIII wanted to marry Anne Boleyn Pope was unwilling to annul King Henrys marriage to Catherine

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Reformation in EnglandReformation in England Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer declared King Henrys marriage null and void 1534- Parliament finalized Englands break with the pope and the Catholic Church Act of Supremacy- declared the king had control over religious doctrine

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Anabaptists Anabaptists are reformers who did not want so much religious power to be given to the state Believed in a complete separation of church and state Anabaptists believed that believing in the religion was voluntary Followers went through a personal rebirth and were baptized

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Reformation and SocietyReformation and Society Martin Luther believed and taught that all children should gain an education that is provided by the state Schools, according to Luther, were to teach Greek and Latin Protestants required celibacy of their clergy Calvin and Luther saw a role for women

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Counter ReformationCounter Reformation Reform movement taking place within the Roman Catholic Church Movement was also called the Catholic Reformation Goal: strengthen the Catholic Church and to keep Catholics from converting to Protestantism

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Ignatius LoyolaIgnatius Loyola Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits Jesuits- religious order that emphasized spiritual and moral discipline and strict obedience of the Catholic authority (the pope) Jesuits saw themselves as defenders of the Catholic faith

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Long-term EffectsLong-term Effects Religious wars break out in Europe for more than 100 years Catholic reformation takes place Inquisition becomes stronger Many Jews forced into Eastern Europe

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Short-term EffectsShort-term Effects Peasant revolt Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, and other Protestant churches founded Holy Roman emperor weakened