Agenda and Topics• The Mechanics of Buildings• HVAC Control Systems• Access Control Systems• CCTV/Security• Lighting Systems
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Lighting Systems• User Interfaces• Protocols- LonWorks, BACnet and others
ConnectivityWeek 2009
PenthouseMech Systems
Control RoomBMS
System Integration
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Front DoorAccess Cntl
Energy Mgmt
Elec RoomLighting
SecurityCCTV
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Building Mechanicals• Function – components of the mechanical
systems work together to handle the HVAC needs of the building or process
• Types– Boilers– Chillers
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– Chillers– Cooling Towers– Air Handling Units– Air Distribution/Variable Air Volume (VAV)– Packaged Equipment
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Boilers
• Function – provides hot water or steam for heating the building or for process needs
• Types– Fire Tube– Water Tube
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– Water Tube– Modular
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Chillers
• Function – provides chilled water for cooling the building or for process needs
• Types– Centrifugal– Screw
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– Screw– Reciprocating– Absorption
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Cooling Towers
• Function – moves heat from the process water that was extracted from the building or process out of the building or process
• Types
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Air Handling Units
• Function – conditions air (heats, cools, humidifies, dehumidifies) for distribution around the building
• Types– Packaged Units
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– Packaged Units– Built-up Air Handlers
• Constant Volume• Variable Volume
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Air Distribution & VAV
• Function – delivers conditioned air (from the AHU) to spaces in need (based on a call from a sensor)
• Types/components– Plenum
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– Plenum– Ductwork– Terminal Boxes– Diffusers
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Packaged Equipment
• Function – Air Handling Units that have been packaged for sale based on industry demand
• Types– Roof Top Units– Split Systems
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– Split Systems– Unit Ventilators– Heat Pumps
Home
Warehouse
ConnectivityWeek 2009
History of Controls
• Function – automates the functions of the mechanical equipment which reduces human interaction and energy consumption
• Types– Mechanical Controls
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– Mechanical Controls– Pneumatic Controls– Electric Controls– Direct Digital Controls– HMI and Graphics
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Mechanical Control
• Function – relied upon human interaction to control the Manual Valves and Dampers that controlled air and water flow
• History– First type of control system
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– First type of control system– 1800’s-1930’s
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Pneumatic Control• Function – used distributed, pressurized air to
automatically open and close the dampers and actuators that controlled the flow of air and water in a building
• History– Big advancement from mechanical controls– State of the Art in 1930’s
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– State of the Art in 1930’s– Still used today (explosion proof areas, older buildings)– Disadvantages
• No monitoring capability• No centralized control• Pneumatic systems are hard to maintain• Used more in process than HVAC apps
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Electric Control• Function – used voltage signals (0-10Vdc) to
control mechanical devices in the building• History
– Developed in 1960’s – Very popular for a short period (1960’s-1970’s)– Example = Invensys System 8000
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– Example = Invensys System 8000– Advantages – more maintainable (no compressors)– Disadvantages – not networkable = no central
monitoring or control
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Direct Digital Controls• Function – creates a network of embedded computers that
use digital signals (1’s and 0’s), sent over proprietary and/or open networks, as messages to initiate control through electric or pneumatic operators
• History– 1980’s to present– OEM’s created their own proprietary protocols
• Some still use
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• Some still use– JCI
» N1 – proprietary TCP/IP» N2 – published RS-485
– Invensys» NW8000 – proprietary TCP/IP, RS-485» DMS – proprietary TCP/IP, RS-485
– Siemens Building Technology» Apogee – proprietary TCP/IP, RS-485
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Protocol Wars
In the early 90’s an effort to “standardize or open up” building automation systems was started. Two effort gained the most traction and momentum.
• BACnet- Started as a committee within ASHRAE to create standards for system to system communication.
• LonWorks- Started as a technology created by
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• LonWorks- Started as a technology created by Echelon to provide an open standard for device to device communication.
• Other protocols are players or are emerging.– ZigBee– EnOcean– Modbus
ConnectivityWeek 2009
BACnet
• Began as a standard for system to system communication.
• Standard is defined in a document created by this group.
• BACnet defines “objects” for alarming, trending, scheduling and other system wide
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trending, scheduling and other system wide functions.
• BACnet manufacturers association has made progress in promoting interoperability.
• Many manufacturers claim to be BACnet “compliant”.
ConnectivityWeek 2009
LonWorks
• Started as a technology created by Echelon to provide an open standard for device to device communication.
• Published as open standard in late 90’s.• Implemented on silicon (neuron chip). • Database standard is available (LNS).
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• Database standard is available (LNS).• Standard supported by LonMark.• Thousands of LonMark products available
today.• Millions of LonMark devices installed
worldwide to date. ConnectivityWeek 2009
Who is in Your Building??• Function – allows the building occupant to
know who is in the building and prevent building access to any unwanted or uninvited people – Access control systems– Portal control and hardware
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– Portal control and hardware
• History– Keyed Doors– Manned Security– Digital Controls
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Access Control Systems
• Access Control Functions– Human Inventory– Asset Protection– HR Implications (ease of adding/removing badges)– Traffic Flow Control
Access-initiated HVAC Control
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– Access-initiated HVAC Control
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Personnel & Asset Protection
• Cameras• Digital Video Recorders (DVR)• Video Distribution
26HomeSecurity
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Lighting the Way
• Lighting for Function• Lighting for Productivity• Business Implications of Lighting• Energy Implications of Lighting
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Lighting for Function
• Task Lighting– Switched on based on demand– Not typically scheduled– Can be motion controlled– Examples
Desk Lights
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• Desk Lights
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Lighting for Productivity
• Good lighting schemes promote Good Productivity– Natural sunlight
• Reduces building energy spend• Improves productivity• Improves environment for building occupants
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• Improves environment for building occupants
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Energy Implications
• Lighting can be very expensive– Talk about % cost reduction by correcting lighting
issues– New technology
• T-8/12• Dimmable ballasts
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• Dimmable ballasts• LonWorks
– Scheduling– Monitoring– Load Shedding
HomeSchool
ConnectivityWeek 2009
User-Interface• Function – uses computerized graphical images to allow the operator to
monitor, control and troubleshoot the building from a central location• History
– Developed for DDC Systems– Graphical User Interface (GUI)– Human Machine Interface (HMI)
• Started as proprietary software for use with specific systems• Open Systems are changing HMI market• Initially all GUIs and HMI were thick client applications• Thin Client – hosted application that uses the web or intranet as a means of
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• Thin Client – hosted application that uses the web or intranet as a means of distributing graphics and data
• Manufacturers and Developers• Tridium• Plexus• Quark• Cyrus• Voyant• Echelon• Other Manufacturers
HomeTelecom
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Making Buildings Talk• Systems Integration
(BMS, ACS, CCTV, Lighting)
• Building Integration– Gateways– Campus
BacNetLonWorks
Integration
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– Campus– Multi-site
• IT Integration– XML– LAN– WAN Proprietary
IntegrationEngine
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Device Level Systems Integration
• LonWorks– BMS
• TAC
• BACNet– BMS
• Alerton
Open Systems - Why have 5 different systemsthat don’t communicate?
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• TAC• Voyant• Distech• JCI
– Access Control• ???
– CCTV/Security• Dina
– Lighting Control• Hubble• Leviton
• Alerton• Automated Logic• Trane
– Access Control• ????
– CCTV/Security– Lighting Control
• ????
BacNet
Proprietary
LonWorks
IntegrationEngine
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Building Integration
• Making diverse systems in multi-building and campus environments communicate
• Best example = Public Sector– Campus built over time– Systems installed by lowest bidder
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– Systems installed by lowest bidder– Results in – multiple systems that do not
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ConnectivityWeek 2009
Integration Solutions
• Application Based Systems (PC Software) • Web-Based Systems (Embedded and
PC/Server)• Enterprise and Hosted Systems (Software as a
Service)
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Service)
ConnectivityWeek 2009
Review
• Basics of Building Systems• Card Access, CCTV and Lighting• History of Controls• Protocol Wars• User Interfaces and System Integration
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• User Interfaces and System Integration
ConnectivityWeek 2009
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