Basics of Building Automation and Control - · PDF fileBasics of Building Automation and...

Basics of Building Automation and Control

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Sean Kennedy –Voyant Solutions

ConnectivityWeek 2009

Agenda and Topics• The Mechanics of Buildings• HVAC Control Systems• Access Control Systems• CCTV/Security• Lighting Systems

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Lighting Systems• User Interfaces• Protocols- LonWorks, BACnet and others


PenthouseMech Systems

Control RoomBMS

System Integration

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Front DoorAccess Cntl

Energy Mgmt

Elec RoomLighting

SecurityCCTV


PenthouseMech Systems

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The Mechanics of the Building(HVAC)


Building Mechanicals• Function – components of the mechanical

systems work together to handle the HVAC needs of the building or process

• Types– Boilers– Chillers

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– Chillers– Cooling Towers– Air Handling Units– Air Distribution/Variable Air Volume (VAV)– Packaged Equipment


Boilers

• Function – provides hot water or steam for heating the building or for process needs

• Types– Fire Tube– Water Tube

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– Water Tube– Modular


Chillers

• Function – provides chilled water for cooling the building or for process needs

• Types– Centrifugal– Screw

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– Screw– Reciprocating– Absorption


Cooling Towers

• Function – moves heat from the process water that was extracted from the building or process out of the building or process

• Types

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Air Handling Units

• Function – conditions air (heats, cools, humidifies, dehumidifies) for distribution around the building

• Types– Packaged Units

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– Packaged Units– Built-up Air Handlers

• Constant Volume• Variable Volume


Air Distribution & VAV

• Function – delivers conditioned air (from the AHU) to spaces in need (based on a call from a sensor)

• Types/components– Plenum

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– Plenum– Ductwork– Terminal Boxes– Diffusers


Packaged Equipment

• Function – Air Handling Units that have been packaged for sale based on industry demand

• Types– Roof Top Units– Split Systems

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– Split Systems– Unit Ventilators– Heat Pumps

Home

Warehouse


Control Room

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HVAC Control Systems

Control RoomBMS


History of Controls

• Function – automates the functions of the mechanical equipment which reduces human interaction and energy consumption

• Types– Mechanical Controls

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– Mechanical Controls– Pneumatic Controls– Electric Controls– Direct Digital Controls– HMI and Graphics


Mechanical Control

• Function – relied upon human interaction to control the Manual Valves and Dampers that controlled air and water flow

• History– First type of control system

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– First type of control system– 1800’s-1930’s


Pneumatic Control• Function – used distributed, pressurized air to

automatically open and close the dampers and actuators that controlled the flow of air and water in a building

• History– Big advancement from mechanical controls– State of the Art in 1930’s

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– State of the Art in 1930’s– Still used today (explosion proof areas, older buildings)– Disadvantages

• No monitoring capability• No centralized control• Pneumatic systems are hard to maintain• Used more in process than HVAC apps


Electric Control• Function – used voltage signals (0-10Vdc) to

control mechanical devices in the building• History

– Developed in 1960’s – Very popular for a short period (1960’s-1970’s)– Example = Invensys System 8000

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– Example = Invensys System 8000– Advantages – more maintainable (no compressors)– Disadvantages – not networkable = no central

monitoring or control


Direct Digital Controls• Function – creates a network of embedded computers that

use digital signals (1’s and 0’s), sent over proprietary and/or open networks, as messages to initiate control through electric or pneumatic operators

• History– 1980’s to present– OEM’s created their own proprietary protocols

• Some still use

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• Some still use– JCI

» N1 – proprietary TCP/IP» N2 – published RS-485

– Invensys» NW8000 – proprietary TCP/IP, RS-485» DMS – proprietary TCP/IP, RS-485

– Siemens Building Technology» Apogee – proprietary TCP/IP, RS-485


Protocol Wars

In the early 90’s an effort to “standardize or open up” building automation systems was started. Two effort gained the most traction and momentum.

• BACnet- Started as a committee within ASHRAE to create standards for system to system communication.

• LonWorks- Started as a technology created by

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• LonWorks- Started as a technology created by Echelon to provide an open standard for device to device communication.

• Other protocols are players or are emerging.– ZigBee– EnOcean– Modbus


BACnet

• Began as a standard for system to system communication.

• Standard is defined in a document created by this group.

• BACnet defines “objects” for alarming, trending, scheduling and other system wide

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trending, scheduling and other system wide functions.

• BACnet manufacturers association has made progress in promoting interoperability.

• Many manufacturers claim to be BACnet “compliant”.


LonWorks

• Started as a technology created by Echelon to provide an open standard for device to device communication.

• Published as open standard in late 90’s.• Implemented on silicon (neuron chip). • Database standard is available (LNS).

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• Database standard is available (LNS).• Standard supported by LonMark.• Thousands of LonMark products available

today.• Millions of LonMark devices installed

worldwide to date. ConnectivityWeek 2009

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Access Control Systems

Front DoorAccess Cntl


Who is in Your Building??• Function – allows the building occupant to

know who is in the building and prevent building access to any unwanted or uninvited people – Access control systems– Portal control and hardware

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– Portal control and hardware

• History– Keyed Doors– Manned Security– Digital Controls


Access Control Systems

• Access Control Functions– Human Inventory– Asset Protection– HR Implications (ease of adding/removing badges)– Traffic Flow Control

Access-initiated HVAC Control

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– Access-initiated HVAC Control


Portal Control

• Doors • Gates• Turnstiles

24Home

School


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CCTV/Security SecurityCCTV


Personnel & Asset Protection

• Cameras• Digital Video Recorders (DVR)• Video Distribution

26HomeSecurity


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Lighting Systems

Elec RoomLighting


Lighting the Way

• Lighting for Function• Lighting for Productivity• Business Implications of Lighting• Energy Implications of Lighting

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Lighting for Function

• Task Lighting– Switched on based on demand– Not typically scheduled– Can be motion controlled– Examples

Desk Lights

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• Desk Lights


Lighting for Productivity

• Good lighting schemes promote Good Productivity– Natural sunlight

• Reduces building energy spend• Improves productivity• Improves environment for building occupants

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• Improves environment for building occupants


Energy Implications

• Lighting can be very expensive– Talk about % cost reduction by correcting lighting

issues– New technology

• T-8/12• Dimmable ballasts

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• Dimmable ballasts• LonWorks

– Scheduling– Monitoring– Load Shedding

HomeSchool


User-Interface• Function – uses computerized graphical images to allow the operator to

monitor, control and troubleshoot the building from a central location• History

– Developed for DDC Systems– Graphical User Interface (GUI)– Human Machine Interface (HMI)

• Started as proprietary software for use with specific systems• Open Systems are changing HMI market• Initially all GUIs and HMI were thick client applications• Thin Client – hosted application that uses the web or intranet as a means of

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• Thin Client – hosted application that uses the web or intranet as a means of distributing graphics and data

• Manufacturers and Developers• Tridium• Plexus• Quark• Cyrus• Voyant• Echelon• Other Manufacturers

HomeTelecom


Making Buildings Talk• Systems Integration

(BMS, ACS, CCTV, Lighting)

• Building Integration– Gateways– Campus

BacNetLonWorks

Integration

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– Campus– Multi-site

• IT Integration– XML– LAN– WAN Proprietary

IntegrationEngine


Device Level Systems Integration

• LonWorks– BMS

• TAC

• BACNet– BMS

• Alerton

Open Systems - Why have 5 different systemsthat don’t communicate?

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• TAC• Voyant• Distech• JCI

– Access Control• ???

– CCTV/Security• Dina

– Lighting Control• Hubble• Leviton

• Alerton• Automated Logic• Trane

– Access Control• ????

– CCTV/Security– Lighting Control

• ????

BacNet

Proprietary

LonWorks

IntegrationEngine


Building Integration

• Making diverse systems in multi-building and campus environments communicate

• Best example = Public Sector– Campus built over time– Systems installed by lowest bidder

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– Systems installed by lowest bidder– Results in – multiple systems that do not

communicateThe image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.


Integration Solutions

• Application Based Systems (PC Software) • Web-Based Systems (Embedded and

PC/Server)• Enterprise and Hosted Systems (Software as a

Service)

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Service)


Review

• Basics of Building Systems• Card Access, CCTV and Lighting• History of Controls• Protocol Wars• User Interfaces and System Integration

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• User Interfaces and System Integration


This Afternoon

• Systems Integration In-Depth– Smart Buildings– Building Level and Multiple Building Integration

• Building Automation and Energy Efficiency – Continuous Commissioning

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– Continuous Commissioning– Demand Response– Smart Grid


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