CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS
POLYMER
“Polymers having long chain macromolecules, which are built up by the
linking together of a large number of small molecules, called monomer”.
OR
“The polymer (poly- many; mer-unit or parts) is a high molecular
weight compound, formed by the combination of small molecules of
low molecular weight”.
(1)- Light in weight.
(2)- Low cost.
(3)- Available in variety of colours.
(4)- Easy process ability.
(5)- Easy assembly of parts to get final product.
(6)- Low co-efficient of friction.
(7)- Self Lubricating.
(8)- Corrosion Resistant
(9)- Modification of polymer properties with additives incorporation or blending of polymer.
(10)- Less manpower requirement.
(11)- Less Electricity requirement.
(12)-These are available in flexible, semi-rigid, and rigid form.
(13)- These are available in Transparent / Translucent /opaque form.
(14)- Plastics have very long shelf life of product.
Crude oil Saturated Unit
Unsaturated Unit Polymer
Like Ethylene
Ethylene
Polyethylene
Crude oil
Monomer
Polymer
Rubber Plastics
Natural Synthetic Natural SyntheticNatural Rubber EPDM Cellulose PE
NBR PPR PP
SBR PS
MONOMER H H
| |
C = C Ethylene
| |
H H H H
| |
M — C — C — Repeating Unit
| |
H H
Chemical unit should unsaturated like double or triple bond between C — C atom.
Polymerization
n M —[M]n—
Monomer Polymer
n No. of repeating unit
Monomer to Polymer
ON The Basis of Polymer Structure, Manufacturing Method
(1)- Linear, Branched, Cross-Linked Polymer.
(2)- Homo-polymer, Co-polymer, Ter-polymer.
(3). Addition and Condensation Polymer
(4)- Thermoplastics, Thermo-set on the Basis of Polymer Processing..
(5)- Crystalline, Semi-Crystalline, Amorphous on the Basis of crystallinity
(6)- Commodity Polymer, Engineering Polymer on the Basis of Application.
.
Linear Polymer
H H
| |
Ethylene —— C — C — A
| |
H H
— A — A — A— A — A — A — A — A — A —
Polyethylene —— HDPE / HM-HDPE
/ /
A A A
/ / /
A A A
/ / /
A A A
/ / / Polyethylene – LLDPE
— A — A — A — A — A — A — A — A — A —
/ \ \
A A A
/ \ \
A A A
/ \ \
A A A
/ \ \
A A
\ /
A A A A
/ \ / /
A A A A A
/ \ / / A
A A A A /
/ \ \ / A A
A A A A /
/ \ / A
A A A
\ /
— A — A — A — A — A — A — A — A —A— \ A
A A
A \ / \
A A A A
A \ A / \
A A A A
A / \
A A
A
Polyethylene – LDPE / VLDPE
— A — A — A — A —A — A — A — A — A —A—
| | | | |
A A A A A
| | | | |
— A — A — A — A —A — A — A — A — A —A—
| | | | |
A A A A A
| | | | |
— A — A — A — A —A — A — A — A — A —A—
Polyethylene — XLPE
Contains only one type of monomer
H H
| |
X — C — C — Propylene | |
H CH3
— X — X — X — X — X — X — X — X —
Polypropylene
Contains two types of monomers.
H H
| |
A — — C — C — Propylene | |
H CH3 H H
| |
B — C — C — Ethylene | |
H H
Alternative Co-polymer
— A — B — A — B —A — B — A — B — —PP
Random Co-Polymer
— A — B — A — A — A — B — B — A — A — A — A —
Block Co-Polymer
[— A — A — A — A — A — A —]n [— B — B — B — B — B —]m
Graft Co-polymer
— A — A — A — A — A — A — A — A —
| | | |
B B B B
| | | |
B B B B
| | | |
B B B B
| | | |
Contains three types of monomer unit:
ABS
Acrylonitrile A, Butadiene B, Styrene S
A B S A B S A B S
1. nM Polymerization [M]n
2. No by-product are formed.
3. Total molecular weight of monomer is equivalent to molecular weight of polymer.
4. EXAMPLEPEPPPVCPS
n MA + n MB [Polymer] + nH2O
During reaction by-products are formed e.g. Water etc..
Molecular weight of polymer is less than molecular weight of total monomer.
These polymer require pre-drying before processingEXAMPLE
Nylon Polyester PET, PBT PC Thermoset
Thermo + Plastics
Soften
Melt
Flow
Solidification
Heating
Heating
Heating & Pressure
Cooling & Pressure
Product is formed
Recycling
THERMOSETThermo + Set
Soften
Fused(Melting)
Limit flow
Solidification (Cross-linked)
Heating
Heating
Heating & Pressure
Heating & Pressure
Product is formed
Non Recyclable
There are soft, rigid, hard. These are translucent, transparent, opaque. These are re-cyclable. Additives are may or may not be required to be
added. These are processed by conventional techniques
like Injection, Extrusion, Blow Moulding, Roto-moulding techniques.
Example-Material like, LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE, PP, PVC, PS, PMMA etc..
These are hard, fused, brittle material. These are also translucent, transparent, opaque. These are non-re-cycleble and known as “Once set is
ever set”. Additives are compulsory requirement in these
material. These are processed by Compression Moulding,
Transfer Moulding, FRP techniques, Specially designed Injection Moulding etc.
Example- Material like Polyesters, Epoxy, PF, UF, MF, Un-saturated PU etc..
Crystalline polymers are opaque in nature. These are arranged structure.
Semi crystalline polymers are translucent in nature.These are having crystalline and amorphous regions.
Amorphous polymers are transparent in nature. These are random or un-arrayed structure.
Crystalline Semi Crystalline Amorphous
HDPE LLDPE LDPE
Opaque Translucent Transparent
PP By processing parameter PP
Translucent Fast rate of cooling(quenching) Transparent
These are used for all plastics products which are used for personnel purpose.
Polymer used in these application fulfils the following plops.
Aesthetic surface.
Variety of colours.
Various design versatility.
Low cost.
Gloss, shiny surface.
Light in weight.
Recyclability
These are used for all plastic products, which areused for engineering purpose.
Polymer used in these application fulfill thefollowing props.
Good mechanical props. like tensile, flexural, compressive.
Good surface props like abrasion, hardness.
Low co-efficient of friction.
Self lubricating props.
Good thermal props.
Good electrical props.
Good flame Retardency.
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