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CHINA
In China, its people refer to the land
as Zhong-guo [Middle Kingdom]
Many believed they were theworlds only inhabitants
They had good reason, China is
very isolated
North=Gobi Desert,
West=Himalayas, East=PacificOcean, South=Dense rain forest
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CHINA
China is currently home to over 1.3
billion people
The massive nation covers over 3.7
million miles
Yet most the entire population livesalong the eastern 1/3 of the country
Reason = farming, only 20% of theland is level
Only 10% is good for farming
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CHINA
The climate of China varies greatly
North=Warm to Hot summers,
Cold Winters
South=Humid, Rainy, Tropical
China has 3 major rivers,
populations swell around them
Areas surrounding the rivers offer
excellent trade, water, good
farming
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CHINA
The three major rivers of China are:
Huang He = Yellow River, 1000’s of
miles long in northern China
Silty, loamy water is yellow in color
Also referred to as the River of
Sorrow
Floods often, many have been
killed
1931, 4 million died in a flood
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CHINA
Chang/Yangtze River = Near
modern city of Shanghai. 3rd
longest river in the world
Massive river, very controversialdue to construction of Three Gorges
Dam
Largest dam in the world
Will power many great Chinese
cities
Will also leave millions homeless
and ruin many natural habitats
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CHINA
Yi River = Great river in the south
Hub of trading with the world
Also a great river for farmers
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CHINA
2/3 thirds of China is mountain/
semi desert
The most prominently deserts are
the Gobi and Taklimakan
The Gobi is one of the most
inhospitable places on Earth
Temperatures can vary from -45
degrees to 100
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CHINA
China is home to many great
mountain ranges
The Himalayas to the west aredominated by Mt. Everest
In the south exists the Guilin
Mountains, mainly made of
limestone they pose unique shapes
The Hengduan Mountains areconsidered the birthplace of flowers
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1) What core values were established in China through the
story of Yu?
2) How did the Chinese writing system create China’s social
class order?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
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CHINA
Chinese history began with a great
flood
After 7 long years, flood waters
would not abate
Young hero, Yu , decided it was time
to master the flood
For 13 years, worked day and night
planting trees, digging canals
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CHINA
Due to Yu’s efforts, the flood waters
subsided
Huang He River or Yellow Riverdid not flood again for 1,600 years
People celebrated the great
leadership and work ethic of Yu
Made him king, first Chinese
Ruling Dynasty, Xia , wasestablished
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CHINA
Many are unsure if the story is
accurate
The first Dynasties left few artifacts
Story does however set the
foundation for core Chinese beliefs
The Chinese to this day believestrongly in the value of hard work,
good leadership and fighting back the great rivers of China
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CHINA
What we do know, is that China’s
early civilizations used wooden
hoes, sticks to plant crops along the
Huang He River
They worshiped a God named
Shang Di
They believed that if they did not
appease the Gods, they would have
hardship
Not pleasing the Gods meant,
famine, poor government, floods
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CHINA
The second great Chinese Dynasty
was the Shang
This dynasty began around 1600BC
We know much more about the
Shang because they developed a
written language
This language is found today inancient carvings
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CHINA
The Shang king’s life revolved
around pleasing the Gods
He began a tradition of consulting
advisors
If a problem persisted, the kingwould turn to his dead ancestors
Ancestors would be called bymaking offerings
Questions would be asked using
divination bones
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CHINA
On the bones, questions would be
written
The bones were then subject togreat heat, causing cracks
Cracks were interpreted as answers
The king would then take the
answers and ancestral advice
Pleasing the ancestors, Chinese
gods would bring the King goodfortune
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CHINA
The early civilizations of China alsoestablished the Chinese writing system
It is made up of ideographs , that representwords or thoughts
They also used pictographs to represent
objects through pictures
The Shang Dynasty used over 3,000ideographs
Later Dynasties would require scholars to
know over 10,000
With so many ideographs, many, such asfarmers, had no time to study, became illiterate
Established class structure; only the brightestand most wealthy could become scholars
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CHINA
1027 BC, Zhou invaded from the
north west, replaced the Shang
Dynasty
They began a new tradition called
“The Mandate of Heaven”
This asserted that heaven gave
certain people a right to rule
If heaven did not like the ruler, themandate would be withdrawn,
chaos would ensue
Began the Dynastic Cycle
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THE DYNASTIC CYCLE
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1) What is the goal of Confucianism?
2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of legalism?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
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CHINA
The Zhou Dynasty put in place manytraditions that would influence laterChinese dynasties
By 700 BC, the Zhou Dynasty fell into
decay
Many powerful lords separatedthemselves from the empire andformed their own states
These states continued to war againstone another “Warring States Period”
It was during this time that China’sgreatest thinkers emerged
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CHINA
551 BC, China’s greatest
philosopher, Confucius was born
Confucius lived during a time of
disorder and war
Sought to restore peace and
harmony
Went out and attempted to teach
his beliefs to high courts
Teachings were rejected, Confucius
was not popular during his lifetime
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CHINA
However, a small group of followers collected and passed on
his writings, “The Analects”
These would become very popular
and are part of Chinese culture tothis day
Teachings taught rulers that they
should provide good government
Also taught that the kings subjectsshould always be loyal
The overriding goal of his teachings
were peace and respect
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CHINA
Teachings of Confucius are based
around the 5 Relationships
1) Ruler and the Ruled
2) Father and the Son
3) Old Brother and the Young
Brother
4) Husband and Wife
5) Friend to Friend
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CHINA
According to Confucius, the superiorindividual should set an example to theinferior
“If a ruler himself is upright, all will gowell without orders. But if he himself isnot upright, even though he givesorders, they will not be obeyed.”
Likewise the father is the mostimportant individual in the family
Confucius set in motion filial piety,duty and respect of children
In time, Confucian teachings becamethe core of Chinese society
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CHINA
After Confucius came another great
teacher called Lao Tzu
Like Confucius, Lao looked to
establish order and peace
Teachings became knows as Taoism
Tao means the way
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CHINA
Taoists conflicted with Confucius in terms of government, and rules
They saw these things as artificial, man made
Taoists seek to follow the natural way
They believe in small government, few, butsimple rules
Simplicity in all things is key
Ying/Yang Tao symbol of harmony
White = Yang represents female, soft, slow andtranquil
Black = Yin and represents males, fast, toughand aggressive
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CHINA
Confucians thought that order was based on relationships and
behavior
Taoists saw that order was based
upon people and nature
Taoists thought it best to live a
natural way, following nature
Anything else was man made and
caused war and chaos
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CHINA
Taoists believed that the best form
of government was one that hadthe fewest rules
“The wise man keeps to the deedthat consists of taking no action and
practices using no words”
Taoists then were peaceful and
natural
They sought simplicity and this
philosophy heavily influenced the
arts
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CHINA
Taoists influenced the arts and
sciences in many ways
It is believed by many that theinventors of Gun Powder were
Taoist
They used it to frighten off ghosts
They also made technological
breakthroughs in science andastronomy
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CHINA
Another great thinker that would
revolutionize Chinese culture was
Han Feizi
He, like Lao, refuted the teachingsof Confucius
He argued that people respond to
rewards and punishments, not
example
Invented a new system of government called legalism
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1) In what ways does Sun Tzu’s military philosophy differ
from western ways of war?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
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CHINA
From 476BC to 221BC, China wasin a constant state of war
7 Great states fought for control of
all of China
Great military minds and
strategists were in high demand
It was at this time that one of thegreatest military minds emerged
His name was Sun Tzu
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CHINA
The King of Wu worried he wouldlose against the State of Chu which
was much larger
Sun Tzu did not believe victory
was predetermined based on armysize
Sun Tzu was challenged by the
King of the State of Wu to
demonstrate his skill before givinghim charge of his army
He was told to train a harem of 180
women to become soldiers
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CHINA
Sun Tzu took the challenge
He appointed two of the kings
concubines as commanders
He then divided the women into
two companies
He gave the order for the women to
turn right at the sound of the
drums
The drums sounded and thewomen laughed
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CHINA
According to Sun Tzu “If the orders
are not clear, it is the fault of the
general”
Sun Tzu took the time to give theinstructions again, this time to
ensure that all understood
The command was given to turn
following the drums
The drums sounded and yet againthe women laughed
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CHINA
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CHINA
According to Sun Tzu “If the orders
are clear and the command is not
followed, it is the fault of the
subordinates”
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CHINA
According to Sun Tzu “If the orders
are clear and the command is not
followed, it is the fault of the
subordinates”
Following the second failure, Sun
Tzu had the two women beheaded
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CHINA
According to Sun Tzu “If the orders
are clear and the command is not
followed, it is the fault of the
subordinates”
Following the second failure, Sun
Tzu had the two women beheaded
He then gave the order a third time
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CHINA
According to Sun Tzu “If the orders
are clear and the command is not
followed, it is the fault of the
subordinates”
Following the second failure, Sun
Tzu had the two women beheaded
He then gave the order a third time
This time they all obeyed with totalobedience
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CHINA
The demonstration was enough,
Sun Tzu was given command over
the Wu army
Against the larger Chu force heengaged them in a series of
Guerrilla tactics
The smaller Wu force was able to
prevail
Sun Tzu wrote down his methods
of War in a book called “The Art of
War”
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CHINA
The Art of War is a very simplistic
book of strategy
It was heavily guarded in China for
centuries
Eventually it spread across Asia
Napoleon was the first westerner to
receive a copy
The book still sees wide use and is
most known as the way by which
the US failed in Vietnam
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CHINAWestern philosophy of War is
similar to the game of chess
Chess employs strategy, a single
direct objective, and decimatingyour enemies top pieces
In China, their philosophy is
similar to the game Go
Battles in Go are about small
advantages
Winner wins by a narrow margin
It is more holistic, winning a single
battle does not determine victory
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THE ART OF WAR
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THE ART OF WAR
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1) Why do the Chinese consider Shi Huangdi’s reign as the
beginning of Chinese history?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
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CHINA
By 200 BC, one power began to
dominate all of China
Slowly the Warring States Period
was drawing to a close
China was about to unify under
one man
This person was Emperor Shi
Huangdi
It is with him that China’s history
officially began
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CHINA
Emperor Shi Huangdi united hispeople under Han Feizi’s legalism
This was a very strict way of life
with heavy consequences for
misbehavior
The Emperor created a powerfully
obedient military and used it to
slowly conquer the other states
They invented cast iron and used it
to outproduce their enemies
The other states were: Yan, Chu,
Han, Zhou and Wei
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CHINA
After defeating all other states, a
new Dynasty emerged, the Qin
Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty gave modernChina its name
Shi Huangdi means first emperor
and that is how he is addressed in
modern China
This Dynasty however would beshort lived
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CHINA
The first emperor lived a life in
constant fear of assassination
Rival states continually sentassassins to kill him
As a result, the king lived a life of
seclusion, allowing almost no one
to come near him
He was constantly in fear of beingpoisoned as well
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CHINA
Under the legalist rule, people livedin constant fear
The first emperor did however take
care if his people [those who were
obedient]
It was the first emperor who began
construction on the Great Wall
It was built to keep foreign
invaders from attacking from the
north
Little of this first wall still exists
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CHINA
In the south, the first emperor
began construction on the Lingqu
Canal
It linked the Yangtze river in thenorth to a smaller river in the south
It was a marvel of engineering in its
time
These two things were only the
beginning however of the firstemperors constructions
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CHINA
In the later years of his life, the first
emperor became obsessed with
discovering an elixir of immortality
He sent 1000’s out on expeditions
to discover a secret potion
Many failed to return in fear their
failure would bring about death
According to legend, some of theseexplorers colonized Japan
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CHINA
The first emperor died on
september 10th of 210 BC
He died from taking mercury pills
thinking they would grant himimmortality
Prior to his death however, he
embarked on a spectacular
construction spree
These accomplishments are stillconsidered marvels of the world
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CHINA
At the age of 13, the first emperor began construction on a terra-cotta
army to take with him in the
afterlife
It took 700,000 men, decades tocreate
That number of workers exceeded
the populations of any world city at
the time
An army of hardened earth or claywas created and buried near his
tomb
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CHINA
Each of his soldiers, his height and
physical features, were taken into
account
No two soldiers are alike
It was not until the 1974 that it was
discovered by farmers trying to dig
a well
The army was not the only
construction built for the firstemperors death
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CHINAIn 215 BC, 5 years before the
emperors death, construction on apyramid began
It was designed to be the emperors
burial tomb
300,000 men were put to the task
He would have valuables andartifacts placed in it
1000’s of booby traps were
designed to keep looters away
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CHINA
The pyramid also featured rivers of
flowing mercury
Surprisingly, the tomb remains
intact and un-opened
Probes have confirmed an open
space within the pyramid and high
traces of mercury
The Chinese government will notopen it until they are 100% certain
they can do so and maintain what
is within
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1) Why did the Chinese eventually adopt Confucianism?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
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CHINA
Only four years after Emperor Shi
Huangdi’s death, his empire fellapart
Generals and other states began to
war with one another in the power
wake
A young prince named Liu Bang of
the Han defeated the Qin army in
206 BC
He started a new dynasty that
became known as the Han
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CHINA
Many were open to new leadershipafter enduring the harsh legalism
The Han switched from legalism toconfucianism
Han China rivaled the Roman
Empire in power and achievement
China experianced some of its
greatest growth during the Han era
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CHINA
Han China expanded China into
Korea, Manchuria, Southwest Asiaand even India
The Han sent out an expedition
lead by Zhang Qian to see what lie
west of China
Qian traveled far, across
Uzbekistan to the Middle East and
perhaps to parts of Europe
He sent a convoy that met with
Augustus Caesar
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CHINA
Qian brought back amazing talesthat inspired travelers to venture
west
These travelers eventually set up
trade hubs and trailblazed a path tothe west known as the Silk Road
Due to the Silk Road, the Han
dynasty experienced great financial
wealth
They created a vast food storage
This assisted in the growth of
China’s vast o ulation
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CHINA
The Han Dynasty reached its peak in 87 BC under the reign of Wudi
Many people were upset at the
aristocracy of China
Emperor Wudi instituted a national
exam called the Civil Service Exam
Anyone could take it
Those who passed the test wereappointed to government positions
These people became scholars and
represented the nobility of China
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CHINA
Despite these successes, the
peasants grew unhappy
Only the wealthy could dedicate
time to pass the Civil Service Exam
Soon peasant revolts rose up across
the empire
Political turmoil fractured the
empire
A series of powerful warlords ruledthe land
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CHINA
In 581 AD, a new leader by the
name of Sui Yangdi consolidated
power
Sui was a ruthless leader who ruledwith an iron fist
Legalism was reinstituted
China was unified and peacerestored
He initiated the Sui [Sway] Dynasty
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CHINA
The greatest accomplishment of the
Sui Dynasty was the completion of The Grand Canal
The Canal connected the YellowRiver to the Yangtze River
It greatly improved shipping and
increased food transportation and
population growth
The Canal was built upon slave
labor
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CHINA
Sui Yangdi was much alike to Shi
Huangdi
Both united China under harsh rule
Soon, people were rebelling against
Sui’s harsh methods
Sui began issuing taxes in order to
build opulent palaces for his court
In 618 AD, mass rebellions brokeout and the Sui Dynasty fell
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CHINAThe Dynasty that replaced the Sui was
the Tang [Tong]
The Tang Dynasty returned to more
lenient rule
They incorporated Confucianism to theCivil Service Exam
Confucianism prevented conflict and was
a more agreeable form of government
Land was taken from the rich and givento the poor and needy
The Tang Dynasty also expanded China’s
borders into the Himalayas, Tibet and
Korea
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CHINA
In the Dynasty’s later years, it fell
into political corruption
In one example, it was said that an
emperor entertained his young
daughter each day with 100’s of
dancers
He also sent 1000’s to remote
locations to procure rare and ripe
fruit for his spoiled daughter
It did not take the people long to
rebel against such abuses of power
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CHINA
A bizarre practice emerged duringthe Tang Dynasty
One story holds that a Tang
Emperor was infatuated with the
small feet of a acrobat
It became popular by Tang dancinggirls who courted scholars of the
high courts
Foot binding was practiced overthe centuries by lower classes as a
means to political power
It was not abolished until the 1950’s
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1) Why did Buddhism spread across China so rapidly?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
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CHINA
In the 1st century AD, during theHan Dynasty, Buddhism arrived in
China
Most foreign beliefs and practices
in China were rejected, notBuddhism
Buddhism fit perfectly into China,
it filled a critical void
Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism all
dealt with life on earth
Buddhism dealt with the afterlife
C
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CHINA
Buddhism gave hope to those who
did good in life
Especially popular for the peasants
Buddhism in China however took
on a new approach
It combined Taoist and Confucian beliefs into one
CHINA
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CHINA
Buddhism was founded in Nepal
by Siddhartha Gautama
When born, a wise man
pronounced that the child wouldeither be a great ruler or religious
leader
Siddhartha’s father, desiring the
first, never let Gautama out of his
sight
Gautama one day escaped to see
the world. Saw 4 things
CHINA
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CHINA
The first thing he saw was an old
man
Then he saw a sick man
Then a dead man
And last of all, a beggar
This caused Gautama to realize life
was full of sorrow
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BUDDHISM
The images continued to hauntSiddhartha
He left his family, his life of luxuryto find answers
Siddhartha desired to know thecause and cure to the worlds sorrow
He traveled the world, greatlytroubled at the suffering of mankind
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BUDDHISM
After six years of searching, he satone day under a sacred tree tomeditate
While meditating, he was sweptaway in a vision
He received his answer and came toan understanding of the purpose of life
From this point on he becameknown as the enlightened one orBuddha
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BUDDHISMSiddhartha spent the remainder of his
life teaching others how to attain
happiness
His teachings are called the 4 noble
truths
1st is that suffering is universal
2nd the cause of suffering is desire
3rd the only way to end suffering is to
crush desire
If people give up desire, they achieve
Nirvana, freedom from the cycle of
death
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BUDDHISM
4th the way to end desire is to follow the
8 fold path
The 8 fold path stresses understanding
sorrow, compassion and truth
Buddhism spread across India
Asoka, and Indian ruler, converted and
sent missionaries to preach buddhism
They arrived in China in the firstcentury
Buddhism spread like wildfire amongst
the lower classes, giving them hope
CHINA
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CHINA
Later, two divisions of Buddhismemerged
Theravada , Buddha is viewed as a
great teacher, monastic life is theway to Nirvana
Mahayana , Buddha is worshiped
as a God
1st is worshipped in SE Asia
2nd in China, Japan, Korea
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION
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1) How did Genghis Khan create the world’s second largestempire?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
CHINA
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CHINA
Beginning in about 500 BC, a new
enemy began to threaten China
During the decline of the Zhou
Dynasty, a group of northernherdsman named the Xiongnu
began to carry out attacks
They rode horses and carried out
lightning raids
The Chinese war chariots were nomatch for the speed of the single
horseman with bows
CHINA
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CHINA
What started in the 500 BC as a
mere molestation became a seriousthreat by 200 BC
The constant Xiongnu raids
provoked Shi Huangdi to beginconstruction on the Great Wall
This slowed but did not stop the
attacks
Raids became more frequent and
more ferocious during the
subsequent dynasties
CHINA
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CHINA
It is believed the Hun came from
the Xiongnu
No one however is certain of the
Hun origins
The people of Mongolia or the
Steppes of Russia did not keep
histories
By the 400 AD, the Hun began to
migrate possibly out of China and
moved westward towards Europe
CHINA
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CHINA
The Hun showed up at the Black
Sea in 370 AD
They soon began attacking the
Alans, a Germanic Barbarian tribe
After that, the Hun moved on the
Visigoths and pushed them into
Roman territory
This had a chain reaction effect that
ultimately brought down the
Roman Empire
CHINA
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CHINAAround 600 AD, the horsemen of the north were back
A new Dynasty was on the rise, the
Song
The Dynasty started off with greatpromise but proved to be short
lived
A new power in the north had
formed, they were called theMongols
China did all it could to repel the
invaders but they failed
CHINA
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CHINA
Northern China, or Mongolia, has a
fascinating history
Around 1160 AD, Temujin was born
At this time, Mongolia consisted of 30 warring tribes
They, like the Hun, were a group of
nomadic people who lived on their
horses
At the age of nine, a rival clan
poisoned Temujin’s father
CHINA
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CHINA
Temujin was raised an orphan andquickly began to display great
leadership skills
Vengeance led him to unit several
Mongolian tribes
In time, Temujin destroyed the clan
that killed his father
It is unknown if Temujin continuedto seek revenge or if he wanted to
gain more lands, but he embarked
on one of the world’s greatest
conquests
CHINA
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CHINAAt the age of 40, Temujin had
crushed all of his enemies
He united the rest under his rule
and was crowned by his people as
Genghis Khan [Great Ruler]
Genghis Khan’s army never
exceeded 110,000 people but heused it to create one of the worlds
greatest empires
First, Genghis Khan attacked China
He incorporated its technology,
gunpowder, and government into
his Mongol culture
CHINA
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CHINAThen Genghis moved westward
and took parts of the Middle East
The Middle Eastern Shah of the city
Samarkand rejected Genghis’ pleas
for peace
The Shah attacked and killed 450
Mongolian merchants who passedthrough his country
Genghis’ reaction was swift and
brutal
He attacked and eradicated the city
of Samarkand and the surrounding
areas
CHINA
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CHINAGenghis left no one alive
Sources recall that a Muslim
worker and friends spent 13 dayscounting the dead
In all, over 1.3 million people werekilled by Genghis Khan
The region attacked by Genghis
remains desolate to this very day
There was little time for Genghis
Khan to relish his victory
Rebellion was spreading back home
in China
CHINA
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CHINA
On the journey back to China,Genghis Khan died
Sources are sketchy
Some claim he fell from his horseand was wounded
Others claim he caught Typhus
His last request was to make Chinapay for its rebellion
His grandson would see the wish
fulfilled
CHINA
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CHINAFollowing Genghis Khans death,
his empire was divided into
Khanates
All regions were ruled separately
Had Genghis Khan not died, it islikely the Mongols would have
attempted to take Europe
After Genghis’ death, the empire
continued to grow in size
Timur attacked and destroyed India
Others poured into Europe
CHINA
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CHINAIn China, Genghis Khan’s grandson
Kublai succeeded in destroying
China
He established the Yuan Dynasty
Kublai Khan relocated the city tothe north
He built lavish palaces and wide
streets
He named the city Khanbaliq, it is
modern day Beijing
It became the jewel of the east
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
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1) Why did the Chinese emperor destroy Zheng He’s fleet?
2) How was this China’s only opportunity to dominate the
world?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
CHINA
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CHINA
Kublai was known as a great leader
Many people, even Chinese,
enjoyed and respected his rule
He expanded the empire intoVietnam and Thailand
Then, he made the mistake of
planning invasion of Japan
The Japanese were terrified, but
decided they would fight to the
bitter end
CHINA
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CHINA
As Kublai Khan’s fleet sailed for Japan, a miracle occurred
A typhoon arose and destroyed the
entire fleet
Japan was preserved
They came to refer to the typhoon
as as “Kamikaze” [divine winds]
The Japanese would believe that
the gods would always protect
them from invasion
CHINA
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CHINA
The era of Mongol control overChina came to be known as the
Yuan Dynasty
It prospered greatly under Kublai
but faltered after his death
We know much of this time from
the writings of Marco Polo
Marco Polo was a merchant/
explorer who traveled to China
He wrote of what he saw in his
book
CHINA
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CHINA
Eventually the Mongol Dynastydeclined
Foreign wars proved costly
Later leaders were corrupt and didnot rule as the predecessors had
In 1368, the Chinese revolted and
expelled the Mongols back to
Mongolia
A new Chinese Dynasty began that
would rival all dynasties before it
CHINA
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CHINAThe founder of this new Dynasty
came to be known as Ming HongWu
The Dynasty then has come to be
called the Ming Dynasty
The Ming expanded Chinese power
to its greatest extent
They fortified and built the Great
Wall we see in China today
They also improved the Grand
Canal and re-instituted the Civil
Service Exam
CHINA
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CHINA
The Ming built a luxurious palacecomplex for nobility and the
emperor
It was called the Imperial City or
today, the Forbidden City
One of the marvels of the Ming
Dynasty was the great naval fleet of
Zheng He
The Ming Emperor commanded it
be built to explore what lay beyondChina’s borders
CHINA
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CHINA
The fleet consisted of 62 ships,28,000 men, and made 7 great
voyages
The ships were known as Junks,
they exceeded lengths of 400
They were big enough to house
entire armies, and even fields were
grown on them
They traveled to the far reaches of the world and brought what they
found back to China
CHINA
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CHINASome have speculated that it is
possible the Chinese arrived in theAmericas before Columbus
After the emperors death, the
subsequent emperor ordered the
entire fleet to be destroyed
China had all it needed and did not
need foreign influence
Great speculation exists that theChinese could have ruled the seas
and been more powerful thanEuropeans had this not have
occurred
CHINA
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CHINA
It was also during the MingDynasty that Europeans made their
way into China
In 1514, a Portuguese fleet arrived
in China
China was not impressed with
Europeans and prohibited them
from China
Many were amazed however with
European clocks, eyeglasses andsome embraced Christianity
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION
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1) What did Europeans do to earn disdain from the Chinesethat would last for centuries?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
CHINA
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CHINAIn the late 16th century, the Ming
Dynasty fell into decline
High taxes, weak government, and
peasant revolts helped bring the
Dynasty down
Also, China underwent a
widespread famine and epidemicthat killed thousands
Many said the cause of the famine
was the loss of the Mandate of
Heaven
This proved the final straw for a
dying dynasty
CHINA
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CHINAIn the north, a powerful clan
targeted China
They were known as the Manchu
They had admired China, but now
they saw a chance to seize control
Due to inner problems, the Ming
were unable to repel the foreigners
The Manchu took control of Chinaand started a new and final
Dynasty
It was known as the Qing
CHINA
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CHINA
During the late Ming and early
Qing Dynasties, Europeans started
to arrive
Christian missionaries and traderswere allowed inland
Many converted to Christianity
Emperors soon viewed westernersas a threat to Chinese culture
They began policies of isolation
CHINA
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CHINA
“With harmony at home, there will be order in the nation. With order
in the nation, there will be peace in
the world”
Confucianism dominated theChinese way of life
Beginning with the Han, the family
lived and worked together
Everyone had a role and duties and
those were abided with respect andhonor
CHINA
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CHINA
Family affairs were dominated bymales
The husband, then the oldest son,
commanded the house
Fathers assigned their children's
careers and who they married
They managed family finances and
gave out rewards and punishments
Honor did not stop at death, part of
the families responsibility was
honoring the deceased
CHINA
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CHINAHusbands and wives honored boys
more than girls
They needed hard labor to survive
and when a girl was married she
left her family
Married girls fell to the control of
their husbands mother
Many of these mothers were
abusive and forced a hard systemof home labor
It was a vicious cycle that
continued for centuries
CHINA
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C N
Chinese society was built uponthree classes
Landowners, peasants and
merchants
Education was highly valued
When the father died, his land andpossessions were divided amongst
all his sons
This meant that over time, people
gradually owned less which led to
revolutions
CHINA
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China is perhaps the most
innovative society in history
By 300 BC astronomers estimated
the length of the solar year
They kept valuable records of eclipses and were among the first to
document Halley’s Comet in 240BC
The Chinese realized theimportance of medicine and diet
They prescribed certain foods to the
sick for deficiencies
CHINA
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They devised a method of curing
pain through acupuncture
The used advanced fertilizers and
had animal clinics
They invented paper in 100 BC,
Iron drill bits, the wheel barrow
and gunpowder
They also invented the
seismometer, noodles, the
suspension bridge, compass,
rudder, sail and blast furnace
Their society has had a long lasting
impact on humanity
CHINA
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In recent years, trade with the westhas propelled China into a modern
age
Production has boomed and many
nations are exporting business toChina due to cheap labor
These businesses have created a
middle class and caused China to
modernize
The outlook for China looks bright
but problems still remain
CHINA
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Current problems surroundingChina are; poverty, pollution, birthrestrictions and possibly the
restrictions of democracy
China has also recently been in aneconomic downturn as worldwide
economies are struggling
However, despite all these
problems. China appears poised totake lead as one of the worlds
greatest economic and military
powers
CHINA NATIONALTELEVISION
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TELEVISION
BEIJING INTERNATIONALAIRPORT
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AIRPORT
SHANGHAI WORLDFINANCE CENTER
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FINANCE CENTER
NATIONAL SWIMMINGCENTER “WATER CUBE”
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CENTER “WATER CUBE”
DONGTAN ECO CITY
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BEIJING GRANDNATIONAL THEATER
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NATIONAL THEATER
BEIJING NATIONALSTADIUM “BIRDS NEST”
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STADIUM “BIRDS NEST”
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION
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1) Explain the mythical founding of Japan.
2) Why have the Japanese felt racially superior to other
Asians?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
JAPAN
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Japanese legend says that the
nation was formed when male and
female gods threw a jeweled spear
into the sea
The salt water that dripped off its
end hardened, creating the islands
of Japan
Only after the creation of Japan, did
the gods create the rest of the world
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The two gods also created
Amaterasu
Because they loved her the most,they sent her to heaven to rule over
the earth
Their son, Tsuki-yumi became the
moon and Susanowo the storm god
Amaterasu gave life to everythingaround her while Susanowodestroyed it
JAPAN
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Susanowo frightened Amaterasu and she
hid in a cave
While she hid, the world began to die
To coerce her out, the gods placed mirror
and a jewel on a nearby tree
The gods banished Susanowo to earth
and his descendants became the first
humans
Amaterasu sent her grandson, Ninigi to
earth with her mirror, the jewel and asword so all would remember her
By tradition, each emperor today is
presented with a jewel, a mirror and a
sword
JAPAN
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Japan is an Archipelago, or a stringof islands
It is located off the coast of China
It consists of 4 main islands andover 3000 small islands
The four main islands are;
Kyushu = southernmost, Shikoku= just north of Kyushu, Honshu =
large mainland, Hokkaido =
northernmost
JAPAN
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The sea has always served as a
protection to Japan, much like
England
The Japanese traveled to themainland when they chose
They did not allow any to come to
them unless they chose
This gave the Japanese the best of all surrounding cultures
JAPAN
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Japan, in size, is smaller than the state of
Montana
Population is vast, over 125 million
Majority of the population is crammedinto cities
Reason, the country is very mountainous
Honshu is the most fertile and densely
populated
20,000 people per square mile, state of
New York 360
JAPAN
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The agriculture of Japan is based
around rice and fish
Terrace farming provides 3/4 of
Japans food
Only 8% of the population are
farmers, yet the nation imports
very little food
Farming techniques produce veryhigh yields, nothing wasted
JAPAN
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Economically, Japan has little
mineral resources
This caused many problems for
Japan as it industrialized
Today, Japan imports resources
form Malaysia, Philippines and
North America
Oil for Japan, like the US, comesfrom the Middle East
JAPAN
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Japan has a special cultural identity
It is a mix of Chinese/Korean and
white Ainu from Russia
This has caused them to feel
culturally unique
It also has lead to ethnocentrism
Japan today still enjoys few
minority groups
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION
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1) Why did Japan only have one dynasty?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
JAPAN
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Japan has one of the worlds most
ancient civilizations
Archaeologists believe people began to inhabit the islands as far
back as 14,000 BC
Earliest artifacts have been found
from as far back as 10,000 BC
DNA suggests that the Ainu aremodern descendants of theseancient peoples
JAPAN
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These early civilizations began areligious practice that still endures
today
It is called Shinto or Shintoism
Shintoism [early origins] had no set
of rules no book or even a name
When Buddhists arrived from
China, they named the religion
Shinto
Means: “The Way of the Gods”
JAPAN
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In Shinto, the Japanese believed in
spirits or Kami
Kami live in everything, rocks,rivers, lakes, mountains, even
people
They believed these Kami
controlled nature
Through offerings and purification,the Japanese could appease theKami
JAPAN
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Shinto shrines are built anywhere theysee a great spirit
Such as Mount Fuji or in the ocean
Here people pray to the spirits and
appease them
In return they will get good fortune,crops, no harm
Shinto does not provide anything onafterlife
Buddhism filled this void, the two beliefs converged
JAPAN
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An early legend that has tied
Japanese religion into governmentis the legacy of Jimmu
In 711 BC, great white leader
named Jimmu united Japan
Son of the sun goddess Amaterasu
He defeated his enemies by battling
with the sun at his back
The modern Emperor of Japan
claims to be the descendent of
Jimmu and Amaterasu, thus
claiming divine decadency
JAPAN
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Shinto linked religion to
government
A national shrine was later
established at Ise [ee-say]
There the Emperor would pay
tribute to the sun goddess
Amaterasu
The Emperor came to be held as agod on earth and was revered by all
JAPAN
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The Ainu people did not have
bronze or iron weapons
When the Chinese and Koreansarrived in 200 BC, they easily
overran the island
They introduced iron and rice to
Japan
In 200 AD, a new wave of warriorsarrived from the mainland,
breaking Japan into clans
JAPAN
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Early Japanese society was dominated by
several tribes
By 400AD, many tribes united, formed
the Yamato Clan
The Yamato Clan claimed to be
descendants of the Sun Goddess
Amaterasu
The Yamato Clan also set up first and
only Japanese Dynasty
Present Emperor claims descent to
Yamato Clan
This Dynasty has never been overthrown
JAPAN
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Other clans continued to rule
various part of Japan
All however owed loyalty to the
Yamato chief
He was the only chief who was
descended from Amaterasu
At first, the emperor held
tremendous power
Over time he developed into more
of a figurehead
JAPAN
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By 500 AD, missionaries fromChina brought Buddhism to Japan
They also brought written language
From 550 to 850 AD, Japan borrowed technology from China
They also borrowed Taoism,
Confucianism, Philosophy and
government
They were selective however, did
not borrow the mandate of heaven
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A powerful family began to wrench
control away from the emperor
They were the Fujiwara Family
They promoted themselves by
marrying their daughters to the
emperor
In 646 AD, the Fujiwara claimed allland was under the control of theemperor
JAPAN
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Clan leaders could overseepeasants but total control fell to theemperor
Government officials would collect
taxes from the people for theemperor
In 710 AD, the Japanese built theirfirst capital city at Nara
Nara had broad streets,
government buildings and
buddhist temples
JAPAN
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A massive Buddhist Temple calledTodajii was built in Nara
It was the peak of Japanese
buddhism
The Nara Period was veryproductive from Japan
It produced great works in
architecture and literature
Japan appeared however, very
Chinese
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION
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1) Be able to explain the characteristics of Heian Japan.
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
JAPAN
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In 794 AD, the Emperor moved the
royal court to Heian [hey-un],modern Kyoto
This ended the Nara Period and
commenced the Heian Period
During this time, the power of the
Emperor declined
The emperor was reduced to a
symbolic figurehead
Court families and wealthy lords,mainly the Fujiwara, took control of
Japan
JAPAN
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Japan during the early centuries ADwas mostly comprised of farmers
Nobles took control of the land and became wealthy off of taxes
These nobles came to viewthemselves as even more importantthan the emperor
Near 1000 AD, Japan began to import
many things from the mainland
A new high court life emerged
JAPAN
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During the Nara Period, Japanmimicked China
The Heian Period marked the birth of Japan’s own culture and traditions
The focus of the Heian Court was thepursuit of beauty
This ideal pervaded all of Japaneseculture
It stemmed from lavish tea parties towrapping gifts, mixing perfumes andwriting poetry
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Calligraphy became the mark of character
Many spent countless hoursperfecting the artistic style of writing
Women were said to fall in love withmen just by looking at theirhandwriting
This time period saw an incredibleamount of art and beauty
It is similar in many ways to the artthat came out during the renaissancein Europe
JAPAN
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During the Nara Period, Japanesewomen hardly appeared in history
That changed during the Heian
Period
Many women became aristocrats
and achieved great power
The Heian Period produced many books of female poetry
JAPAN
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From the 9th to 12th centuriesfemales learned to read and to
write
While the Japanese spoke a
different language for much of theirearly history they wrote in Chinese
That began to change when the
Japanese developed their own
system of writing called Kana
This new writing system was used
by Murasaki Shikibu
JAPAN
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Shikibu wrote one of the worlds
oldest fictional novels called “TheTale of Genji”
The novel follows the life of a
young prince [Genji] as he tried to
remain in favor with powerfullords in Japan
It is a book of wonderful
adventures, heroics, love and
sadness
It has reveled much of what Life in
Japan was like at this time
JAPANAnother prominent Japanese woman,
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Another prominent Japanese woman,Sei Shonagon , wrote her thoughts in
a journal
This journal comes to us today as“The Pillow Book”
It contains random thoughts aboutlife in Heian Japan
It shows forth a simplistic poetic beauty that was highly praised inHeian times
It, like the “Tale of Genji”, givesinsight into Japan during the HeianPeriod
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION
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1) Why did Japan switch from being ruled by the emperor to being ruled by the military?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
JAPAN
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During the Heian Period, the
Japanese Emperor grew very weak
He was regarded as a god but hadlittle say in political affairs
True power resided in the hands of wealthy nobles
These nobles spent most of their
time with the arts and cared little
for rural Japan
Neglect led the empire towards
collapse
JAPAN
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By the 1100’s AD, two royal
families vied for the control of Japan
One was the Tiara and the other the
Minamoto
The families clashed in a massive
battle in 1185 AD
Minamoto Yoritomo emerged as the
strongest
He would institute a new form of
militaristic rule in Japan
JAPANAfter defeating his rivals, Yoritomo
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After defeating his rivals, Yoritomomarched on Kyoto
The emperor saved himself by naminghim “Shogun”
The Shogun became the real political
and military commander of Japan
The emperor remained in Kyoto andcarried on his ritual life
Yoritomo relocated the military
government, called the shogunate , toKamakura [Tokyo]
This period is referred to as theKamakura Period
JAPANThe shogunate proved capable at
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The shogunate proved capable at
first
They repelled the Mongols in 1274
This legitimized their rule over
Japan
However, the shogun’s power
waned over the next 60 years
By 1336, Japan fell into a state of
turmoil
The shogun was overrun by
powerful warlords called Daimyo
JAPAN
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Daimyo held all power because it
was they who controlled localwarriors
In order to govern their lands, the
Shogun appointed Daimyo
These Daimyo trained soldiers,
known as Samurai , to keep control
When the Daimyo rebelled against
the shogun, he was left powerless
Japan fell into its own warring
states period
JAPAN
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The Samurai swore oaths to protect
their Daimyo
Peasants rented a Daimyo’s land
which he farmed and paid a
portion back
Samurai protected them and raided
other local Daimyo
It was very similar to the feudal
system of Europe
JAPANThe Samurai followed the Bushido
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Code
It was “The Way of the Warrior”
The code emphasized strict
discipline, honor and bravery on
the battle field
They fought on horseback, using
the bow
At their hip was the legendarysamurai sword , a weapon without
equal
Many samurai were in fact women
JAPAN
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If a Samurai brought dishonor to
his ruler, he was expected toobserve the law of Seppuku [hari-
kari]
This was ritual suicide
Death was better than dishonor
In one tragic event, 47 Samurai
committed suicide after mistakenly
killing a court official
This tradition resurfaced during
World War II
JAPAN
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The Samurai were not onlywarriors
While they prized the art of war
most, the also performed other arts
and achievements
Samurai wrote poetry and
practiced calligraphy
This warrior class society woulddominate Japan until the arrival of
Europeans in the 19th century
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
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1) How did the west ruin their reputation in Japan?
2) What was life like under the 3 great commanders?
=Terms/Events =Questions =People
JAPAN
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During the 1400 and 1500’s
powerful Daimyos controlled Japan
War was frequent, the shogun was
powerless and the emperor onlycarried out religious ceremonies
The Samurai became ruthless
mercenaries
They raided lands, and slaughteredthe weak
JAPAN
A powerful Daimyo by the name of
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A powerful Daimyo by the name of
Oda Nobunaga , began uniting Japan
He sought to bring all of Japan
under his control
He seized control of most of the
island of Honshu
He deposed the shogun and
marched on Kyoto
After a 10 year siege, the emperor’s
city fell
JAPAN
Under Nobunaga Japan began to
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Under Nobunaga, Japan began to
have centralized power andharmony
In 1582, one of his soldiers
murdered him
Nobunaga’s top general, Toyotomi
Hideyoshi assumed control
Hideyoshi took a strong stance
against conspiring Daimyo’s
He disarmed the peasants and
prevented warrior training
JAPAN
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He limited the sizes of a Daimyo’s
samurai
He watched the Daimyo closely toassure they remained loyal
Hideyoshi planned to expand hiscontrol beyond Japan
He invaded Korea, in part to kill off
Japanese warriors that threatened
his control
He died in 1598
JAPAN
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Power then fell to Tokugawa
Leyasu
Leyasu completed Japan’s
unification
He eliminated all opposition and
forced the emperor to declare him
Shogun
The Tokugawa family retained theshogunate of Japan for 265 years
JAPAN
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During the rule of the 3 greatcommanders, Oda Nobunaga,
Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa
Leyasu Europeans began arriving
The Europeans were greetedwarmly by the Japanese
The first were the Portuguese
Europeans introduced to Japan:tobacco, clocks, eyeglasses and
firearms
JAPANChristianity also made its way into
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Japan via the Jesuits
Many converted, including Daimyo
Soon however, the Jesuits began
destroying Shinto Shrines
This was seen as a great trespass
Toyotomi Hideyoshi issued and
edict in 1587 that banned
Christianity
Those who had converted were
persecuted
JAPAN
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Soon, under Tokugawa Leyasu, not
only was Christianity prohibited
but also all foreigners
All were pushed out and trade with
the west was no longer permitted
Only one small colony on near
Nagasaki [Deshima], inhabited by
the Dutch was allowed
Many who lived there went mad,as only two ships per year were
allowed to the dock
JAPANUnder Tokugawa rule, Japan was
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organized into 250 states
Over each state was placed a new
Daimyo
These Daimyo were made to live in
the capital for a time to ensure theyremained true to the Shogun
During this time of peace, the
Samurai decreased in number
Many became farmers and their
unique skills were no longer
needed
JAPAN
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Japan experimented with manyother changes during the
Tokugawa Era
Some forms of industry flourished
as Japan began to learn of the west
Edo grew to be one of the worlds
largest cities at over 1 million
people
Many new forms of entertainment
grew in Edo
JAPAN
Social life in the cities surrounded
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Social life in the cities surrounded
bathhouses and theaters
Japanese merchants and Samurairelaxed in the company of Geishas
Geishas were professionally trainedentertainers
The sang, danced and engaged
tired workers and warriors in
conversations
Kabuki, a type of dance drama, also
became very popular
JAPANThe class system of Japan was
h
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based in the following manner
At the top were the warriors, then
peasants followed by artisans andmerchants last
Movement and marriage betweenclasses was prohibited
This class structure led to many
rebellions and disagreements
It would not be from within that
Japan would fall however, it would
be from abroad
JAPAN
In the 1600’s Japan was nearly
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In the 1600 s Japan was nearly
totally isolated from the world
Only trade was conducted throughthe Dutch and a little by the
Portuguese
China enjoyed a similar policy of
isolation
The British pushed their way into
China in the 1700’s
The US was the first nation to trade
with Japan
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JAPAN
In 1853, Commodore Matthew
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,
Perry of the US arrived in Japan
He brought a letter from the USPresident
It demanded better treatment forUS sailors and also desired the US
and Japan to enter trade
negotiations
It gave Japan a timeline to respond
When Japan could not decide, the
US decided for them
JAPAN
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Matthew Perry returned with alarge fleet and began to fire upon
Japanese docks
Japan decided to open their doors
to the west
They signed the Treaty of
Kanagawa which opened trade
with the US and Europeans
Still, many in Japan resisted
foreign influence
JAPAN
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Chief amongst those who did not
want trade with the west were the
Samurai
The Samurai organized and began
assaulting western ships
The west retaliated and the
Samurai were defeated
Japan realized how far behind thewest they were
JAPAN
Th S i h h d tt k d th
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The Samurai who had attacked the
west sought a return of the
Emperor
In 1868, Kyoto was attacked and
the Shogun was deposed
The Emperor was restored as the
leader of Japan
His name was Mutsuhito
His ascension to power has become
known as the Meiji Restoration
JAPAN
With the return of the Emperor the
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With the return of the Emperor the
Japanese capital Tokyo was born
[out of Edo]
Diplomats were sent abroad to
study western lifestyles, war, and
technology
O the next 50 years, Japan changed
immensely
Land was seized by the emperorand the Daimyo were adopted as
politicians
JAPAN
Of all the places in the west Japan
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Of all the places in the west, Japan
chose to pattern its government
after Imperial Germany
The majority of power went not to
parliament but to the Emperor
himself
In 1889 a constitution was created
just like Germany’s
Japan remained a strong tradepartner with the US and adopted
the US system of education
JAPAN
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Industry boomed and Japan rose to become a world power
The military was reformed and a
national army was created
All males were required to serve in
the military
Western ways and weapons were
incorporated into the army
Japan became a major power at sea
JAPAN
There was growing unrest between
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the emperor and the samurai
The samurai restored his power
The emperor seemed to no longer
need them as he adopted westernways of war
The samurai rebelled and the
emperor used the new national
army to put down the rebellion
In one final battle, 1000’s of
samurai warriors were cut down
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JAPAN
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Japan in the late 1800’s and early
1900’s began to expand outward
Main reason? Small island nation
needed raw materials for its
industry
Japan patterned itself after
Europeans and desired colonies
First area taken, 1874 the RyukyuIslands from China
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JAPANIn 1904, Japan attacked a Russiannaval base [Port Arthur]
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naval base [Port Arthur]
Result was a war between Russia
and Japan
It was fought both on land and on
sea
The Japanese defeated the land
army then defeated the Russian
Navy
Not to be outdone, Russia sent the
Baltic Fleet
Japan defeated it too
JAPAN
When Japan defeated Russia, the
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world was in awe at this newpower
Japan had arrived on the world
stage
In 1905, US/Japanese relations
began to sour
Japan decided to take Korea, the US
condemned the act
Japan was angered at the US for
instituting immigration laws
JAPAN
In 1931, Japan decided to capitalize
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In 1931, Japan decided to capitalize
on a weakened war torn China
That year they invaded and took Manchuria
The US warned but did not commitan army
From Manchuria, the Japanese
began pushing deeper into China
They extracted resources and sent
them back home to Japan
JAPAN
Japan then made plans to invade
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Russia
In the late 1930’s Japan begannegotiations with Germany
Both agreed to take Russia
Plans were thwarted however
when Russia and Germany signed
a non-aggression pact
With the lost hope of invadingRussia, Japan set its sights to the
south
JAPAN Japan began to move against
French Indonesia, modern Vietnam,
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French Indonesia, modern Vietnam,
Cambodia, Thailand and Malaysia
The US warned of attacks there and began an oil embargo in August of
1941
Japan had to decide 1) Attack the
US or 2) Stop expanding
They decided to attack the US fleet
at Pearl Harbor
They felt it would cripple the US
leaving them to sue for peace
JAPAN
Japan thought, by destroying the
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US fleet at Pearl Harbor in oneswoop it would eliminate all
opposition in the pacific
They believed the US would not act
but allow Japan to do as it desired
On Sunday December 7, 1941 Japan
attacked the US at Pearl
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