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CHINA

In China, its people refer to the land

as Zhong-guo [Middle Kingdom]

Many believed they were theworlds only inhabitants

They had good reason, China is

very isolated

North=Gobi Desert,

West=Himalayas, East=PacificOcean, South=Dense rain forest

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CHINA

China is currently home to over 1.3

billion people

The massive nation covers over 3.7

million miles

Yet most the entire population livesalong the eastern 1/3 of the country

Reason = farming, only 20% of theland is level

Only 10% is good for farming

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CHINA

The climate of China varies greatly

North=Warm to Hot summers,

Cold Winters

South=Humid, Rainy, Tropical

China has 3 major rivers,

populations swell around them

Areas surrounding the rivers offer

excellent trade, water, good

farming

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CHINA

The three major rivers of China are:

Huang He = Yellow River, 1000’s of

miles long in northern China

Silty, loamy water is yellow in color

Also referred to as the River of

Sorrow

Floods often, many have been

killed

1931, 4 million died in a flood

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CHINA

Chang/Yangtze River = Near

modern city of Shanghai. 3rd

longest river in the world

Massive river, very controversialdue to construction of Three Gorges

Dam

Largest dam in the world

Will power many great Chinese

cities

Will also leave millions homeless

and ruin many natural habitats

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CHINA

Yi River = Great river in the south

Hub of trading with the world

Also a great river for farmers

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CHINA

2/3 thirds of China is mountain/

semi desert

The most prominently deserts are

the Gobi and Taklimakan

The Gobi is one of the most

inhospitable places on Earth

Temperatures can vary from -45

degrees to 100

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CHINA

China is home to many great

mountain ranges

The Himalayas to the west aredominated by Mt. Everest

In the south exists the Guilin

Mountains, mainly made of

limestone they pose unique shapes

The Hengduan Mountains areconsidered the birthplace of flowers

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1) What core values were established in China through the

story of Yu?

2) How did the Chinese writing system create China’s social

class order?

=Terms/Events =Questions =People

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

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CHINA

Chinese history began with a great

flood

After 7 long years, flood waters

would not abate

Young hero, Yu , decided it was time

to master the flood

For 13 years, worked day and night

planting trees, digging canals

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CHINA

Due to Yu’s efforts, the flood waters

subsided

Huang He River or Yellow Riverdid not flood again for 1,600 years

People celebrated the great

leadership and work ethic of Yu

Made him king, first Chinese

Ruling Dynasty, Xia , wasestablished

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CHINA

Many are unsure if the story is

accurate

The first Dynasties left few artifacts

Story does however set the

foundation for core Chinese beliefs

The Chinese to this day believestrongly in the value of hard work,

good leadership and fighting back the great rivers of China

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CHINA

What we do know, is that China’s

early civilizations used wooden

hoes, sticks to plant crops along the

Huang He River

They worshiped a God named

Shang Di

They believed that if they did not

appease the Gods, they would have

hardship

Not pleasing the Gods meant,

famine, poor government, floods

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CHINA

The second great Chinese Dynasty

was the Shang

This dynasty began around 1600BC

We know much more about the

Shang because they developed a

written language

This language is found today inancient carvings

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CHINA

The Shang king’s life revolved

around pleasing the Gods

He began a tradition of consulting

advisors

If a problem persisted, the kingwould turn to his dead ancestors

Ancestors would be called bymaking offerings

Questions would be asked using

divination bones

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CHINA

On the bones, questions would be

written

The bones were then subject togreat heat, causing cracks

Cracks were interpreted as answers

The king would then take the

answers and ancestral advice

Pleasing the ancestors, Chinese

gods would bring the King goodfortune

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CHINA

The early civilizations of China alsoestablished the Chinese writing system

It is made up of ideographs , that representwords or thoughts

They also used pictographs to represent

objects through pictures

The Shang Dynasty used over 3,000ideographs

Later Dynasties would require scholars to

know over 10,000

With so many ideographs, many, such asfarmers, had no time to study, became illiterate

Established class structure; only the brightestand most wealthy could become scholars

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CHINA

1027 BC, Zhou invaded from the

north west, replaced the Shang

Dynasty

They began a new tradition called

“The Mandate of Heaven”

This asserted that heaven gave

certain people a right to rule

If heaven did not like the ruler, themandate would be withdrawn,

chaos would ensue

Began the Dynastic Cycle

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THE DYNASTIC CYCLE

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1) What is the goal of Confucianism?

2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of legalism?


ESSENTIAL QUESTION

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CHINA

The Zhou Dynasty put in place manytraditions that would influence laterChinese dynasties

By 700 BC, the Zhou Dynasty fell into

decay

Many powerful lords separatedthemselves from the empire andformed their own states

These states continued to war againstone another “Warring States Period”

It was during this time that China’sgreatest thinkers emerged

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CHINA

551 BC, China’s greatest

philosopher, Confucius was born

Confucius lived during a time of

disorder and war

Sought to restore peace and

harmony

Went out and attempted to teach

his beliefs to high courts

Teachings were rejected, Confucius

was not popular during his lifetime

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CHINA

However, a small group of followers collected and passed on

his writings, “The Analects”

These would become very popular

and are part of Chinese culture tothis day

Teachings taught rulers that they

should provide good government

Also taught that the kings subjectsshould always be loyal

The overriding goal of his teachings

were peace and respect

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CHINA

Teachings of Confucius are based

around the 5 Relationships

1) Ruler and the Ruled

2) Father and the Son

3) Old Brother and the Young

Brother

4) Husband and Wife

5) Friend to Friend

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CHINA

According to Confucius, the superiorindividual should set an example to theinferior

“If a ruler himself is upright, all will gowell without orders. But if he himself isnot upright, even though he givesorders, they will not be obeyed.”

Likewise the father is the mostimportant individual in the family

Confucius set in motion filial piety,duty and respect of children

In time, Confucian teachings becamethe core of Chinese society

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CHINA

After Confucius came another great

teacher called Lao Tzu

Like Confucius, Lao looked to

establish order and peace

Teachings became knows as Taoism

Tao means the way

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CHINA

Taoists conflicted with Confucius in terms of government, and rules

They saw these things as artificial, man made

Taoists seek to follow the natural way

They believe in small government, few, butsimple rules

Simplicity in all things is key

Ying/Yang Tao symbol of harmony

White = Yang represents female, soft, slow andtranquil

Black = Yin and represents males, fast, toughand aggressive

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CHINA

Confucians thought that order was based on relationships and

behavior

Taoists saw that order was based

upon people and nature

Taoists thought it best to live a

natural way, following nature

Anything else was man made and

caused war and chaos

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CHINA

Taoists believed that the best form

of government was one that hadthe fewest rules

“The wise man keeps to the deedthat consists of taking no action and

practices using no words”

Taoists then were peaceful and

natural

They sought simplicity and this

philosophy heavily influenced the

arts

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CHINA

Taoists influenced the arts and

sciences in many ways

It is believed by many that theinventors of Gun Powder were

Taoist

They used it to frighten off ghosts

They also made technological

breakthroughs in science andastronomy

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CHINA

Another great thinker that would

revolutionize Chinese culture was

Han Feizi

He, like Lao, refuted the teachingsof Confucius

He argued that people respond to

rewards and punishments, not

example

Invented a new system of government called legalism

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1) In what ways does Sun Tzu’s military philosophy differ

from western ways of war?


ESSENTIAL QUESTION

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CHINA

From 476BC to 221BC, China wasin a constant state of war

7 Great states fought for control of

all of China

Great military minds and

strategists were in high demand

It was at this time that one of thegreatest military minds emerged

His name was Sun Tzu

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CHINA

The King of Wu worried he wouldlose against the State of Chu which

was much larger

Sun Tzu did not believe victory

was predetermined based on armysize

Sun Tzu was challenged by the

King of the State of Wu to

demonstrate his skill before givinghim charge of his army

He was told to train a harem of 180

women to become soldiers

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CHINA

Sun Tzu took the challenge

He appointed two of the kings

concubines as commanders

He then divided the women into

two companies

He gave the order for the women to

turn right at the sound of the

drums

The drums sounded and thewomen laughed

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CHINA

According to Sun Tzu “If the orders

are not clear, it is the fault of the

general”

Sun Tzu took the time to give theinstructions again, this time to

ensure that all understood

The command was given to turn

following the drums

The drums sounded and yet againthe women laughed

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CHINA

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CHINA


are clear and the command is not

followed, it is the fault of the

subordinates”

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CHINA




subordinates”

Following the second failure, Sun

Tzu had the two women beheaded

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CHINA




subordinates”



He then gave the order a third time

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CHINA




subordinates”



He then gave the order a third time

This time they all obeyed with totalobedience

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CHINA

The demonstration was enough,

Sun Tzu was given command over

the Wu army

Against the larger Chu force heengaged them in a series of

Guerrilla tactics

The smaller Wu force was able to

prevail

Sun Tzu wrote down his methods

of War in a book called “The Art of

War”

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CHINA

The Art of War is a very simplistic

book of strategy

It was heavily guarded in China for

centuries

Eventually it spread across Asia

Napoleon was the first westerner to

receive a copy

The book still sees wide use and is

most known as the way by which

the US failed in Vietnam

7/30/2019 Asia WH


CHINAWestern philosophy of War is

similar to the game of chess

Chess employs strategy, a single

direct objective, and decimatingyour enemies top pieces

In China, their philosophy is

similar to the game Go

Battles in Go are about small

advantages

Winner wins by a narrow margin

It is more holistic, winning a single

battle does not determine victory

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THE ART OF WAR

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1) Why do the Chinese consider Shi Huangdi’s reign as the

beginning of Chinese history?


ESSENTIAL QUESTION

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CHINA

By 200 BC, one power began to

dominate all of China

Slowly the Warring States Period

was drawing to a close

China was about to unify under

one man

This person was Emperor Shi

Huangdi

It is with him that China’s history

officially began

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CHINA

Emperor Shi Huangdi united hispeople under Han Feizi’s legalism

This was a very strict way of life

with heavy consequences for

misbehavior

The Emperor created a powerfully

obedient military and used it to

slowly conquer the other states

They invented cast iron and used it

to outproduce their enemies

The other states were: Yan, Chu,

Han, Zhou and Wei

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CHINA

After defeating all other states, a

new Dynasty emerged, the Qin

Dynasty

The Qin Dynasty gave modernChina its name

Shi Huangdi means first emperor

and that is how he is addressed in

modern China

This Dynasty however would beshort lived

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CHINA

The first emperor lived a life in

constant fear of assassination

Rival states continually sentassassins to kill him

As a result, the king lived a life of

seclusion, allowing almost no one

to come near him

He was constantly in fear of beingpoisoned as well

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CHINA

Under the legalist rule, people livedin constant fear

The first emperor did however take

care if his people [those who were

obedient]

It was the first emperor who began

construction on the Great Wall

It was built to keep foreign

invaders from attacking from the

north

Little of this first wall still exists

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CHINA

In the south, the first emperor

began construction on the Lingqu

Canal

It linked the Yangtze river in thenorth to a smaller river in the south

It was a marvel of engineering in its

time

These two things were only the

beginning however of the firstemperors constructions

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CHINA

In the later years of his life, the first

emperor became obsessed with

discovering an elixir of immortality

He sent 1000’s out on expeditions

to discover a secret potion

Many failed to return in fear their

failure would bring about death

According to legend, some of theseexplorers colonized Japan

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CHINA

The first emperor died on

september 10th of 210 BC

He died from taking mercury pills

thinking they would grant himimmortality

Prior to his death however, he

embarked on a spectacular

construction spree

These accomplishments are stillconsidered marvels of the world

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CHINA

At the age of 13, the first emperor began construction on a terra-cotta

army to take with him in the

afterlife

It took 700,000 men, decades tocreate

That number of workers exceeded

the populations of any world city at

the time

An army of hardened earth or claywas created and buried near his

tomb

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CHINA

Each of his soldiers, his height and

physical features, were taken into

account

No two soldiers are alike

It was not until the 1974 that it was

discovered by farmers trying to dig

a well

The army was not the only

construction built for the firstemperors death

7/30/2019 Asia WH


CHINAIn 215 BC, 5 years before the

emperors death, construction on apyramid began

It was designed to be the emperors

burial tomb

300,000 men were put to the task

He would have valuables andartifacts placed in it

1000’s of booby traps were

designed to keep looters away

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CHINA

The pyramid also featured rivers of

flowing mercury

Surprisingly, the tomb remains

intact and un-opened

Probes have confirmed an open

space within the pyramid and high

traces of mercury

The Chinese government will notopen it until they are 100% certain

they can do so and maintain what

is within

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1) Why did the Chinese eventually adopt Confucianism?


ESSENTIAL QUESTION

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CHINA

Only four years after Emperor Shi

Huangdi’s death, his empire fellapart

Generals and other states began to

war with one another in the power

wake

A young prince named Liu Bang of

the Han defeated the Qin army in

206 BC

He started a new dynasty that

became known as the Han

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CHINA

Many were open to new leadershipafter enduring the harsh legalism

The Han switched from legalism toconfucianism

Han China rivaled the Roman

Empire in power and achievement

China experianced some of its

greatest growth during the Han era

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CHINA

Han China expanded China into

Korea, Manchuria, Southwest Asiaand even India

The Han sent out an expedition

lead by Zhang Qian to see what lie

west of China

Qian traveled far, across

Uzbekistan to the Middle East and

perhaps to parts of Europe

He sent a convoy that met with

Augustus Caesar

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CHINA

Qian brought back amazing talesthat inspired travelers to venture

west

These travelers eventually set up

trade hubs and trailblazed a path tothe west known as the Silk Road

Due to the Silk Road, the Han

dynasty experienced great financial

wealth

They created a vast food storage

This assisted in the growth of

China’s vast o ulation

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CHINA

The Han Dynasty reached its peak in 87 BC under the reign of Wudi

Many people were upset at the

aristocracy of China

Emperor Wudi instituted a national

exam called the Civil Service Exam

Anyone could take it

Those who passed the test wereappointed to government positions

These people became scholars and

represented the nobility of China

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CHINA

Despite these successes, the

peasants grew unhappy

Only the wealthy could dedicate

time to pass the Civil Service Exam

Soon peasant revolts rose up across

the empire

Political turmoil fractured the

empire

A series of powerful warlords ruledthe land

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CHINA

In 581 AD, a new leader by the

name of Sui Yangdi consolidated

power

Sui was a ruthless leader who ruledwith an iron fist

Legalism was reinstituted

China was unified and peacerestored

He initiated the Sui [Sway] Dynasty

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CHINA

The greatest accomplishment of the

Sui Dynasty was the completion of The Grand Canal

The Canal connected the YellowRiver to the Yangtze River

It greatly improved shipping and

increased food transportation and

population growth

The Canal was built upon slave

labor

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CHINA

Sui Yangdi was much alike to Shi

Huangdi

Both united China under harsh rule

Soon, people were rebelling against

Sui’s harsh methods

Sui began issuing taxes in order to

build opulent palaces for his court

In 618 AD, mass rebellions brokeout and the Sui Dynasty fell

7/30/2019 Asia WH


CHINAThe Dynasty that replaced the Sui was

the Tang [Tong]

The Tang Dynasty returned to more

lenient rule

They incorporated Confucianism to theCivil Service Exam

Confucianism prevented conflict and was

a more agreeable form of government

Land was taken from the rich and givento the poor and needy

The Tang Dynasty also expanded China’s

borders into the Himalayas, Tibet and

Korea

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CHINA

In the Dynasty’s later years, it fell

into political corruption

In one example, it was said that an

emperor entertained his young

daughter each day with 100’s of

dancers

He also sent 1000’s to remote

locations to procure rare and ripe

fruit for his spoiled daughter

It did not take the people long to

rebel against such abuses of power

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CHINA

A bizarre practice emerged duringthe Tang Dynasty

One story holds that a Tang

Emperor was infatuated with the

small feet of a acrobat

It became popular by Tang dancinggirls who courted scholars of the

high courts

Foot binding was practiced overthe centuries by lower classes as a

means to political power

It was not abolished until the 1950’s

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1) Why did Buddhism spread across China so rapidly?


ESSENTIAL QUESTION

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CHINA

In the 1st century AD, during theHan Dynasty, Buddhism arrived in

China

Most foreign beliefs and practices

in China were rejected, notBuddhism

Buddhism fit perfectly into China,

it filled a critical void

Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism all

dealt with life on earth

Buddhism dealt with the afterlife

C

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CHINA

Buddhism gave hope to those who

did good in life

Especially popular for the peasants

Buddhism in China however took

on a new approach

It combined Taoist and Confucian beliefs into one

CHINA

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CHINA

Buddhism was founded in Nepal

by Siddhartha Gautama

When born, a wise man

pronounced that the child wouldeither be a great ruler or religious

leader

Siddhartha’s father, desiring the

first, never let Gautama out of his

sight

Gautama one day escaped to see

the world. Saw 4 things

CHINA

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CHINA

The first thing he saw was an old

man

Then he saw a sick man

Then a dead man

And last of all, a beggar

This caused Gautama to realize life

was full of sorrow

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BUDDHISM

The images continued to hauntSiddhartha

He left his family, his life of luxuryto find answers

Siddhartha desired to know thecause and cure to the worlds sorrow

He traveled the world, greatlytroubled at the suffering of mankind

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BUDDHISM

After six years of searching, he satone day under a sacred tree tomeditate

While meditating, he was sweptaway in a vision

He received his answer and came toan understanding of the purpose of life

From this point on he becameknown as the enlightened one orBuddha

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BUDDHISMSiddhartha spent the remainder of his

life teaching others how to attain

happiness

His teachings are called the 4 noble

truths

1st is that suffering is universal

2nd the cause of suffering is desire

3rd the only way to end suffering is to

crush desire

If people give up desire, they achieve

Nirvana, freedom from the cycle of

death

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BUDDHISM

4th the way to end desire is to follow the

8 fold path

The 8 fold path stresses understanding

sorrow, compassion and truth

Buddhism spread across India

Asoka, and Indian ruler, converted and

sent missionaries to preach buddhism

They arrived in China in the firstcentury

Buddhism spread like wildfire amongst

the lower classes, giving them hope

CHINA

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CHINA

Later, two divisions of Buddhismemerged

Theravada , Buddha is viewed as a

great teacher, monastic life is theway to Nirvana

Mahayana , Buddha is worshiped

as a God

1st is worshipped in SE Asia

2nd in China, Japan, Korea

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION

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1) How did Genghis Khan create the world’s second largestempire?


ESSENTIAL QUESTION

CHINA

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CHINA

Beginning in about 500 BC, a new

enemy began to threaten China

During the decline of the Zhou

Dynasty, a group of northernherdsman named the Xiongnu

began to carry out attacks

They rode horses and carried out

lightning raids

The Chinese war chariots were nomatch for the speed of the single

horseman with bows

CHINA

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CHINA

What started in the 500 BC as a

mere molestation became a seriousthreat by 200 BC

The constant Xiongnu raids

provoked Shi Huangdi to beginconstruction on the Great Wall

This slowed but did not stop the

attacks

Raids became more frequent and

more ferocious during the

subsequent dynasties

CHINA

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CHINA

It is believed the Hun came from

the Xiongnu

No one however is certain of the

Hun origins

The people of Mongolia or the

Steppes of Russia did not keep

histories

By the 400 AD, the Hun began to

migrate possibly out of China and

moved westward towards Europe

CHINA

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CHINA

The Hun showed up at the Black

Sea in 370 AD

They soon began attacking the

Alans, a Germanic Barbarian tribe

After that, the Hun moved on the

Visigoths and pushed them into

Roman territory

This had a chain reaction effect that

ultimately brought down the

Roman Empire

CHINA

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CHINAAround 600 AD, the horsemen of the north were back

A new Dynasty was on the rise, the

Song

The Dynasty started off with greatpromise but proved to be short

lived

A new power in the north had

formed, they were called theMongols

China did all it could to repel the

invaders but they failed

CHINA

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CHINA

Northern China, or Mongolia, has a

fascinating history

Around 1160 AD, Temujin was born

At this time, Mongolia consisted of 30 warring tribes

They, like the Hun, were a group of

nomadic people who lived on their

horses

At the age of nine, a rival clan

poisoned Temujin’s father

CHINA

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CHINA

Temujin was raised an orphan andquickly began to display great

leadership skills

Vengeance led him to unit several

Mongolian tribes

In time, Temujin destroyed the clan

that killed his father

It is unknown if Temujin continuedto seek revenge or if he wanted to

gain more lands, but he embarked

on one of the world’s greatest

conquests

CHINA

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CHINAAt the age of 40, Temujin had

crushed all of his enemies

He united the rest under his rule

and was crowned by his people as

Genghis Khan [Great Ruler]

Genghis Khan’s army never

exceeded 110,000 people but heused it to create one of the worlds

greatest empires

First, Genghis Khan attacked China

He incorporated its technology,

gunpowder, and government into

his Mongol culture

CHINA

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CHINAThen Genghis moved westward

and took parts of the Middle East

The Middle Eastern Shah of the city

Samarkand rejected Genghis’ pleas

for peace

The Shah attacked and killed 450

Mongolian merchants who passedthrough his country

Genghis’ reaction was swift and

brutal

He attacked and eradicated the city

of Samarkand and the surrounding

areas

CHINA

7/30/2019 Asia WH


CHINAGenghis left no one alive

Sources recall that a Muslim

worker and friends spent 13 dayscounting the dead

In all, over 1.3 million people werekilled by Genghis Khan

The region attacked by Genghis

remains desolate to this very day

There was little time for Genghis

Khan to relish his victory

Rebellion was spreading back home

in China

CHINA

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CHINA

On the journey back to China,Genghis Khan died

Sources are sketchy

Some claim he fell from his horseand was wounded

Others claim he caught Typhus

His last request was to make Chinapay for its rebellion

His grandson would see the wish

fulfilled

CHINA

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CHINAFollowing Genghis Khans death,

his empire was divided into

Khanates

All regions were ruled separately

Had Genghis Khan not died, it islikely the Mongols would have

attempted to take Europe

After Genghis’ death, the empire

continued to grow in size

Timur attacked and destroyed India

Others poured into Europe

CHINA

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CHINAIn China, Genghis Khan’s grandson

Kublai succeeded in destroying

China

He established the Yuan Dynasty

Kublai Khan relocated the city tothe north

He built lavish palaces and wide

streets

He named the city Khanbaliq, it is

modern day Beijing

It became the jewel of the east

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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

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1) Why did the Chinese emperor destroy Zheng He’s fleet?

2) How was this China’s only opportunity to dominate the

world?


ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

CHINA

7/30/2019 Asia WH


CHINA

Kublai was known as a great leader

Many people, even Chinese,

enjoyed and respected his rule

He expanded the empire intoVietnam and Thailand

Then, he made the mistake of

planning invasion of Japan

The Japanese were terrified, but

decided they would fight to the

bitter end

CHINA

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CHINA

As Kublai Khan’s fleet sailed for Japan, a miracle occurred

A typhoon arose and destroyed the

entire fleet

Japan was preserved

They came to refer to the typhoon

as as “Kamikaze” [divine winds]

The Japanese would believe that

the gods would always protect

them from invasion

CHINA

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CHINA

The era of Mongol control overChina came to be known as the

Yuan Dynasty

It prospered greatly under Kublai

but faltered after his death

We know much of this time from

the writings of Marco Polo

Marco Polo was a merchant/

explorer who traveled to China

He wrote of what he saw in his

book

CHINA

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CHINA

Eventually the Mongol Dynastydeclined

Foreign wars proved costly

Later leaders were corrupt and didnot rule as the predecessors had

In 1368, the Chinese revolted and

expelled the Mongols back to

Mongolia

A new Chinese Dynasty began that

would rival all dynasties before it

CHINA

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CHINAThe founder of this new Dynasty

came to be known as Ming HongWu

The Dynasty then has come to be

called the Ming Dynasty

The Ming expanded Chinese power

to its greatest extent

They fortified and built the Great

Wall we see in China today

They also improved the Grand

Canal and re-instituted the Civil

Service Exam

CHINA

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CHINA

The Ming built a luxurious palacecomplex for nobility and the

emperor

It was called the Imperial City or

today, the Forbidden City

One of the marvels of the Ming

Dynasty was the great naval fleet of

Zheng He

The Ming Emperor commanded it

be built to explore what lay beyondChina’s borders

CHINA

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CHINA

The fleet consisted of 62 ships,28,000 men, and made 7 great

voyages

The ships were known as Junks,

they exceeded lengths of 400

They were big enough to house

entire armies, and even fields were

grown on them

They traveled to the far reaches of the world and brought what they

found back to China

CHINA

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CHINASome have speculated that it is

possible the Chinese arrived in theAmericas before Columbus

After the emperors death, the

subsequent emperor ordered the

entire fleet to be destroyed

China had all it needed and did not

need foreign influence

Great speculation exists that theChinese could have ruled the seas

and been more powerful thanEuropeans had this not have

occurred

CHINA

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CHINA

It was also during the MingDynasty that Europeans made their

way into China

In 1514, a Portuguese fleet arrived

in China

China was not impressed with

Europeans and prohibited them

from China

Many were amazed however with

European clocks, eyeglasses andsome embraced Christianity

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION

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1) What did Europeans do to earn disdain from the Chinesethat would last for centuries?


ESSENTIAL QUESTION

CHINA

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CHINAIn the late 16th century, the Ming

Dynasty fell into decline

High taxes, weak government, and

peasant revolts helped bring the

Dynasty down

Also, China underwent a

widespread famine and epidemicthat killed thousands

Many said the cause of the famine

was the loss of the Mandate of

Heaven

This proved the final straw for a

dying dynasty

CHINA

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CHINAIn the north, a powerful clan

targeted China

They were known as the Manchu

They had admired China, but now

they saw a chance to seize control

Due to inner problems, the Ming

were unable to repel the foreigners

The Manchu took control of Chinaand started a new and final

Dynasty

It was known as the Qing

CHINA

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CHINA

During the late Ming and early

Qing Dynasties, Europeans started

to arrive

Christian missionaries and traderswere allowed inland

Many converted to Christianity

Emperors soon viewed westernersas a threat to Chinese culture

They began policies of isolation

CHINA

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CHINA

“With harmony at home, there will be order in the nation. With order

in the nation, there will be peace in

the world”

Confucianism dominated theChinese way of life

Beginning with the Han, the family

lived and worked together

Everyone had a role and duties and

those were abided with respect andhonor

CHINA

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CHINA

Family affairs were dominated bymales

The husband, then the oldest son,

commanded the house

Fathers assigned their children's

careers and who they married

They managed family finances and

gave out rewards and punishments

Honor did not stop at death, part of

the families responsibility was

honoring the deceased

CHINA

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CHINAHusbands and wives honored boys

more than girls

They needed hard labor to survive

and when a girl was married she

left her family

Married girls fell to the control of

their husbands mother

Many of these mothers were

abusive and forced a hard systemof home labor

It was a vicious cycle that

continued for centuries

CHINA

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C N

Chinese society was built uponthree classes

Landowners, peasants and

merchants

Education was highly valued

When the father died, his land andpossessions were divided amongst

all his sons

This meant that over time, people

gradually owned less which led to

revolutions

CHINA

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China is perhaps the most

innovative society in history

By 300 BC astronomers estimated

the length of the solar year

They kept valuable records of eclipses and were among the first to

document Halley’s Comet in 240BC

The Chinese realized theimportance of medicine and diet

They prescribed certain foods to the

sick for deficiencies

CHINA

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They devised a method of curing

pain through acupuncture

The used advanced fertilizers and

had animal clinics

They invented paper in 100 BC,

Iron drill bits, the wheel barrow

and gunpowder

They also invented the

seismometer, noodles, the

suspension bridge, compass,

rudder, sail and blast furnace

Their society has had a long lasting

impact on humanity

CHINA

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In recent years, trade with the westhas propelled China into a modern

age

Production has boomed and many

nations are exporting business toChina due to cheap labor

These businesses have created a

middle class and caused China to

modernize

The outlook for China looks bright

but problems still remain

CHINA

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Current problems surroundingChina are; poverty, pollution, birthrestrictions and possibly the

restrictions of democracy

China has also recently been in aneconomic downturn as worldwide

economies are struggling

However, despite all these

problems. China appears poised totake lead as one of the worlds

greatest economic and military

powers

CHINA NATIONALTELEVISION

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TELEVISION

BEIJING INTERNATIONALAIRPORT

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AIRPORT

SHANGHAI WORLDFINANCE CENTER

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FINANCE CENTER

NATIONAL SWIMMINGCENTER “WATER CUBE”

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CENTER “WATER CUBE”

DONGTAN ECO CITY

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BEIJING GRANDNATIONAL THEATER

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NATIONAL THEATER

BEIJING NATIONALSTADIUM “BIRDS NEST”

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STADIUM “BIRDS NEST”

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION

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1) Explain the mythical founding of Japan.

2) Why have the Japanese felt racially superior to other

Asians?


JAPAN

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Japanese legend says that the

nation was formed when male and

female gods threw a jeweled spear

into the sea

The salt water that dripped off its

end hardened, creating the islands

of Japan

Only after the creation of Japan, did

the gods create the rest of the world

JAPAN

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The two gods also created

Amaterasu

Because they loved her the most,they sent her to heaven to rule over

the earth

Their son, Tsuki-yumi became the

moon and Susanowo the storm god

Amaterasu gave life to everythingaround her while Susanowodestroyed it

JAPAN

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Susanowo frightened Amaterasu and she

hid in a cave

While she hid, the world began to die

To coerce her out, the gods placed mirror

and a jewel on a nearby tree

The gods banished Susanowo to earth

and his descendants became the first

humans

Amaterasu sent her grandson, Ninigi to

earth with her mirror, the jewel and asword so all would remember her

By tradition, each emperor today is

presented with a jewel, a mirror and a

sword

JAPAN

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Japan is an Archipelago, or a stringof islands

It is located off the coast of China

It consists of 4 main islands andover 3000 small islands

The four main islands are;

Kyushu = southernmost, Shikoku= just north of Kyushu, Honshu =

large mainland, Hokkaido =

northernmost

JAPAN

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The sea has always served as a

protection to Japan, much like

England

The Japanese traveled to themainland when they chose

They did not allow any to come to

them unless they chose

This gave the Japanese the best of all surrounding cultures

JAPAN

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Japan, in size, is smaller than the state of

Montana

Population is vast, over 125 million

Majority of the population is crammedinto cities

Reason, the country is very mountainous

Honshu is the most fertile and densely

populated

20,000 people per square mile, state of

New York 360

JAPAN

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The agriculture of Japan is based

around rice and fish

Terrace farming provides 3/4 of

Japans food

Only 8% of the population are

farmers, yet the nation imports

very little food

Farming techniques produce veryhigh yields, nothing wasted

JAPAN

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Economically, Japan has little

mineral resources

This caused many problems for

Japan as it industrialized

Today, Japan imports resources

form Malaysia, Philippines and

North America

Oil for Japan, like the US, comesfrom the Middle East

JAPAN

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Japan has a special cultural identity

It is a mix of Chinese/Korean and

white Ainu from Russia

This has caused them to feel

culturally unique

It also has lead to ethnocentrism

Japan today still enjoys few

minority groups

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION

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1) Why did Japan only have one dynasty?


JAPAN

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Japan has one of the worlds most

ancient civilizations

Archaeologists believe people began to inhabit the islands as far

back as 14,000 BC

Earliest artifacts have been found

from as far back as 10,000 BC

DNA suggests that the Ainu aremodern descendants of theseancient peoples

JAPAN

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These early civilizations began areligious practice that still endures

today

It is called Shinto or Shintoism

Shintoism [early origins] had no set

of rules no book or even a name

When Buddhists arrived from

China, they named the religion

Shinto

Means: “The Way of the Gods”

JAPAN

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In Shinto, the Japanese believed in

spirits or Kami

Kami live in everything, rocks,rivers, lakes, mountains, even

people

They believed these Kami

controlled nature

Through offerings and purification,the Japanese could appease theKami

JAPAN

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Shinto shrines are built anywhere theysee a great spirit

Such as Mount Fuji or in the ocean

Here people pray to the spirits and

appease them

In return they will get good fortune,crops, no harm

Shinto does not provide anything onafterlife

Buddhism filled this void, the two beliefs converged

JAPAN

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An early legend that has tied

Japanese religion into governmentis the legacy of Jimmu

In 711 BC, great white leader

named Jimmu united Japan

Son of the sun goddess Amaterasu

He defeated his enemies by battling

with the sun at his back

The modern Emperor of Japan

claims to be the descendent of

Jimmu and Amaterasu, thus

claiming divine decadency

JAPAN

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Shinto linked religion to

government

A national shrine was later

established at Ise [ee-say]

There the Emperor would pay

tribute to the sun goddess

Amaterasu

The Emperor came to be held as agod on earth and was revered by all

JAPAN

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The Ainu people did not have

bronze or iron weapons

When the Chinese and Koreansarrived in 200 BC, they easily

overran the island

They introduced iron and rice to

Japan

In 200 AD, a new wave of warriorsarrived from the mainland,

breaking Japan into clans

JAPAN

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Early Japanese society was dominated by

several tribes

By 400AD, many tribes united, formed

the Yamato Clan

The Yamato Clan claimed to be

descendants of the Sun Goddess

Amaterasu

The Yamato Clan also set up first and

only Japanese Dynasty

Present Emperor claims descent to

Yamato Clan

This Dynasty has never been overthrown

JAPAN

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Other clans continued to rule

various part of Japan

All however owed loyalty to the

Yamato chief

He was the only chief who was

descended from Amaterasu

At first, the emperor held

tremendous power

Over time he developed into more

of a figurehead

JAPAN

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By 500 AD, missionaries fromChina brought Buddhism to Japan

They also brought written language

From 550 to 850 AD, Japan borrowed technology from China

They also borrowed Taoism,

Confucianism, Philosophy and

government

They were selective however, did

not borrow the mandate of heaven

JAPAN

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A powerful family began to wrench

control away from the emperor

They were the Fujiwara Family

They promoted themselves by

marrying their daughters to the

emperor

In 646 AD, the Fujiwara claimed allland was under the control of theemperor

JAPAN

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Clan leaders could overseepeasants but total control fell to theemperor

Government officials would collect

taxes from the people for theemperor

In 710 AD, the Japanese built theirfirst capital city at Nara

Nara had broad streets,

government buildings and

buddhist temples

JAPAN

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A massive Buddhist Temple calledTodajii was built in Nara

It was the peak of Japanese

buddhism

The Nara Period was veryproductive from Japan

It produced great works in

architecture and literature

Japan appeared however, very

Chinese

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION

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1) Be able to explain the characteristics of Heian Japan.


JAPAN

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In 794 AD, the Emperor moved the

royal court to Heian [hey-un],modern Kyoto

This ended the Nara Period and

commenced the Heian Period

During this time, the power of the

Emperor declined

The emperor was reduced to a

symbolic figurehead

Court families and wealthy lords,mainly the Fujiwara, took control of

Japan

JAPAN

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Japan during the early centuries ADwas mostly comprised of farmers

Nobles took control of the land and became wealthy off of taxes

These nobles came to viewthemselves as even more importantthan the emperor

Near 1000 AD, Japan began to import

many things from the mainland

A new high court life emerged

JAPAN

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During the Nara Period, Japanmimicked China

The Heian Period marked the birth of Japan’s own culture and traditions

The focus of the Heian Court was thepursuit of beauty

This ideal pervaded all of Japaneseculture

It stemmed from lavish tea parties towrapping gifts, mixing perfumes andwriting poetry

JAPAN

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Calligraphy became the mark of character

Many spent countless hoursperfecting the artistic style of writing

Women were said to fall in love withmen just by looking at theirhandwriting

This time period saw an incredibleamount of art and beauty

It is similar in many ways to the artthat came out during the renaissancein Europe

JAPAN

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During the Nara Period, Japanesewomen hardly appeared in history

That changed during the Heian

Period

Many women became aristocrats

and achieved great power

The Heian Period produced many books of female poetry

JAPAN

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From the 9th to 12th centuriesfemales learned to read and to

write

While the Japanese spoke a

different language for much of theirearly history they wrote in Chinese

That began to change when the

Japanese developed their own

system of writing called Kana

This new writing system was used

by Murasaki Shikibu

JAPAN

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Shikibu wrote one of the worlds

oldest fictional novels called “TheTale of Genji”

The novel follows the life of a

young prince [Genji] as he tried to

remain in favor with powerfullords in Japan

It is a book of wonderful

adventures, heroics, love and

sadness

It has reveled much of what Life in

Japan was like at this time

JAPANAnother prominent Japanese woman,

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Another prominent Japanese woman,Sei Shonagon , wrote her thoughts in

a journal

This journal comes to us today as“The Pillow Book”

It contains random thoughts aboutlife in Heian Japan

It shows forth a simplistic poetic beauty that was highly praised inHeian times

It, like the “Tale of Genji”, givesinsight into Japan during the HeianPeriod

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION

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1) Why did Japan switch from being ruled by the emperor to being ruled by the military?


JAPAN

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During the Heian Period, the

Japanese Emperor grew very weak

He was regarded as a god but hadlittle say in political affairs

True power resided in the hands of wealthy nobles

These nobles spent most of their

time with the arts and cared little

for rural Japan

Neglect led the empire towards

collapse

JAPAN

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By the 1100’s AD, two royal

families vied for the control of Japan

One was the Tiara and the other the

Minamoto

The families clashed in a massive

battle in 1185 AD

Minamoto Yoritomo emerged as the

strongest

He would institute a new form of

militaristic rule in Japan

JAPANAfter defeating his rivals, Yoritomo

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After defeating his rivals, Yoritomomarched on Kyoto

The emperor saved himself by naminghim “Shogun”

The Shogun became the real political

and military commander of Japan

The emperor remained in Kyoto andcarried on his ritual life

Yoritomo relocated the military

government, called the shogunate , toKamakura [Tokyo]

This period is referred to as theKamakura Period

JAPANThe shogunate proved capable at

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The shogunate proved capable at

first

They repelled the Mongols in 1274

This legitimized their rule over

Japan

However, the shogun’s power

waned over the next 60 years

By 1336, Japan fell into a state of

turmoil

The shogun was overrun by

powerful warlords called Daimyo

JAPAN

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Daimyo held all power because it

was they who controlled localwarriors

In order to govern their lands, the

Shogun appointed Daimyo

These Daimyo trained soldiers,

known as Samurai , to keep control

When the Daimyo rebelled against

the shogun, he was left powerless

Japan fell into its own warring

states period

JAPAN

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The Samurai swore oaths to protect

their Daimyo

Peasants rented a Daimyo’s land

which he farmed and paid a

portion back

Samurai protected them and raided

other local Daimyo

It was very similar to the feudal

system of Europe

JAPANThe Samurai followed the Bushido

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Code

It was “The Way of the Warrior”

The code emphasized strict

discipline, honor and bravery on

the battle field

They fought on horseback, using

the bow

At their hip was the legendarysamurai sword , a weapon without

equal

Many samurai were in fact women

JAPAN

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If a Samurai brought dishonor to

his ruler, he was expected toobserve the law of Seppuku [hari-

kari]

This was ritual suicide

Death was better than dishonor

In one tragic event, 47 Samurai

committed suicide after mistakenly

killing a court official

This tradition resurfaced during

World War II

JAPAN

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The Samurai were not onlywarriors

While they prized the art of war

most, the also performed other arts

and achievements

Samurai wrote poetry and

practiced calligraphy

This warrior class society woulddominate Japan until the arrival of

Europeans in the 19th century

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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

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1) How did the west ruin their reputation in Japan?

2) What was life like under the 3 great commanders?


JAPAN

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During the 1400 and 1500’s

powerful Daimyos controlled Japan

War was frequent, the shogun was

powerless and the emperor onlycarried out religious ceremonies

The Samurai became ruthless

mercenaries

They raided lands, and slaughteredthe weak

JAPAN

A powerful Daimyo by the name of

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A powerful Daimyo by the name of

Oda Nobunaga , began uniting Japan

He sought to bring all of Japan

under his control

He seized control of most of the

island of Honshu

He deposed the shogun and

marched on Kyoto

After a 10 year siege, the emperor’s

city fell

JAPAN

Under Nobunaga Japan began to

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Under Nobunaga, Japan began to

have centralized power andharmony

In 1582, one of his soldiers

murdered him

Nobunaga’s top general, Toyotomi

Hideyoshi assumed control

Hideyoshi took a strong stance

against conspiring Daimyo’s

He disarmed the peasants and

prevented warrior training

JAPAN

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He limited the sizes of a Daimyo’s

samurai

He watched the Daimyo closely toassure they remained loyal

Hideyoshi planned to expand hiscontrol beyond Japan

He invaded Korea, in part to kill off

Japanese warriors that threatened

his control

He died in 1598

JAPAN

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Power then fell to Tokugawa

Leyasu

Leyasu completed Japan’s

unification

He eliminated all opposition and

forced the emperor to declare him

Shogun

The Tokugawa family retained theshogunate of Japan for 265 years

JAPAN

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During the rule of the 3 greatcommanders, Oda Nobunaga,

Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa

Leyasu Europeans began arriving

The Europeans were greetedwarmly by the Japanese

The first were the Portuguese

Europeans introduced to Japan:tobacco, clocks, eyeglasses and

firearms

JAPANChristianity also made its way into

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Japan via the Jesuits

Many converted, including Daimyo

Soon however, the Jesuits began

destroying Shinto Shrines

This was seen as a great trespass

Toyotomi Hideyoshi issued and

edict in 1587 that banned

Christianity

Those who had converted were

persecuted

JAPAN

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Soon, under Tokugawa Leyasu, not

only was Christianity prohibited

but also all foreigners

All were pushed out and trade with

the west was no longer permitted

Only one small colony on near

Nagasaki [Deshima], inhabited by

the Dutch was allowed

Many who lived there went mad,as only two ships per year were

allowed to the dock

JAPANUnder Tokugawa rule, Japan was

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organized into 250 states

Over each state was placed a new

Daimyo

These Daimyo were made to live in

the capital for a time to ensure theyremained true to the Shogun

During this time of peace, the

Samurai decreased in number

Many became farmers and their

unique skills were no longer

needed

JAPAN

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Japan experimented with manyother changes during the

Tokugawa Era

Some forms of industry flourished

as Japan began to learn of the west

Edo grew to be one of the worlds

largest cities at over 1 million

people

Many new forms of entertainment

grew in Edo

JAPAN

Social life in the cities surrounded

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Social life in the cities surrounded

bathhouses and theaters

Japanese merchants and Samurairelaxed in the company of Geishas

Geishas were professionally trainedentertainers

The sang, danced and engaged

tired workers and warriors in

conversations

Kabuki, a type of dance drama, also

became very popular

JAPANThe class system of Japan was

h

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based in the following manner

At the top were the warriors, then

peasants followed by artisans andmerchants last

Movement and marriage betweenclasses was prohibited

This class structure led to many

rebellions and disagreements

It would not be from within that

Japan would fall however, it would

be from abroad

JAPAN

In the 1600’s Japan was nearly

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In the 1600 s Japan was nearly

totally isolated from the world

Only trade was conducted throughthe Dutch and a little by the

Portuguese

China enjoyed a similar policy of

isolation

The British pushed their way into

China in the 1700’s

The US was the first nation to trade

with Japan

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JAPAN

In 1853, Commodore Matthew

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,

Perry of the US arrived in Japan

He brought a letter from the USPresident

It demanded better treatment forUS sailors and also desired the US

and Japan to enter trade

negotiations

It gave Japan a timeline to respond

When Japan could not decide, the

US decided for them

JAPAN

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Matthew Perry returned with alarge fleet and began to fire upon

Japanese docks

Japan decided to open their doors

to the west

They signed the Treaty of

Kanagawa which opened trade

with the US and Europeans

Still, many in Japan resisted

foreign influence

JAPAN

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Chief amongst those who did not

want trade with the west were the

Samurai

The Samurai organized and began

assaulting western ships

The west retaliated and the

Samurai were defeated

Japan realized how far behind thewest they were

JAPAN

Th S i h h d tt k d th

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The Samurai who had attacked the

west sought a return of the

Emperor

In 1868, Kyoto was attacked and

the Shogun was deposed

The Emperor was restored as the

leader of Japan

His name was Mutsuhito

His ascension to power has become

known as the Meiji Restoration

JAPAN

With the return of the Emperor the

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With the return of the Emperor the

Japanese capital Tokyo was born

[out of Edo]

Diplomats were sent abroad to

study western lifestyles, war, and

technology

O the next 50 years, Japan changed

immensely

Land was seized by the emperorand the Daimyo were adopted as

politicians

JAPAN

Of all the places in the west Japan

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Of all the places in the west, Japan

chose to pattern its government

after Imperial Germany

The majority of power went not to

parliament but to the Emperor

himself

In 1889 a constitution was created

just like Germany’s

Japan remained a strong tradepartner with the US and adopted

the US system of education

JAPAN

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Industry boomed and Japan rose to become a world power

The military was reformed and a

national army was created

All males were required to serve in

the military

Western ways and weapons were

incorporated into the army

Japan became a major power at sea

JAPAN

There was growing unrest between

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the emperor and the samurai

The samurai restored his power

The emperor seemed to no longer

need them as he adopted westernways of war

The samurai rebelled and the

emperor used the new national

army to put down the rebellion

In one final battle, 1000’s of

samurai warriors were cut down

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JAPAN

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Japan in the late 1800’s and early

1900’s began to expand outward

Main reason? Small island nation

needed raw materials for its

industry

Japan patterned itself after

Europeans and desired colonies

First area taken, 1874 the RyukyuIslands from China

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JAPANIn 1904, Japan attacked a Russiannaval base [Port Arthur]

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naval base [Port Arthur]

Result was a war between Russia

and Japan

It was fought both on land and on

sea

The Japanese defeated the land

army then defeated the Russian

Navy

Not to be outdone, Russia sent the

Baltic Fleet

Japan defeated it too

JAPAN

When Japan defeated Russia, the

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world was in awe at this newpower

Japan had arrived on the world

stage

In 1905, US/Japanese relations

began to sour

Japan decided to take Korea, the US

condemned the act

Japan was angered at the US for

instituting immigration laws

JAPAN

In 1931, Japan decided to capitalize

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In 1931, Japan decided to capitalize

on a weakened war torn China

That year they invaded and took Manchuria

The US warned but did not commitan army

From Manchuria, the Japanese

began pushing deeper into China

They extracted resources and sent

them back home to Japan

JAPAN

Japan then made plans to invade

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Russia

In the late 1930’s Japan begannegotiations with Germany

Both agreed to take Russia

Plans were thwarted however

when Russia and Germany signed

a non-aggression pact

With the lost hope of invadingRussia, Japan set its sights to the

south

JAPAN Japan began to move against

French Indonesia, modern Vietnam,

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French Indonesia, modern Vietnam,

Cambodia, Thailand and Malaysia

The US warned of attacks there and began an oil embargo in August of

1941

Japan had to decide 1) Attack the

US or 2) Stop expanding

They decided to attack the US fleet

at Pearl Harbor

They felt it would cripple the US

leaving them to sue for peace

JAPAN

Japan thought, by destroying the

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US fleet at Pearl Harbor in oneswoop it would eliminate all

opposition in the pacific

They believed the US would not act

but allow Japan to do as it desired

On Sunday December 7, 1941 Japan

attacked the US at Pearl

Asia WH

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