Aquaculture: the coming blue revolution
Albert G. Tacon1, Marc Metian2 & Daniel Lemos3
1Aquatic Farms, Hawaii, USA; [email protected] University, Stockholm Sweden3University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Of the different global food production systems,
AQUACULTURE,
the farming of aquatic animals and plants,
has been fastest growing food sector for over 25 years,
and is widely perceived as an important weapon in the
global fight against hunger & malnutrition,
particularly within developing countries, including Africa
Aquaculture’s contribution to global feed/food chain
AQUACULTURE 2011 AGRICULTURE
>156 SPECIES
102
12
15
27
>158 SPECIES
18
Cereals
Fruits & nuts
Roots &tubers
Oilseeds &pulses
Vegetables
Livestock
Finfish
Molluscs
Crustaceans
Aquatic plants
48
10
26
94.5 Mt
83.7 Mt
Tonnes 2011
Aquaculture has been fastest growing food sector for over 25 years, with an APR of 8.2%/year, compared with 1.3% for capture fisheries
and 2.6% for total agricultural meat production (FAO, 2013)
CAPTURE FISHERIES - HUNTING
AQUACULTURE - FARMING
Static landings
Rapid growth
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
8.2%
1.3%
-
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
Farm
ed
me
at p
rod
uct
ion
(th
ou
san
d t
on
ne
s)
Cattle meat Chicken meat Pig meat
Goat and Sheep meat Other terrestrial meat Aquatic meat
APRmeat
1970 to 1980
1980 to 1990
1990 to 2000
2000 to 2010
1970 to 2010
Total % in 2010
Pig 8.0 2.9 2.6 2.0 2.8 33.0Chicken 11.7 4.5 5.1 3.9 4.8 26.0Cattle 3.5 1.5 0.6 1.0 1.2 18.8
Aquatic 13.3 11.8 9.2 6.6 8.5 11.6Goat &Sheep
1.5 2.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 4.1
GLOBAL FARMED MEAT PRODUCTION (FAO, 2012/2013)
4th
110.0
89.4
62.5
40.7
2011 (Mt)
-
10 000 000
20 000 000
30 000 000
40 000 000
50 000 000
60 000 000
Farm
ed
me
at p
rod
uct
ion
(to
nn
es)
Other meat Chicken meat Cattle meat Pig meat Aquatic meat
APRmeat
1970 to 1980
1980 to 1990
1990 to 2000
2000 to 2010
1970 to 2010
Total % in 2010
Pig 14.6 7.1 5.4 2.4 5.5 50Aquatic 9.8 17.4 11.7 5.3 9.7 21Chicken 12.5 8.6 13.0 2.7 7.5 12Cattle 12.0 15.4 15.4 2.7 9.7 6Duck 8.9 7.2 12.0 3.9 6.8 3
FARMED MEAT PRODUCTION IN CHINA (FAO, 2012/2013)
2nd
2011 (Mt)
23.0
51.5
12.0 6.2
Aquaculture production by major species group in 2011(values given in million metric tonnes & US $ billion; FAO, 2013)
FISH49.8%41.6 Mt
FISH61.6%83.6 $B
25.1%21.0 Mt
17.2%14.4 Mt
11.2% 15.3 $B
4.0% 5.5 $B
7.0%5.9 Mt
20.8% 28.4 $B
By weight83.67 Million tonnes
By value135.73 US $ Billion
AQUATIC PLANTS
MOLLUSCS CRUSTACEANS AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES
FISH
China
Indonesia
India
Viet Nam
Philippines
Bangladesh
Korea, Rep.
Norway
Thailand
Egypt
Others
China 50,170,824
Indonesia 7,888,622
India 4,577,965
Viet Nam 3,052,500
Philippines 2,608,120
Bangladesh 1,523,759
Korea, Rep. 1,499,335
Norway 1,138,797
Thailand 1,008,049
Egypt 986,820
Other 9,220,870
Top aquaculture producers by country in 2011 (values given in metric tonnes; FAO, 2013)
CHINA
60.0%
Total aquaculture production by region & economic class (For 2011; values given in metric tonnes; FAO, 2013)
ASIA (mt) 76,293,471
AMERICAS 2,956,247
EUROPE 2,680,996
AFRICA 1,539,907
OCEANIA 205,040 AMERICAS 3.53%
EUROPE 3.20%
AFRICA 1.84%
DEVELOPING 79,298,341 (94.77%) APR (84-2011) 9.32%
DEVELOPED 4,377,320 (5.23%) APR (84-2011) 1.70%
ASIA 91.18%
201183,675,661 tonnes
ASIA (APR) 8.46
AMERICAS 7.59
EUROPE 3.99
AFRICA 14.82
OCEANIA 9.02
All APRs calculated from 1984 to 2011
0
500 000
1 000 000
1 500 000
2 000 000
2 500 000
3 000 000
20001980 1990 2010
Estimated total aquaculture production by continent from 1980 to 2010 (excluding Asia; FAO, 2013)
Tonnes APR 1984-2011
AMERICAS 7.59
EUROPE 3.99
AFRICA
APR1980-19901990-20002000-20102010-2011
14.82
AFRICA13.1417.4812.198.00*
Top aquaculture country producers – 2011(Values in metric tonnes; FAO – FISHSTAT, 2013)
11 Chile 969,539
12 Japan 906,498
13 Myanmar 817,112
14 Brazil 630,039 (66.2 Mt F)
15 Malaysia 526,526
16 Korea DPR 508,350
17 USA 396,841
18 Taiwan 319,245
19 Ecuador 308,900
20 Spain 271,963
Top 11-20 countries Top 10 countries – 89.0%
1 China 50,170,824 (60.0%)
2 Indonesia 7,888,622 (9.4%)
3 India 4,577,965 (5.5%)
4 Viet Nam 3,052,500 (3.6%)
5 Philippines 2,608,120 (3.1%)
6 Bangladesh 1,523,759 (1.82%)
7 Korea, Rep. 1,499,335 (1.79%)
8 Norway 1,138,797 (1.36%)
9 Thailand 1,008,049 (1.20%)
10 Egypt 986,820 (5.4 Mt 14.3)
Total production 83,675,661 tonnes,valued at US $ 135 billion
986 820221 128
130 40085 713
22 13519 09210 53410 5308 1267 6027 2496 4573 4333 3942 9702 2442 2002 0831 3976 400
EGYPTNIGERIA
ZANZIBARUGANDA
KENYAGHANA
MADAGASCARZAMBIATUNISIA
ZIMBABWETANZANIA
SOUTH AFRICAMALAWI
COTE D'IVOIRECONGO DR
ALGERIASUDAN
MALIMOROCCO
OTHERS
Estimated total aquaculture production in Africa by major producing country in 2011 (tonnes; FAO, 2013)
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Vietnam
Somoa
Venezuela
Vanuatu
Uzbekistan
Uruguay
United States
United Kingdom
Ukraine
Uganda
Turkmenistan
Turkey
Tunisia
Trinidad & Tobago
Tonga
Togo
Thailand
Tanzania
Tajikistan
Syria
Switz.
Sweden
Swaziland
Suriname
Sudan
Sri Lanka
Spain
South Africa
Somalia
Solomon Islands
Slovenia
Slovakia
Sierra Leone
Senegal
Sao Tome & Principe
Rwanda
R u s s i a
Romania
Portugal
Poland
Philippines
Peru
Paraguay
Papua
New Guinea
Panama
Palau
Pakistan
Norway
Nigeria
Niger
Nicaragua
New Zealand
Neth.
Nepal
NamibiaMozambique
Morocco
Mongolia
Mold.
Mexico
Mauritius
Mauritania
Mali
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Mace.
Lux.
Lithuania
Libya
Liberia
Lesotho
Latvia
Laos
Kyrgyzstan
S. Korea
N. Korea
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Japan
Jamaica
Italy
Israel
IrelandIran
I n d o n e s i a
India
Iceland
Hungary
HondurasHaiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Guatemala
Greenland
Greece
Ghana
Germany
Georgia
Gambia
Gabon
French Guiana
France
Finland
Fiji
Ethiopia
Estonia
Eritrea
Equatorial Guinea
El Salvador
Egypt
Ecuador
East Timor
Dom. Rep.
Dijbouti
Denmark
Czech Rep.
Cuba
Cote
d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Congo
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Colombia
C h i n a
Chile
Chad
Central African Republic
Cape Verde
C a n a d a
Cameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burma
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Brunei
B r a z i l
Botswana
Bolivia
Bhutan
Benin
Belize
Bel.
Belarus
Bangladesh
Bahamas
Azerb.
Austria
A u s t r a l i a
Armenia
Argentina
Angola
Algeria
Albania
Western Sahara(Occupied by Morocco)
Bos. &
Herz. Serb.
Mont.
Croatia
0
1 000 000
2 000 000
3 000 000
4 000 000
5 000 000
6 000 000
7 000 000
8 000 000
9 000 000
10 000 000
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Capture fisheries Aquaculture
APR 1984-2011
14.8%
2.4%
Share (%) 2011
16.8%
83.2%
Global trends in aquaculture & capture fisheries production in Africa (tonnes; FAO, 2013)
Contribution of aquatic animal food products to total animal protein supply in Sub-Saharan Africa
Sierra Leone (64.8%) Senegal (38.6%)
Gambia (56.6%) Mozambique (37.6%)
Ghana (54.5%) Benin (35.7%)
Cameroon (49.3%) Guinea (33.3%)
Congo Republic (48.0%) Uganda (33.3%)
Equatorial Guinea (42.8%) Cote d’Ivoire (31.8%)
Nigeria (41.1%) Malawai (27.1%)
Congo DPR (39.6%) FAO (2012)
Global importance of aquatic foods in human nutrition and global food supply
Aquatic food products represent one of the world’s most nutritious & healthy food sources
• According to the FAO/WHO (2011) Joint Expert Consultation on the risks & benefits of fish consumption, there is convincing evidence that: Fish consumption reduces the risk of death
from coronary heart disease & consumption by women reduces the risk of suboptimal neurodevelopment in their offspring;
According to FAO/WHO (2011) there is also emerging, possible or probable evidence, that fish consumption may reduce the risk of multiple other adverse health outcomes, including
• ischaemic stroke, non-fatal coronary heart disease events, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, cognitive decline, depression, anxiety and inflammatory diseases.
eporteAquaculture’s 2011 highlights and contribution to
the global feed and food chain
• Fastest growing food sector for the past 25 years with APR of 8.2%• Total production 83.7 million tonnes, valued at US $ 135.7 billion• Over 157 aquatic plant & animal species farmed in 2011
• Currently ranked 4th globally in terms of farmed meat production• Ranked 2nd in China after farmed pig meat production
• Currently represent only 3-4% global animal feed production• Highest reported feed efficiency for any farmed animal species• Feed sector is the largest global consumer of fishmeal and fish oil
• Best source of essential nutrients in terms of human nutrition • Represent important nutrient source in human nutrition in Asia
Aquaculture: key areas for further growth & opportunity
• Continued rapid growth and development of the aquaculture sector in Africa and Americas, as shown by the rapid growth of the sector in Egypt and Brazil over the past 15 years
• Increased emphasis in Africa on the culture of species feeding low on the aquatic food chain and not requiring external nutrient inputs, such as the culture of farmed aquatic plants and filter feeding shellfish species
• Increased production of lower-cost herbivorous/omnivorous freshwater fish species for domestic home consumption, and the promotion of farmed aquatic products in human nutrition and the food security of the poor and needy
Key hurdles to future aquaculture development
• Environmental: aquaculture needs to be part of the solution and not part of the problem: in contrast to agricultural farming practices which are usually conducted on private land, aquatic farming activities are usually conducted in public water bodies (rivers, lakes, coastal area) and so must be conducted reponsibly(we share this resource with many other users)
• Feed: aquaculture feed sector needs to reduce its dependence upon the use of potentially food grade marine fishery resources such as small pelagics, fishmeal and fish oil, and imports
• Social: aquaculture activities must not adversely affect the livelihood of the poor, and should produce affordable foods
• Importance of food safety and development of feed/farm GMPs
Sustainability challenges
• 71% of our planet is covered with water, and our oceans, lakes and rivers still represent one of our least understood ecosystems
• Increased use of locally available feed-grade ingredient sources as inputs for the production of aquatic food products, including the increased use and recycling of terrestrial animal by-product meals and oils, single cell proteins, and agricultural by-product meals not suitable for direct human consumption within aquaculture feeds
• Increased development and use of microbial floc-based aquaculture production systems and integrated multi-trophic culture systems so as to maximize nutrient utilization, water use, and minimize environmental impact
• Need for CASA Project – Centre for African Studies in Aquaculture
Centre for African Studies in Sustainable Aquaculture
& Fisheries Management
<CASA ><
International cooperation platform
for improving food security and poverty alleviation in Africa
through the development of sustainable and responsible
aquaculture and fisheries management practices
Major aquaculture platform activities
Malnutrition & food security impacts
Poverty alleviation & income generation impacts
Farming systems & sustainable development
Research & technology development
Training, education & outreach
Increased food production
through fisheries &
aquaculture
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