MARINE AQUACULTURE AWARENESS BROCHURE · MARINE AQUACULTURE AWARENESS BROCHURE. 1 Marine...

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Branch: Fisheries Chief Directorate: Aquaculture and Economic Development Directorate: Sustainable Aquaculture Management MARINE AQUACULTURE AWARENESS BROCHURE

Transcript of MARINE AQUACULTURE AWARENESS BROCHURE · MARINE AQUACULTURE AWARENESS BROCHURE. 1 Marine...

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Branch: FisheriesChief Directorate: Aquaculture and Economic DevelopmentDirectorate: Sustainable Aquaculture Management

MARINE AQUACULTURE AWARENESS BROCHURE

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Marine Aquaculture Authorisations Marine aquaculture is the farming of marine organisms, including �sh, molluscs, crustaceans, seaweeds and other invertebrates in a controlled or selected marine environment for all or part of their lifecycle. Typical means of enhancing production include good animal husbandry selective breeding programmes, feeding, regular stocking, grading and protection from predators. As with other farming practices, marine aquaculture also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock under cultivation. Marine aquaculture represents a sector with the potential to make a signi�cant contribution towards the economy of our country through the creation of skills-based employment and the selling of sea products on local or foreign markets.

Rights, Exemptions and PermitsA right to engage in marine aquaculture is valid for 15 years and requires a marine aquaculture permit in order to exercise the right. An Exemption is granted in terms of section 81 of “the Act” if in the opinion of the Minister there are sound reasons for doing so e.g. in the absence of a rights allocation process. No person shall exercise any right granted in terms of section 18 of “the Act” or perform any such activity without a valid permit granted in terms of section 13 of “the Act”.

Marine Aquaculture Permits There are different types of marine aquaculture permits, which are subject to conditions approved by the Minister:

• Permit to engage in marine aquaculture activity• Permit to collect broodstock • Permit to possess broodstock and operate a hatchery• Permit to transport marine aquaculture product• Permit to process marine aquaculture products• Permit to access dive ban areas• Permit to possess and sell undersized cultured abalone and kob in retailers and restaurants• Permit for marine aquaculture scienti�c investigations and practical experiments• Permit to import and export marine aquaculture �sh and �sh products• Permit to import marine ornamentals (e.g. ornamental �sh and corals) • Permit to export marine aquaculture �sh and �sh products

All marine aquaculture permits are valid for 12 months and thus renewed every 12 months. A “blanket” Exemption is currently implemented by the DAFF for the sale of undersized cultured abalone (Haliotis midae) and kob (Argyrosomus spp) products. A non-Right Holder (e.g. retailer or restaurant) is required to be in possession of a permit from the DAFF to be in possession of and sell any undersized cultured abalone or kob product obtained from a Right Holder. There are traceability protocols implemented by the DAFF for compliance purposes, which should be complied with by retailers and restaurants in possession of permits for the sale of undersized cultured kob and abalone.

An Exemption and permit is applied for through the DAFF to operate a Fish Processing Establishment (FPE) and process marine aquaculture product(s), which would either be on site (i.e. marine aquaculture establishment) or located elsewhere. An import permit is required for the import of any live or processed marine aquaculture product(s). Any entity that would like to export a marine aquaculture product should have a supplier agreement in place with the Right Holder and apply for the necessary export permit and transport permit. A permit for scienti�c investigations and practical experiments is required to undertake any marine aquaculture or related research activity, which can be applied for through an academic

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institution or private company e.g. investigation into spawning and larval rearing trials with a new marine aquaculture species or conducting growth trials on a new marine aquaculture species. The DAFF currently does not legislate any pilot scale operations; as a result a marine aquaculture activity may either be experimental or commercial.

Marine Aquaculture Permit ConditionsMarine aquaculture permits are subject to general and speci�c permit conditions, which address a number of important aspects e.g. permit validity/ renewal, food safety, animal health management and reporting, compliance traceability protocols etc.

• The Permit Holder is required to comply with quarterly animal health and monthly production reporting to the Department.• The Permit Holder is required to comply with biosecurity and measures report any animal movement between farms or signs of signi�cant disease to the Department to mitigate and prevent contamination of wild and farmed stocks.• No animal movement is allowed between abalone genetic zones i.e. west of Cape Agulhas and east of Cape Agulhas to conserve genetic diversity of our wild abalone stocks.• The Permit Holder is required to comply with the relevant food safety programmes e.g. farm closures to harvesting, movement documents, biotoxin testing, heavy metal testing and microbiological classi�cation of the growing area to ensure safety of the consumer.• There are limitations on the collection of wild broodstock or research animals and prior noti�cation of a local Fishery Control Officer (FCO) is required for protection of wild abalone stocks.• The Permit Holder is to comply with an approved environmental regulations where required which includes management and monitoring of potential environmental impacts.

Non-Compliance There are various penalties for transgressors, who do not comply with permit conditions and outlined conditions of “the Act”. The following is a brief outline of the possible transgressions and penalties, thereof:

• Exercising activities regulated under “the Act” without the necessary rights/ approvals.• Non-renewal of operational and import/ export permits.• Withholding information, being convicted of an offence in terms of ”the Act”, contravening or failing to comply and not effectively utilising the permit.• The Delegated Authority has the powers to withhold subsequent permits or cancel permits if there are transgressions.• Civil Sanctions Section 28 (Legal Proceedings). - The right granted is suspended or revoked.• Criminal Sanctions Section 58 (Admission of Guilt Fines). - The transgressor may be �ned, imprisoned and assets seized.

Figure 1 An experimental sea based marine �sh farming operation in South Africa.

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Vision• Ensure a sustainable production of quality cultured �sh with demonstrable high safety standards that serve as food safety guarantees to consumers, thus enabling socio-economic growth through improved local and international trade.

Mission• Effectively monitor and control production facilities to ensure that cultured �sh that are harvested do not pose a human health risk.

Goals• Ensure that the aquacultured �sh is effectively monitored prior to harvesting to ensure food safety.• Ensure effective communication with farmers and key stakeholders.

The vision, mission and goals of the food safety office are achieved through the continual development and implementation of the South African Molluscan Shell�sh Monitoring and Control Programme and the South African Aquacultured Marine Fish Monitoring and Control Programme. These programmes address the public health concerns related to production, harvesting, packaging, dispatch, transporting, labelling and the traceability of aquacultured �sh and associated products intended for human consumption. The molluscan shell�sh species farmed in South Africa include Haliotis midae (Abalone), Crassostrea gigas (Oyster), Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel) and Choromytilus meridionalis (Black mussel). The main �n�sh produced is Argyrosomus japonicus (dusky kob) and the crustaceans include Pennaeus spp (Prawns) and Panulirus homarus (East Coast Rock Lobster).

The programmes include the monitoring and control of aquaculture production facilities in order to provide the necessary assurances for consumers with regard to harvested products. These activities will be managed and controlled by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) under the Marine Living Resources Act, 1998 (Act No. 18 of 1998) and related regulations and permit conditions, the Department of Health under the National Health Act, 2003 (Act No. 61 of 2003) and the Municipal Structures Act, 1998 (Act No. 117 of 1998) and the National Regulator for Compulsory Speci�cations (NRCS) under the National Regulator for Compulsory Speci�cations Act, 2008 (Act No. 5 of 2008).

Food safety laws throughout the world give special consideration to molluscan shell�sh, particularly bivalves as �lter-feeding shell�sh accumulate hazardous levels of biotoxins and other hazardous substances and pathogenic micro-organisms (viruses, protozoa, bacteria and helminths) in their �esh causing them to become naturally contaminated. In many cases no thermal process is applied to shell�sh prior to marketing of the product to eliminate potential microbiological pathogens, and marine biotoxins are not eliminated by cooking. These contaminants could thus pose a risk to consumers if not adequately monitored. Raw molluscan shell�sh receive the second highest hazard rating for all foods by the International Commission on Microbial Speci�cation for Foods (ICMSF).

Fin�sh are more at risk of drug residue limits being exceeded in the �sh through direct medication or through the feed. Drugs such as antibiotics are often administered worldwide as a prophylactic or direct treatment to protect the �sh from diseases. A number of drugs that are banned internationally are being used worldwide to treat diseases or as a growth promoter. These drugs are required to be monitored for on a risk basis.

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Food Safety AssuranceTo provide the necessary assurance of aquacultured �sh products for local and international markets; the food safety office is working closely with the Fisheries Compliance Office (FCO) of DAFF, marine aquaculture farmers, laboratories, National Regulator for Compulsory Speci�cation (NRCS), Department of Health (DoH) and Municipalities.

The majority of the abalone industry is based in the Walker Bay area near Hermanus. Farms are also located in the Northern Cape on the West Coast in the Western Cape and near East London in the Eastern Cape. The main

Port Nolloth Sea Farm

West Coast Abalone

Jacobsbaai Sea Products

West Coast Aquaculture

Blue Ocean Mussels

West Coast Oyster Growers

Saldanha Bay Oyster Company

HIK Abalone Farm

Aqunion Whalerock Farm

Abagold

I&J Abalone

Atlantic Fishing

Aqunion Romanbaai Farm

Zwembezi Sea Farm

Wild Coast Abalone

South Africa

Cape Town

Durban

Port Elizabeth

East London

Port Nolloth

Saldanha

Namibia

Botswana Mozambique

Zimbabwe

Abalone FarmsMussel FarmsOyster Farms

Key

Blue Sapphire Pearls CC

Imbaza

Mussel & Oyster FarmsRelmar Investments

Doring Bay Abalone

Buffeljags Abalone

Aquafoods SA

African Olive Trading

West Coast Seaweeds

South Cape Abalone

Diamond Coast Aquaculture (Pty) Ltd

The routine monitoring of farms is based on the risk associated with various contaminants. When any of the contaminants or microbiological organism concentrations exceeds the regulatory limit, the laboratories inform the food safety office in the form of a red alert.

The red alert involves the laboratory phoning the staff responsible for farm closures and sends the test result by email. The food safety office then warns the farm not to harvest until the test result has been con�rmed. Once con�rmed the farm is officially closed for the marketing of the contaminated product.

Contaminants regulated Various contaminants are tested for in the in �sh intended for human consumption. The frequency of sampling is based on a risk analysis and is signi�cantly higher for bivalves produced on the West Coast.

The following hazardous substances are monitored by the programme:

Figure 1Distribution of marine aquaculture farms in South Africa

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Contaminants Abalone Mussels Oysters Fin�sh Crustaceans

Heavy Metals

Polychlorinated bipenyls

Pesticides

Radionuclides

Drug residuesMicrobiological

Biotoxins

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The comprehensive list of the contaminants and the sampling frequencies are outlined in the South African Molluscan Shell�sh Monitoring and Control Programme and the South African Aquacultured Marine Fish Monitoring and Control Programme.

Food Safety Programme AchievementsThe SAMSM&CP and the SAAMFM&CP have been reviewed and updated to ensure harmonisation with Codex Alimentarius standards as South Africa is a signatory to Codex Alimentarius. The programmes include the monitoring and control of contaminants and feed and drug management procedures.

The official phytoplankton monitoring programme is being implemented at various monitoring stations in close proximity to the production facilities along the South African coast. Phytoplankton samples are taken and analysed on a regular basis and the results are forwarded to the relevant stakeholders.

The Joint Biotoxin Monitoring Programme for the Saldanha Bay mussel and oyster farms has been effectively implemented for the farms in Saldanha Bay. The biotoxin test results of the samples taken from the sentinel sites are shared by the programme members who jointly contribute to a joint fund managed by the farmers themselves. The SAMSM&CP office furthermore continues to implement the Joint Microbiological Action Plan for Saldanha Bay and the Traceability Protocol for aquacultured products to better manage the microbiological risks and ensure traceability of cultured marine products.

The SAMSM&CP staff continually strives to improve communications with relevant stakeholder involved in the programme. Regular meetings are held to exchange ideas to assist with the improvement of service delivery e.g. improvement of turn-around times for the availability of results to the food safety office and farmers.

Aquaculture Animal Health Animal Health is regarded as fundamental to the sustainability of aquaculture and commercial �sheries. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries addresses aquatic animal health, welfare and disease management of aquaculture farmed products through the provision of aquatic veterinary services by the Directorate Sustainable Aquaculture Management.

The Aquatic Animal Health Unit has four main areas of development.

Disease surveillance and monitoring aims to:• Demonstrate absence of OIE (International Organisation for Animal Health) listed diseases to provide disease freedom in aquatic animals and products being traded to facilitate export certi�cation.

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• Implement an early detection system for new and or exotic infectious diseases. • Determine the distribution of endemic diseases.• To assess the effectiveness of control and eradication programmes of listed diseases.

The above mentioned can be achieved through general stock inspections, biosecurity audits, and targeted surveillance being conducted on farms; the development of a risk analysis and outbreak response team; as well as DAFF working in collaboration with the private sector.

Marine Research Aquarium Biosecurity Programme:The Marine Research Aquarium is a facility undertaking research with a variety of aquatic species (White Stumpnose, Spotted Grunter, abalone, Dusky Kob, scallops, West Coast Rock Lobster and sea urchins. The Biosecurity Programme was initiated in 2013. It was envisaged that by putting the programme in place, it will mitigate against the risk of transmitting diseases originating from scienti�c projects being undertaken at the Marine Research Aquarium to animals in the vicinity of the aquarium, as well as to mitigate against disease transmission risks between projects at the aquarium.

Animal Ethics Committee:The Aquatic Animal Health Unit is in the process of establishing the Animal Ethics Committee for the Marine Research Aquarium. The purpose for the establishment of this committee is to ensure the ethical and humane care of animals used for scienti�c purposes, as well as for teaching activities. It aims to ensure that the uses of animals in a project are necessary and that animals are being used appropriately for research purposes. Experts from multiple professionals will be included in the Committee including the research scientist, an aquatic veterinarian, a representative from the animal welfare organization and a member of the public.

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Petechial haemorrhages (pinpoint bleeding in skin and mucous membranes)

Signs Fish Molluscs Crustaceans

Excessive mucus on gills and skin

Dropsy (accumulation of �uid n body tissues)

Protrusion of scales

Changes in the colour, texture and opacity of �esh

Tissue lesions

Retraction of gill margins

Pustules

External spots

Changes in surface colour

Deformities and tumors

Swollen or discoloured organs or faecal castes

White midgut line

Broken or damaged appendages

Lesions or ulcers of skin or gills

Haemorrhaging with associated aneamia

Granulomas

Exophthalmos (popeye)

Ascites (accumulation of �uid in peritoneal cavity)

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Sub-committee on Aquatic Animal Health:The draft National Aquatic Animal Health Strategic Framework was developed to provide the overarching strategic guidance for the management, control and regulation of aquatic animal health, welfare and disease management in South Africa.

Objectives of the National Strategic Framework:• To promote aquatic animal health and good farming practice. • To safeguard the aquaculture industry and other users of aquatic resources from the adverse effects of aquatic animal diseases.• To enable safe and responsible international trade in aquaculture products.• Develop pro�ciency in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of aquatic animal disease in South Africa.• Address legislative challenges that affect the regulation of aquatic animal health.

Aquaculture and the Environment Sustainable aquaculture development seeks to optimize the social and economic bene�ts arising from the use of natural resources, while protecting the biological diversity and maintaining the ecosystem function.

Producers, government authorities and the general public are currently enhancing their awareness and knowledge of potential ecological impacts as well as negative social and economic impacts of aquaculture development.

Aquaculture in South Africa is regulated under strict environmental law and regulations as set out in the National Environmental Management Act (107 of 1998) which aims to protect the environment. The aquaculture industry has learnt some important lessons over time as well as through aggressive research, and thus have developed commonly accepted “best management practices” to minimize impacts. Due to the high capital investment in aquaculture, operators ensure that they maintain a healthy environment for their �sh and shell�sh that they are cultivating.

Precautionary approaches are advocated for many aquaculture practices, particularly with regards to alien invasive species and special considerations are given to sensitive habitats. The development and application of the Environmental Impact Assessment process combined with regular environmental monitoring can help provide for effective management measures targeting individual farms as well as farm clusters.

Aquaculture has associated impacts which can be managed through understanding the impact, evaluating the threat and prioritizing the monitoring.

The primary impacts of marine aquaculture are as follows:

Destruction of indigenous vegetation and habitat loss – Land based aquaculture farm sites are typically cleared, levelled and surfaced into a working platform. This can result in the loss of rare fynbos and other species. The consequence of site clearing can vary depending on the sites ecological sensitivity.

Genetic impacts – Aquaculture species are selected for favourable production characteristics and as limited broodstock numbers are used, the genetic pro�le of farmed species may differ from that of wild populations.

Effluents – Aquaculture farms produce a diluted effluent containing low levels of waste feed, faeces and nutrients. As farms are generally located in high energy coastal zones with high water displacement, mixing and dispersal of nutrients is rapid. Effluents are unlikely to exceed the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry water quality criteria for coastal marine waters beyond the mixing zone.

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Disease - intense farming and stock translocation can increase the risk of disease transmission – both between farms and from farm to wild stocks.

Enrichment of sediments with organic matter - Mussel culture results in the deposition of faecal matter on the sediment below mussel raft or long-line cultures. Studies have shown that this caused a localised change in the benthic community, but did not compromise ecosystem function or the health of the mussels.

Feed waste and �sh faeces - Fin�sh feeding results in nutrient input in the environment. In cage culture nutrients enter the ecosystem without treatment, while in-land based facilities a portion of the nutrients may be stripped. South African coastal waters are well-mixed with high light penetration, and are less sensitive than most northern hemisphere aquaculture sites.

Anti-fouling products for cages -In marine cages anti-fouling products are required to prevent or minimise bio-fouling.

Medication, antibiotics and pesticides - Medicines and therapeutants are necessary in aquaculture, but generally have a low potential for negative impacts if correctly applied.

Genetic impact of escapees on wild populations - Captive breeding is required in production and to alleviate pressure on wild stocks. Escape could lead to a change in the genetic makeup of wild stocks given that farmed �sh may be genetically different.

Pathogens and parasites - Pathogens from farms may be transferred to wild �sh. The greatest threat lies in the introduction of new pathogens, or existing pathogens that have mutated. For naturally occurring parasites and pathogens the potential of farming causing disease impacts in wild stocks, is low.

Interaction with large marine fauna – cage culture - Large fauna may be attracted to cages and cage debris may be ingested and can prove fatal. Due to improvements in technology, little threat is posed in terms of entanglement.

Social and spatial con�icts related to cages - Cage farms exclude other users (recreational boating, �shing, shipping) from farm sites. This may impact on tourism, aesthetics and limit investment potential.

Human health issues - Product quality may be affected by toxins, the prevalence of certain diseases, the handling of aquaculture products, contamination or through the presence of chemical residues.

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How is government ensuring a sustainable aquaculture sector?The Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries is governed by the Marine Living Resources Act (18 of 1998) under which provides for the granting of a compulsory “right” to engage in marine aquaculture. Although the MLRA does not have any provisions for freshwater aquaculture the DAFF plays a supporting role for this sector and is actively involved in its development. Under Chapter 6 of the Act this �shery is regulated via the requirements for applications, general permit conditions, environmental impacts, genetically modi�ed organisms, Environmental Impacts Assessments, food safety issues, use of chemical and noti�able diseases. In response to this the DAFF has developed comprehensive guidelines, food safety programs and permits which allow for the growth and development of the sector.

Within the Chief Directorate Aquaculture and Economic development has three directorates namely: Aquaculture Technical services, Sustainable Aquaculture Management and Socio Economic Development.

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These directorates are dedicated ensuring aquaculture growth and �sheries economic development for sustainable livelihoods by providing public support and an integrated platform for management of aquaculture.

Sustainable Aquaculture Management has three sub directorates: Aquaculture Authorisations, Aquatic Animal Health, Food safety and Environmental Assessments which cover concerns from the farm to the plate.

Environmental Assessments renders technical advisory services to industry regarding Environmental Impact Assessments which includes reviewing and commenting on EIA’s for aquaculture operations and developments that may have an adverse impact on existing aquaculture farms. The Department aims to create and enabling environment for the development and growth of South African Aquaculture the through the establishment of Aquaculture Development Zones (ADZ’s). The Department conducts the EIA’s for the zone and subsequently installing the basic infrastructure such as roads, electricity, security fences, reservoir, water pump, water extraction and discharge pipelines. The purpose of which is to encourage investor and consumer con�dence, create incentives for industry development, provide marine aquaculture services, manage the risks associated with aquaculture as well as provide skills development and employment for coastal communities. The Department has successfully received and Environmental Authorization for the Qolora Aquaculture Development Zone and the Algoa Bay Aquaculture Development Zone which is undergoing further investigation for viability. Recently the Saldanha Bay Aquaculture Development Zone Environmental Impact Assessment has begun and an application will be submitted to the Department of Environmental Affairs in 2017.

Other projects include the Environmental Integrity Framework for Marine Aquaculture which provides a summary of information for aquaculture investors to manage the potential environmental impacts of their operation and further serves as a tool for government decision-makers and other interested stakeholders. The Biodiversity Risk and Bene�t Assessment for Alien Invasive Species of Aquaculture provides the details for seven species to promote the consideration of the appropriateness, and effective management of speci�c alien species used In aquaculture, and to ultimately contribute to the ecologically sustainable development of the sector. The Strategic Environmental Assessment for Marine and freshwater aquaculture aims to promote and support the growth of the aquaculture industry in South Africa through:(i) identifying suitable areas where environmentally sustainable aquaculture development can be prioritized and incentivized; and (ii) providing a streamlined and integrated management and regulatory framework to reduce compliance complexities and improve decision-making processes.

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For Further InformationMore information concerning marine aquaculture is available on the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries website at or please to contact:www.daff.gov.za

The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and FisheriesChief Directorate: Aquaculture and Economic DevelopmentDirectorate: Sustainable Aquaculture Management Private Bag X2, Vlaeberg, 8018

Aquaculture Authorisations UnitDeputy Director: Aquaculture Authorisations Ms Zimasa JikaTel. (021) 402 3356 • E-mail [email protected].

Environmental Officer (Specialised Production): Aquaculture AuthorisationsMr Imtiyaz IsmailTel. (021) 402 3673 • E-mail [email protected].

Senior Administrative Officer: Aquaculture AuthorisationsMr Vuyani KralaTel. (021) 402 3424 • E-mail [email protected]

Aquatic Animal Health and Environmental InteractionsControl Environmental Officer: Aquatic Animal Health and Environmental Interactions (AAHEI)Ms Fatima DayaTel. (021) 430 7006 • e-mail [email protected]

Environmental Officer (Specialized Production): Aquaculture Food Safety ProgrammeMr John FoordTel. (021) 430 7003 • E-mail [email protected]

Environmental Officer Production (Grade C): Aquaculture Food Safety ProgrammeMr Mayizole Majangaza Tel. (021) 430 7076 • E-mail [email protected]

Environmental Officer Production (Grade B): Aquaculture Food Safety ProgrammeMs Portia DwaneTel. (012) 319 6397 • E-mail [email protected]

Environmental Officer Specialized Production: Aquatic Animal Health Ms Primrose LehubyeTel. (021) 430 7038 • E-mail [email protected]

Environmental Officer Shell�sh Production (Grade C): Environmental InteractionsMs Michelle Pretorius Tel. (021) 430 7034 • E-mail [email protected]

Environmental Officer Fin�sh Production (Grade C): Environmental InteractionsMr Maxhoba Jezile Tel. (021) 430 7037 • E-mail [email protected]

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