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WELCOME
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Water Management in Agriculture Need of the hour
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Contents
1. Global, Indian and State scenario of waterresources development and use some important facts
2. World water challenges for the 21st Century
3. Action plan4. Andhra Pradesh Water Management Project
5. Comparison of crop water requirement and actualquantities of water applied in some selected canalcommands of Krishna Western Delta
6. Conclusions
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(40 %)
(41 %)
(9 %)
(10 %)
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97% of the Worlds water resources are present in
oceans. The remaining 3% of the water resources
are present on land
Out of the 3 % of water available on land, 2% is onice caps which can not be utilized. The remaining
1 % is only the available utilizable water on land
97% of the available fresh water on earth is
groundwater
India has 16% of worlds population while having
only 2% of land and 4% of fresh water resources
Worlds Water resources
Some important facts
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Compared to average annual rainfall of Saudi Arabia
of about 150 mm, our Rain fall (1194 mm) is muchhigher i.e. almost 1.2 m height of water above the
entire land
The percent rainfall received due to South-west and
North-east monsoons is 74 and 3 %, respectively. Theremaining is received in pre & post monsoon periods
and hence it needs storage
Present quantity of irrigation water utilized in India is
174 km3 (incl. surface and ground waters)
In Zambia/ Zimbabwe, one single dam stores around
180.6 km3
In Egypt, Aswan high dam stores about 162 km3
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Alarming Facts:
Though irrigated land now expands at about 1%per year, the population also expands at 1.5%
Per capita irrigated area peaked in 1978 and has
been declining since then. Presently it is 0.4 acres
More over, irrigated land is loosing productivity
due to water logging and salinisation
Conversion of food producing lands to othercommercial crops
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Agricultural Water Use
- Irrigation to 43% net sown area
- 23 to 50% overall efficiencies of irrigation
projects
- Inequity in availability of irrigation water
- Water logging problems in about 10% canal
irrigated area
- Low average crop yields due to improper use
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Water Resources of Andhra Pradesh
Source Available,
BCM
Utilized,
BCM
River basin
Godavari* 41.90 20.39
Krishna* 22.96 22.96
Pennar 2.77 2.77
Others 10.12 3.51
Ground water 30.40 12.97
Total 108.15 62.59
Demands
BCM
Domestic
(by )
3.45
Irrigation 107.98
Industry 1.44
Power Generation -0.06
tal .9
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IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT OF ANDHRAPRADESH
Total Geographical Area : 27.4 M ha
Cultivable Area : 16.7 M ha (60%)
Area Under Cultivation : 11.81 M ha
Ultimate Irrigation Potential of A.P. : 8.78 M ha ( 52% of the Cultivable Area)
Present Irrigation Potential Created : 5.01 M ha (57% of the total potential
out of which 1.3 M ha gap is present)
States Gross Cropped Area
Under Irrigation : 40%
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The States share of Dependable Flow
from the Rivers System : 2746 TMC
Present Utilization :1828 TMC
Balance Water to be Utilized : 918 TMC
Out of which Godavari Riveralone can yield : 684 TMC ( This forms 75% of the
balance water un-utilized)
To utilise balance of918 TMC : 15 times of our State Irrigation budget
(Aproxly. Rs. 45,000 Crores) required
Amount spent on Irrigation : Rs. 6946 Crores sincethe formation of A.P.
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Peoples ParticipationAgriculture
Panchayat Raj
Water Users Associations
Watershed Committees
Village level committees for
Rural Water Supply projects
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
H
ectare
S
EPES S
VEE
ES
P
Y
PHE
E
J
J
aterneeds of differentcrops (Source: alkenmark etal. 1990)
ne hectare of sugarcanerequires 300 ha-cm of water. heareas of other
crops thatcan be irrigated by the sameamount of waterare shown below
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WORLD WATER CHALLENGES FOR THE
TWENTY FIRST CENTURY
Out of all the problems, water problem is the
second most important problem in the world
faced by mankind after population problem -
United Nations University
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1. Water Scarcity
Agriculture is the largest user of freshwater. At present, 70% of
the total fresh water in the world is used to provide food, natural
fibers and employment to billions of rural dwellers
Now, at the end of 20th century, an estimated 26 countries with a
population of more than 300 million people suffer from water
scarcity. Projections for the year 2050 show that 66 countries
with about two thirds of the world population will face moderate
to severe water scarcity
The finite supply of water can be augmented by reducing
consumption, and recycling and reusing waste water
The Challenges
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2. Lack of accessibility
3. Water Quality Deterioration
Industrialization and urbanization have produced large
volumes of effluent waste water, discharged in many
cases into water ways which carry fresh water supplies
into communities.
The projected mega cities and rapid industrialization
world- wide have only accelerated problems such as
inadequate waste treatment.
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4. World Peace and Security
Affluent countries enjoy an abundance of fresh water resources,
poor nations face the twin menaces of water scarcity and water
quality deterioration
All this directly effects the economic and social development of a
society, undermines political stability, and threatens global security
5. Awareness by Decision Makers and the Public
Water availability is taken for granted by the public
Similarly, political leaders are largely unaware of the present
dimensions of the impending water crises in many countries
Requires long term and lasting solutions beyond the short term
mandate of political leaders and decision- makers
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6. Decline of Financial Resources Allocation
The world witnesses a rapid growth in financial allocations to water/
development in the 1960s and the 1970s which was spurred mainlyby investment in the irrigation and drinking water supply. However,
a steady decline in financial outlay occurred in the latter part of
1980s, and become more pronounced throughout the 1990s
Right now, funds for operation and maintenance are in limited
supply, with existing schemes in dire need of repair and
replacement
7. Fragmentation of Water Management
At national level, the water management is divided among
hundreds or thousands of jurisdictions, municipalities and theprivate sector; or worse, left unattended
This institutional chaos has led to competition among users,
conflicts, duplication of efforts and contradictory policies, plans
and actions .Consequently, this has perpetuated wastage of
resources, and usage deficiency
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Action Plan
1. In view of the climate change, more floods and
droughts will occur
All the rivers should be under network
(Godavari lot of water is being wasted)
NWDA plan should be implemented
We can tackle environmental issues
2. Conjunctive utilisation should be practiced
Except in some parts of Punjab, there is no conjunctiveutilization of water resources
For example this year groundwater in command areas
could be utilized
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3. Water use Efficiency
Standing water may not be required for rice? Even paddy could be irrigated under sprinkler irrigation ?
Future yard stick will be how many tons of grains are
produced / hectare /m3 of water
4. Land Irrigability is most important
We can not irrigate paddy on the top of the hill. Equity
should first be implemented in quality land. Land reforms
are to be strengthened to ameliorate the problems
Land leveling is important
Watershed issues
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5. Drinking Water problems
Still, there is a 30% wastage in the drinking water suppliesparticularly at the user level
proper planning is needed to supply water from the pipe
all along the people staying around it
Proper payment of tariffs. It is said that in Hyderabad, just
less than 50% consumers are paying
Even in the case of irrigation also, same situation
6. Recycling is the accepted fact
River water is recycled water
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7. Single window clearance for all water uses
with IT should be stressed.
River basin Authority
8. Hydrological data acquisition
Variability of rain fall Groundwater variability
Need for data acquisition
Human resource utilization.
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Network Operational Pilot Project on
AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT
IN ANDHRA PRADESH(AP Water Management Project APWAM)
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Main Co-ordinating Center at Bapatla, Guntur ist.Network centers at
Garikapadu, Krishna ist.
agtial, Kari nagar ist.
Undi-Bhimavaram, W st Godavari ist. Tirupati, Chittoor ist.
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Project Objectives
The long term objective of the proposed project is
the improvement of the water use efficiency inagriculture and spreading of irrigation benefits to
tail end areas and preservation of the agricultural
production capacity of agricultural lands in
irrigated commands
To achieve this objective
water resources (rain, ground, canal and waste waters) will
be optimally utilized to uplift the socio-economic conditions
and improve the agricultural production in the tail-end areasof canal and tank commands,
farm land in danger of becoming unproductive as a result of
water logging and soil salinity will be preserved, and
land that has already become unproductive because of
these processes will be reclaimed.
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The short term objectives are:
Organization and empowering the farmers for management
and equitable distribution of local water resources and
maintenance and operation of irrigation and drainagesystems
Introduction and evaluation of equitable distribution
practices like Turn system and Rotational (Warabandi)
system
The transfer of technology (equipment, knowledge andskills) relating to the reclamation of waterlogged saline lands
and cropping system based water management practices
The construction of on-farm rainwater harvesting ponds,
wells and improvement of irrigation canals to provide water
resources to tail end area of about 100 ha under selected
WUAs The construction of subsurface drainage to reclaim
waterlogged saline lands
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Short term objectives contd
Continuation of monitoring of Konanki and Uppugunduru
subsurface drainage experimental areas for long term
impacts
Conductance of research on water requirements and
irrigation schedules of various crops and techniques for
less water use especially for rice crop
Introduction and evaluation of sprinkler and drip irrigation
systems for field crops. Development of agronomic and cultural practices for multi-
cropping in rice based cropping system
Conductance of operational research on water
management and subsurface drainage in waterlogged
saline lands of other canal commands.
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Activities of
Main and Network Centers
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Bapatla Main Center
Drainage for control of salinity and water loggingi) Selection of pilot area
ii) Pre-drainage investigations including bench marksurvey of cropping pattern, socio-economic & gender issues
iii) Design of appropriate drainage systemiv) Installation of drainage system
v) Monitoring and Evaluation of drainage systemincluding Socio-economic and gender issues
vi) Integration of Drainage with water resourcesmanagement (recycling of drain water)
Water less rice production systemi) Aerobic Rice
ii) System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Project Command: Krishna Delta
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Garikapadu Network Center
Water regulation at distributory level
i) Selection of 3 pilot areas one each at head, middle and
tail reaches of the canal
ii) Conjunctive use of rain water, surface water and sub-surface (ground) water
iii) Package of practices on water management
iv) Micro-irrigation experiments at the research station
Project Command: NSP Left canal command
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Undi (Bhimavaram) Network Center
Drainage for control of water logging and salinity
in black cotton soils
i) Selection of pilot area
ii) Pre-drainage investigations including bench mark
survey of cropping pattern, socio-economic & gender issues
iii) Design and execution of appropriate drainage systems
iv) Monitoring and Evaluation of drainage system
including Socio-economic and gender issues
v) Experiments on envelope materials for clay soils
Water less rice production system
i) System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Project Command: Godavari Western Delta
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Jagtial Network Center
Water regulation at distributory leveli) Selection of 3 pilot areas one each at head, middle and tail
reaches of the canal
ii) Conjunctive use of rain water, surface water and sub-surface
(ground) water
iii) Package of practices on water management
Water less rice production systemat Research station and farm level
i) Rice under drip irrigation
ii) Methods of sowing (direct, wet and aerobic)
iii) Methods of irrigation (alternate wetting & drying and irrigation
at 50 % moisture depletion)
iv) System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Project Command: Sriramsagar project
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Tirupati Network Center
Water management under tanks and wells
i) Selection of tanks
ii) Water budget for the tanks
iii) Data on water resources
iv) conjunctive use of rain, tank and ground waters
v) Package of practices
Project Command: Tanks and Wells
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Comparison ofCrop Water Requirements and
Actual Water Applied in Krishna
Western Delta in Andhra Pradesh
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Estimation of
crop water requirements for
Ponnur region in Krishna Western Deltausing CRIWAR model
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Sl.
No.
Name of the
canal
Length of
the canal
(km)
Command
area
(ha)
Rated
discharge
(cumec)
1 Srirangapuramchannel
22.73 3,322 3.43
2 Mutluru channel 6.00 848 0.85
3 Ponnur channel 13.2 2326 2.41
Table 1. Particulars of selected commands in
Krishna Western Delta
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General features of CRIWAR model
CRIWAR is a simulation model on crop irrigation water
requirements and it calculates the irrigation water
requirements (either per month or per 10 day period) of a
cropping pattern in an irrigated area, for various stages of
crop development through out the growing season
Crop irrigation water requirement = ETp - Pewhere ETp = Potential evapotranspiration,
Pe = Effective precipitation
CRIWAR model calculates the ETp on the basis of two
alternative methods of computing the reference
evapotranspiration, the FAO modified Penman Method,ETg, and the Penman Monteith Method, ETh
ETp.fao = kc ETgETp.pm = kc. ETh
where kc = crop coefficient
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Model Inputs
General data file of the irrigated area Meteo data file
Cropping pattern file
Model Output
Reference evaportanspiration
Crop irrigation water requirements per 10 day
period or month Cropping pattern
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General data needed for the model
Latitude
Altitude
Size of irrigable area
Calculation period (month/ 10 days)
Mean depth of water application (mm)
Interval between applications (days)
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Meteorological data needed for the model
Monthly average values of
Temperature - Tmin and Tmax
Precipitation (mm)
Sunshine hours (h)
Humidity (%) - RHmin and Rhmax
Wind speed - mean (m/s) and ratio
Average ind speedduringday
Wind speed ratio = ------------------------------------------
Average ind speedduringnight
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Crop data needed for the model
Crops grown in the area
Seasons followed
Cropped area (ha)
Growing period (days)
Planting month
Variety of crops
Crop coefficients (kc) for different stages of
crop growth
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Sl.
No.
Season and
Year
Crop water requirements
Net water
require-
ment
Effective
precipit-
ation
Netirrigation
require-
ment
Gross
irrigation
requirement
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)=(3)-(4) (6)=(4)/0.6*
FAO Modified Penman method
1 kharif 2000 77.2 42.3 34.9 58.2
2 kharif2001 78.5 49.9 28.6 47.5
3 kharif2002 79.9 29.3 50.6 84.3
Penman Monteith method4 kharif 2000 61.2 38.0 31.2 52.0
5 kharif2001 68.9 46.8 22.2 37.0
6 kharif2002 69.9 27.6 42.3 70.5
Table 2. Water requirement of paddy crop as estimated by
CRIWAR model
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Estimation of
actual quantities of water applied
in selected canal commands ofKrishna Western Delta
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Estimation procedure
1. Discharge (cumecs) = Discharge (cusecs) / 35.36
2. Volume of water applied on each day (m3/day) =
Discharge (cumecs) x 60 x 60 x 24
3. Total volume of water applied during the season (m3) =
Sum of volumes of water applied on
each day of the season (m3)
4. Gross depth of irrigation water applied (m) =
Total volume of water applied (m3
)/Area of the command (m2)
5. Net depth of irrigation = Gross depth of irrigation x
Application efficiency
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Sl.No.
Season andyear
No. of days
canal waterreleased
(days)
Volume of
canal waterapplied
(million cu.m.)
Gross depth
of irrigationwater applied
(cm)
Srirangapuram channel command
1 Kharif2000 136 27.69 83.4
2 Kharif2001 95 20.06 60.4
3 Kharif2002 130 25.11 75.6
Mutluru channel command
4 Kharif2000 138 7.69 90.7
5 Kharif2001 117 6.34 74.8
6 Kharif2002 98 5.24 61.9
Ponnur channel command
7 Kharif2000 110 21.14 91.3
8 Kharif2001 110 16.21 69.8
9 Kharif2002 102 16.63 71.6
Table 3. Actual quantities of irrigation water applied in
the selected commands
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Comparison of
crop water requirement and
actual quantities of water applied
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Sl.No.
Season andYear
Irrigation
waterrequirement
(cm)
Irrigation
waterapplied
(cm)
Difference
Quantity
(cm)Percentage
Srirangapuram channel command
1 kharif 2000 58.2 83.4 25.2 43.3
2 kharif2001 47.5 60.4 12.9 27.2
3 kharif2002 84.3 75.6 - 8.7 - 10.3
Mutluru channel command
4 kharif 2000 58.2 90.7 32.5 55.8
5 kharif2001 47.5 74.8 27.3 57.5
6 kharif2002 84.3 61.9 - 22.4 - 26.6
Ponnur channel command
7 kharif 2000 58.2 91.3 33.1 56.9
8 kharif2001 47.5 69.8 22.3 46.9
9 kharif2002 84.3 71.4 - 12.9 - 15.3
Table 4. Comparison of requirement and application of
irrigation (canal) water
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Sl.
No.
Name of the
command
2002 2001 2000
Yield
(t/ha)
Yield
(t/ha)
Percent
decrease
over year
2002
Yield
(t/ha)
Percent
decrease
over year
2002
1Srirangapuram
channel6.13 5.34 12.9 5.48 10.6
2Mutluru
channel5.87 5.19 11.6 5.28 10.1
3Ponnur
channel6.05 5.25 13.2 5.35 11.6
Table 5. Average paddy yield in the selected channel commands
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Fig. 1 Comparis on of irrigation water requirement, actual amount of irrigation
water applied and paddy yields in Srirangapuram channel command
58.2
47.5
84.383.4
60.4
75.6
0
20
40
60
80
100
2000 2001 2002
Year
Depthof
irrigation,cm
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.0
6.4
Paddy
yield,
tons/ha
Irrigation water required Irrigation water applied Paddy yield
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Fig. 2 Comparis on of irrigation water requirement, actual amount of irrigation
water applied and paddy yields in Mutluru channel command
58.2
47.5
84.390.7
74.8
61.9
0
20
40
60
80
100
2000 2001 2002
Year
Depthof
irrigation,cm
4.4
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.0
Paddy
yield,
tons/ha
Irrigation water required Irrigat ion water applied Paddy yield
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Fig. 3 Comparison of irrigation water requirement, actual amount of irrigation
water applied and paddy yields in Ponnur channel command
0
20
40
60
80
100
2000 2001 2002
Year
Depthof
irrigation,cm
4.4
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.0
6.4
Paddy
yield,
tons/ha
Irrigat ion wat er requirement Irrigat ion wat er applied Paddy yield
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Prediction of
crop water requirement using
CRIWAR model by consideringpast ten year average weather data
T bl 6 W t i t f dd b d
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Sl.
No.
Period Crop water
requirement
(cm)
Effective
precipitation
(cm)
Irrigation water required (cm)
Net irrigation
requirement
Gross irrigation
requirement
1 11-20 July 7.2 2.8 4.4 7.3
2 21-31 July 7.8 2.8 5.0 8.3
3 1-10 Aug 6.0 4.1 1.9 3.2
4 11-20 Aug 6.0 4.1 1.9 3.2
5 21-31 Aug 6.5 4.2 2.4 4.0
6 1-10 Sept 5.3 2.7 2.6 4.3
7 11-20 Sept 4.8 2.7 2.1 3.5
8 21-30 Sept 4.7 2.7 2.0 3.3
9 1-10 Oct 2.6 2.6 0.0 0.0
10 11-20 Oct 3.5 3.5 0.0 0.0
11 21-31 Oct 3.7 3.7 0.0 0.0
12 1-10 Nov 3.0 1.0 2.0 3.3
13 11-20 Nov 2.6 0.9 1.7 2.8
14 21-30 Nov 2.5 0.9 1.6 2.7
15 1-10 Dec 1.8 0.3 1.5 2.5
Table 6. Water requirement for paddy crop based on
ten year(1993-2002) average weather data
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Conclusions of the study
The farmers have applied 27.2 to 57.5 % excess
irrigation water than required in the years 2000and 2001 while in the year 2002, they haveapplied 10.3 to 26.5 % less water than therequired quantity of water in the selectedcommands
In spite of applying more quantities of irrigationwater in the years 2000 and 2001, the averageyield of paddy crop in those years was less by10.1 to 13.2 % when compared to the year 2002indicating that applying excess water is not at all
advantageous and instead it is the wastage ofvaluable water resource.
Using the CRIWAR model, an efficient irrigationwater management plan can be worked out andadopted
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Thank You
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