AESTHETICSPART TWO: DEFINING & JUDGING ART
DEFINING & JUDGING ART
• Defining Art
• Objective
• Approaches
• Why Defining Art Matters
• Judging Art
• Objective
• Approaches
• Why assessing Art Matters
THE ARTS & FINE ARTS
• Sean Le Rond D’Alenbert
• Part One
• Reflective Knowledge
• Direct Ideas & Imitations
• Painting, Sculpture & Architecture
• Poetry
• Music
THE ARTS & FINE ARTS
• Arts
• Differentiation of the principal parts of knowledge.
• Liberal & Mechanical Arts
• Liberal Arts
• Knowledge
• Knowledge
• First Sort of Feeling
• Second Sort of Feeling
THE PARADOX OF TASTE
• David Hume
• Language
• Variety of taste
• Language: art & science
• Morality & Language
• Example: Homer
• Example: Koran
• Precepts of ethics
THE PARADOX OF TASTE
• Standard of Taste
• Standard of taste
• Argument for the impossibility of a standard of taste.
• The nature of beauty
• The axiom
• Opposition to Axiom
THE PARADOX OF TASTE
• Rules & Criticism
• Rules of composition a posteriori not a priori
• Rules of art
• Faults
• Testing the Rules of Art
• Endurance & Foreign appeal as measures of influence
THE PARADOX OF TASTE
• Principles
• General principle
• Explanation of failures to please/displease
• Delicacy from Don Quixote
• Qualities in objects & delicacy of taste
• Critics
THE PARADOX OF TASTE
• Ascertaining Delicacy of Taste
• Intro
• Practice
• Multiple Perusals
• Comparisons
• Prejudice
• Purpose
• Reason
THE PARADOX OF TASTE
• Critics
• Principles of taste
• The True Standard
• Problem
• Aesthetics vs. the Sciences
• Distinguishing people of taste
• Time
THE PARADOX OF TASTE
• Factors
• Two sources of variation
• The general principles of taste are uniform in human nature
• Age & qualities
• Relativity
• Age & Country
• Ancient & modern learning
• Morality & aesthetics
• Moral principles
• Religion
WHAT IS ART?
• Leo Tolstoy
• Defining Beauty
• Two definitions of beauty
• No objective definition
• Taste
• Criticism of attempts to define taste
• Criticism of existing aesthetics
• Criticism of existing aesthetic standards
WHAT IS ART?
• Art, Pleasure & Beauty
• Defining human activity
• Pleasure & beauty
• Food analogy
• Food analogy continued: the problem of taking beauty to be the aim of art
• Problem with existing aesthetics: it is based on a conception of beauty
WHAT IS ART?
• Union & The Activity of Art
• Defining Art: words analogy
• What is not art
• Art & feeling
• The feelings
• All the following is art
• Art
WHAT IS ART?
• What Art is Not
• Definition of art & the activity of art
• Art is not
• Art is
• Analogy to words
• Importance of art
• The scope of art
WHAT IS ART?
• Art & Counterfeit Art
• Banishing & over acceptance
• Distinguishing art from counterfeit art
• The feeling & real art
• Infection & art
• Degree of infectiousness
• Sincerity
• Distinguishing art from counterfeit art
WHAT IS ART?
• Defining Good & Bad Art in Regards to Content
• Objectives
• Analogy to speech & quality of art
• Art & religious perception
• River analogy
• Religious perception & value
• Attack argument for religious perception
• Progress argument for religious perception
• Christian Art
• Two kinds of Christian art
WHAT IS ART?
• Assessment of Specific Works
• Examples of the highest art flowing from love of God and Man
• Examples of good universal art
• Details
• Novels
• Music
• Painting & Sculpture
• Universal Pictures & Statues
• Bad Painting
WHAT IS ART?
• Bad music & judging Beethoven
• Judging
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OSCAR WILDE
• Background (1864-1900)
• Life
• Poetry
• Plays
• Prose
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NEW AESTHETICS
• First Part
• Vivian
• Position
• Mirror
• Cyril’s Challenge to Vivian
• Nature & life imitate art
• Vivian’s Case
• Nature & Art
• Change in London’s climate is due to a school of art.
• Nature is our creation
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NEW AESTHETICS
• Looking & Seeing
• Things are because we see them.
• Looking is different from seeing.
• One does not see anything until one sees its beauty
• Example: fog
• Nature’s Imitation of Art
• Effects
• Nature
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NEW AESTHETICS• What Art Expresses
• Cyril
• Temper of its age
• Spirit of its time
• Moral & social conditions
• Vivian
• Art never expresses anything but itself
• Vanity
• Art is not symbolic of any age
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NEW AESTHETICS• Imitative Art
• Vivian
• The more imitative art is, the less it represents the spirit of the age.
• The more abstract & ideal, the more it represents the spirit of the age.
• Cyril
• The spirit of the age.
• Arts of imitation reveal the spirit of the age.
• Vivian: Middle Ages
• Imitative arts
• Middle Ages
• No great artist ever sees things as they really are.
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NEW AESTHETICS
• Vivian: Japan
• Japanese people as presented in art do not exist.
• See a Japanese effect
• Vivian: Ancient Greeks
• Greek art
• Art has never told us the truth
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NEW AESTHETICS• Vivian: Doctrines of the New Aesthetics
• First Doctrine: Art never expresses anything but itself
• To pass from the art of a time to the time itself is the great mistake all historians make.
• Second Doctrine: All bad art comes from returning to Life and Nature and elevating them into ideals.
• Realism is a complete failure
• Avoid modernity
• The only beautiful things
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NEW AESTHETICS
• Third Doctrine: Life Imitates Art for more than Art imitates life.
• Fourth Doctrine: Lying, the telling of beautiful untrue things, is the proper aim of art.
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