“Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”
Aeronautical Decision MakingAeronautical Decision MakingAeronautical Decision MakingAeronautical Decision Making
Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By the Pilots of the University of Notre Dame
Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By the Pilots of the University of Notre Dame
QuoteQuoteQuoteQuote
“Any pilot who does not privately consider himself the best in the game is in the wrong game.”
–Flying Magazine
“Any pilot who does not privately consider himself the best in the game is in the wrong game.”
–Flying Magazine
RoadmapRoadmapRoadmapRoadmap
Hazardous AttitudesCritical Flight PhasesGA Accident ProfilesPersonal Testimony
Hazardous AttitudesCritical Flight PhasesGA Accident ProfilesPersonal Testimony
Lesson PlanLesson PlanLesson PlanLesson Plan
Will learn the hazardous attitudes and their antidotes
Will be able to interpret hazardous situations, develop mitigating actions, and implement ORM into the decision making process
Will know the most critical phases of flight
Will learn the hazardous attitudes and their antidotes
Will be able to interpret hazardous situations, develop mitigating actions, and implement ORM into the decision making process
Will know the most critical phases of flight
DefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionsADM is a systematic approach to the
mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.
Attitude is a personal motivational predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or events in a given manner It can be modified through training.
ADM is a systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.
Attitude is a personal motivational predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or events in a given manner It can be modified through training.
Hazardous AttitudesHazardous AttitudesHazardous AttitudesHazardous Attitudes
Critical PhasesCritical PhasesCritical PhasesCritical Phases
Percentage of General Aviation Percentage of General Aviation AccidentsAccidents
Percentage of General Aviation Percentage of General Aviation AccidentsAccidents
Takeoff and Landing comprise 50% of accidents in only 3% of the timeTakeoff and Landing comprise 50% of accidents in only 3% of the time
How Does It Happen?How Does It Happen?How Does It Happen?How Does It Happen?Taxiing into buildings, a/c, & fuel trucksTaking Off Over Gross WeightClipping Trees / Power Lines on TakeoffEngine Failure on T/OFuel StarvationMidair CollisionControlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)Stall / Spin on Base to Final TurnLoss of Control in Crosswind LandingDropping it in From 20 feet
Taxiing into buildings, a/c, & fuel trucksTaking Off Over Gross WeightClipping Trees / Power Lines on TakeoffEngine Failure on T/OFuel StarvationMidair CollisionControlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)Stall / Spin on Base to Final TurnLoss of Control in Crosswind LandingDropping it in From 20 feet
Single Pilot Resource Single Pilot Resource ManagementManagement
Single Pilot Resource Single Pilot Resource ManagementManagement
SRM “the art and science of managing all the resources (both
onboard the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior to and during flight) to ensure that the successful outcome of the flight is never in doubt.”
SRM includes the concepts of aeronautical decision making risk management task management automation management controlled flight into terrain awareness situational awareness
SRM “the art and science of managing all the resources (both
onboard the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior to and during flight) to ensure that the successful outcome of the flight is never in doubt.”
SRM includes the concepts of aeronautical decision making risk management task management automation management controlled flight into terrain awareness situational awareness
SRMSRMSRMSRMHow to apply?
5P’s The plan
planning, weather, route, fuel, publications, ATC reroutes/delays.
The plane mechanical status, database currency, automation status, backup
systems.
The pilot illness, medication, stress, alcohol, fatigue, eating (IMSAFE).
The passengers pilot or non-pilot, experienced or inexperienced, nervous or calm,
etc.
The programming GPS, autopilot, PFD/MFD, possible reroutes requiring
reprogramming.
How to apply? 5P’s
The plan planning, weather, route, fuel, publications, ATC reroutes/delays.
The plane mechanical status, database currency, automation status, backup
systems.
The pilot illness, medication, stress, alcohol, fatigue, eating (IMSAFE).
The passengers pilot or non-pilot, experienced or inexperienced, nervous or calm,
etc.
The programming GPS, autopilot, PFD/MFD, possible reroutes requiring
reprogramming.
Risk ManagementRisk ManagementRisk ManagementRisk Management
Definition: Risk management is a decision making process
designed to identify hazards systematically, assess the degree of risk, and determine the best course of action.
How to assess?
Definition: Risk management is a decision making process
designed to identify hazards systematically, assess the degree of risk, and determine the best course of action.
How to assess?
Risk ManagementRisk ManagementRisk ManagementRisk Management
How to assess?PAVE
Pilot-In-Command—general health, physical/mental/emotional state: proficiency, currency.
Aircraft—airworthiness, equipment, performance capability. enVironment—weather hazards, terrain, airports/runways to be
used, conditions. External pressures—meetings, people waiting at destination, etc.
Personal Minimums
IMSAFE
How to assess?PAVE
Pilot-In-Command—general health, physical/mental/emotional state: proficiency, currency.
Aircraft—airworthiness, equipment, performance capability. enVironment—weather hazards, terrain, airports/runways to be
used, conditions. External pressures—meetings, people waiting at destination, etc.
Personal Minimums
IMSAFE
Situational AwarenessSituational AwarenessSituational AwarenessSituational Awareness
SA: The accurate perception and understanding of all the factors
and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements (pilot, aircraft, environment, external pressures) that affect safety before, during, and after the flight.
Some elements of SA Inside the aircraft—the status of aircraft systems, pilot, and
passengers. Outside the aircraft—awareness of the environmental
conditions of the flight, such as spatial orientation of the aircraft and its relationship to terrain, traffic, weather, and airspace.
SA: The accurate perception and understanding of all the factors
and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements (pilot, aircraft, environment, external pressures) that affect safety before, during, and after the flight.
Some elements of SA Inside the aircraft—the status of aircraft systems, pilot, and
passengers. Outside the aircraft—awareness of the environmental
conditions of the flight, such as spatial orientation of the aircraft and its relationship to terrain, traffic, weather, and airspace.
CFIT AwarenessCFIT AwarenessCFIT AwarenessCFIT Awareness
What is CFIT? A situation in which an airworthy aircraft is flown,
under the control of a qualified pilot, into terrain with inadequate awareness on the part of the pilot of the impending collision.
What is CFIT? A situation in which an airworthy aircraft is flown,
under the control of a qualified pilot, into terrain with inadequate awareness on the part of the pilot of the impending collision.
CFIT AwarenessCFIT AwarenessCFIT AwarenessCFIT Awareness
What are some causes of CFIT? Lack of pilot currency. Loss of situational awareness. Pilot distractions and breakdown of SRM. Failure to comply with minimum safe altitudes. Breakdown in effective aeronautical decision
making. Insufficient planning especially for the descent and
arrival segments.
What are some causes of CFIT? Lack of pilot currency. Loss of situational awareness. Pilot distractions and breakdown of SRM. Failure to comply with minimum safe altitudes. Breakdown in effective aeronautical decision
making. Insufficient planning especially for the descent and
arrival segments.
CFIT AwarenessCFIT AwarenessCFIT AwarenessCFIT Awareness
How can one avoid CFIT? Maintain situational awareness at all times. Adhere to safe takeoff and departure procedures. Familiarize yourself with surrounding terrain
features and obstacles. Adhere to published routes and minimum
altitudes. Fly a stabilized approach. Understand ATC clearances and instructions. Don’t become complacent.
How can one avoid CFIT? Maintain situational awareness at all times. Adhere to safe takeoff and departure procedures. Familiarize yourself with surrounding terrain
features and obstacles. Adhere to published routes and minimum
altitudes. Fly a stabilized approach. Understand ATC clearances and instructions. Don’t become complacent.
ADMADMADMADM
What makes up ADM?Risk managementsituational awarenesssingle-pilot resource management.
What is the decision making process?
What makes up ADM?Risk managementsituational awarenesssingle-pilot resource management.
What is the decision making process?
Decision MakingDecision MakingDecision MakingDecision Making
Two models (from the FAA)3P’sDECIDE
Another model (from the Air Force)OODA
Two models (from the FAA)3P’sDECIDE
Another model (from the Air Force)OODA
Decision MakingDecision MakingDecision MakingDecision Making
3P’s Perceives—the given set of circumstances for a
flight; identify hazards in each risk category. Processes—by evaluating the impact of those
circumstances on flight safety; what can hurt you. Performs—by implementing the best course of
action; change the situation in your favor.
3P’s Perceives—the given set of circumstances for a
flight; identify hazards in each risk category. Processes—by evaluating the impact of those
circumstances on flight safety; what can hurt you. Performs—by implementing the best course of
action; change the situation in your favor.
Decision MakingDecision MakingDecision MakingDecision MakingDECIDE
Detect a change needing attention. Estimate the need to counter or react to a change. Choose the most desirable outcome for the flight. Identify actions to successfully control the change. Do something to adapt to the change. Evaluate the effect of the action countering the change.
OODAObserveOrientDecideAct
DECIDE Detect a change needing attention. Estimate the need to counter or react to a change. Choose the most desirable outcome for the flight. Identify actions to successfully control the change. Do something to adapt to the change. Evaluate the effect of the action countering the change.
OODAObserveOrientDecideAct
Task ManagementTask ManagementTask ManagementTask Management
Definition: Task management is the process by which pilots manage
the many concurrent tasks that must be performed to safely and efficiently fly a modern aircraft.
What happens when information flow exceeds a person’s ability to mentally process and act on information? When a pilot becomes task-saturated, there is no
awareness of input from various sources, so decisions might be made with incomplete information and the possibility of error increases.
Definition: Task management is the process by which pilots manage
the many concurrent tasks that must be performed to safely and efficiently fly a modern aircraft.
What happens when information flow exceeds a person’s ability to mentally process and act on information? When a pilot becomes task-saturated, there is no
awareness of input from various sources, so decisions might be made with incomplete information and the possibility of error increases.
Task ManagementTask ManagementTask ManagementTask Management
What are several options that a pilot can employ to decrease workload and avoid becoming overloaded?Stop, think, slow down, and prioritize.
Tasks such as locating an item on a chart or setting a radio frequency may be delegated to another pilot or passenger. An autopilot, if available, may be used. ATC may be enlisted to provide assistance.
What are several options that a pilot can employ to decrease workload and avoid becoming overloaded?Stop, think, slow down, and prioritize.
Tasks such as locating an item on a chart or setting a radio frequency may be delegated to another pilot or passenger. An autopilot, if available, may be used. ATC may be enlisted to provide assistance.
Common Mistakes of Private PilotsCommon Mistakes of Private PilotsCommon Mistakes of Private PilotsCommon Mistakes of Private PilotsUnfamiliarity with POH & installed equipment
Especially Audio Panel & GPS
Airplane out of trimPoor airspeed control / No target airspeeds “Jockeying” power esp. w/ a constant speed propLack of a defined crosswind procedure—slip or
kick straight method? Inability to execute either procedure
Fixation with radio calls in the traffic patternSetting the horizon bar on the attitude gyro on the
ground The takeoff checklist says “flight instruments-check” There are only 2 of them to set—DG & altimeter
VFR goal: Be able to fly the aircraft hands-off during most flight regimes
Unfamiliarity with POH & installed equipment Especially Audio Panel & GPS
Airplane out of trimPoor airspeed control / No target airspeeds “Jockeying” power esp. w/ a constant speed propLack of a defined crosswind procedure—slip or
kick straight method? Inability to execute either procedure
Fixation with radio calls in the traffic patternSetting the horizon bar on the attitude gyro on the
ground The takeoff checklist says “flight instruments-check” There are only 2 of them to set—DG & altimeter
VFR goal: Be able to fly the aircraft hands-off during most flight regimes
SourcesSourcesSourcesSources
Advisory Circular 60-22, Aeronautical Decision Making, FAA
Private Pilot Manual, JeppesenWeather Flying, Robert Buck“Common Mistakes,” John Friel
Advisory Circular 60-22, Aeronautical Decision Making, FAA
Private Pilot Manual, JeppesenWeather Flying, Robert Buck“Common Mistakes,” John Friel
Top Related