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Aeronautical Decision MakingAeronautical Decision MakingAeronautical Decision MakingAeronautical Decision Making

Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By the Pilots of the University of Notre Dame

Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By the Pilots of the University of Notre Dame

QuoteQuoteQuoteQuote

“Any pilot who does not privately consider himself the best in the game is in the wrong game.”

–Flying Magazine

“Any pilot who does not privately consider himself the best in the game is in the wrong game.”

–Flying Magazine

RoadmapRoadmapRoadmapRoadmap

Hazardous AttitudesCritical Flight PhasesGA Accident ProfilesPersonal Testimony

Hazardous AttitudesCritical Flight PhasesGA Accident ProfilesPersonal Testimony

Lesson PlanLesson PlanLesson PlanLesson Plan

Will learn the hazardous attitudes and their antidotes

Will be able to interpret hazardous situations, develop mitigating actions, and implement ORM into the decision making process

Will know the most critical phases of flight

Will learn the hazardous attitudes and their antidotes

Will be able to interpret hazardous situations, develop mitigating actions, and implement ORM into the decision making process

Will know the most critical phases of flight

DefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionsADM is a systematic approach to the

mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.

Attitude is a personal motivational predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or events in a given manner It can be modified through training.

ADM is a systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.

Attitude is a personal motivational predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or events in a given manner It can be modified through training.

Hazardous AttitudesHazardous AttitudesHazardous AttitudesHazardous Attitudes

Critical PhasesCritical PhasesCritical PhasesCritical Phases

Percentage of General Aviation Percentage of General Aviation AccidentsAccidents

Percentage of General Aviation Percentage of General Aviation AccidentsAccidents

Takeoff and Landing comprise 50% of accidents in only 3% of the timeTakeoff and Landing comprise 50% of accidents in only 3% of the time

How Does It Happen?How Does It Happen?How Does It Happen?How Does It Happen?Taxiing into buildings, a/c, & fuel trucksTaking Off Over Gross WeightClipping Trees / Power Lines on TakeoffEngine Failure on T/OFuel StarvationMidair CollisionControlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)Stall / Spin on Base to Final TurnLoss of Control in Crosswind LandingDropping it in From 20 feet

Taxiing into buildings, a/c, & fuel trucksTaking Off Over Gross WeightClipping Trees / Power Lines on TakeoffEngine Failure on T/OFuel StarvationMidair CollisionControlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)Stall / Spin on Base to Final TurnLoss of Control in Crosswind LandingDropping it in From 20 feet

Single Pilot Resource Single Pilot Resource ManagementManagement

Single Pilot Resource Single Pilot Resource ManagementManagement

SRM “the art and science of managing all the resources (both

onboard the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior to and during flight) to ensure that the successful outcome of the flight is never in doubt.”

SRM includes the concepts of aeronautical decision making risk management task management automation management controlled flight into terrain awareness situational awareness

SRM “the art and science of managing all the resources (both

onboard the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior to and during flight) to ensure that the successful outcome of the flight is never in doubt.”

SRM includes the concepts of aeronautical decision making risk management task management automation management controlled flight into terrain awareness situational awareness

SRMSRMSRMSRMHow to apply?

5P’s The plan

planning, weather, route, fuel, publications, ATC reroutes/delays.

The plane mechanical status, database currency, automation status, backup

systems.

The pilot illness, medication, stress, alcohol, fatigue, eating (IMSAFE).

The passengers pilot or non-pilot, experienced or inexperienced, nervous or calm,

etc.

The programming GPS, autopilot, PFD/MFD, possible reroutes requiring

reprogramming.

How to apply? 5P’s

The plan planning, weather, route, fuel, publications, ATC reroutes/delays.

The plane mechanical status, database currency, automation status, backup

systems.

The pilot illness, medication, stress, alcohol, fatigue, eating (IMSAFE).

The passengers pilot or non-pilot, experienced or inexperienced, nervous or calm,

etc.

The programming GPS, autopilot, PFD/MFD, possible reroutes requiring

reprogramming.

Risk ManagementRisk ManagementRisk ManagementRisk Management

Definition: Risk management is a decision making process

designed to identify hazards systematically, assess the degree of risk, and determine the best course of action.

How to assess?

Definition: Risk management is a decision making process

designed to identify hazards systematically, assess the degree of risk, and determine the best course of action.

How to assess?

Risk ManagementRisk ManagementRisk ManagementRisk Management

How to assess?PAVE

Pilot-In-Command—general health, physical/mental/emotional state: proficiency, currency.

Aircraft—airworthiness, equipment, performance capability. enVironment—weather hazards, terrain, airports/runways to be

used, conditions. External pressures—meetings, people waiting at destination, etc.

Personal Minimums

IMSAFE

How to assess?PAVE

Pilot-In-Command—general health, physical/mental/emotional state: proficiency, currency.

Aircraft—airworthiness, equipment, performance capability. enVironment—weather hazards, terrain, airports/runways to be

used, conditions. External pressures—meetings, people waiting at destination, etc.

Personal Minimums

IMSAFE

Situational AwarenessSituational AwarenessSituational AwarenessSituational Awareness

SA: The accurate perception and understanding of all the factors

and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements (pilot, aircraft, environment, external pressures) that affect safety before, during, and after the flight.

Some elements of SA Inside the aircraft—the status of aircraft systems, pilot, and

passengers. Outside the aircraft—awareness of the environmental

conditions of the flight, such as spatial orientation of the aircraft and its relationship to terrain, traffic, weather, and airspace.

SA: The accurate perception and understanding of all the factors

and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements (pilot, aircraft, environment, external pressures) that affect safety before, during, and after the flight.

Some elements of SA Inside the aircraft—the status of aircraft systems, pilot, and

passengers. Outside the aircraft—awareness of the environmental

conditions of the flight, such as spatial orientation of the aircraft and its relationship to terrain, traffic, weather, and airspace.

CFIT AwarenessCFIT AwarenessCFIT AwarenessCFIT Awareness

What is CFIT? A situation in which an airworthy aircraft is flown,

under the control of a qualified pilot, into terrain with inadequate awareness on the part of the pilot of the impending collision.

What is CFIT? A situation in which an airworthy aircraft is flown,

under the control of a qualified pilot, into terrain with inadequate awareness on the part of the pilot of the impending collision.

CFIT AwarenessCFIT AwarenessCFIT AwarenessCFIT Awareness

What are some causes of CFIT? Lack of pilot currency. Loss of situational awareness. Pilot distractions and breakdown of SRM. Failure to comply with minimum safe altitudes. Breakdown in effective aeronautical decision

making. Insufficient planning especially for the descent and

arrival segments.

What are some causes of CFIT? Lack of pilot currency. Loss of situational awareness. Pilot distractions and breakdown of SRM. Failure to comply with minimum safe altitudes. Breakdown in effective aeronautical decision

making. Insufficient planning especially for the descent and

arrival segments.

CFIT AwarenessCFIT AwarenessCFIT AwarenessCFIT Awareness

How can one avoid CFIT? Maintain situational awareness at all times. Adhere to safe takeoff and departure procedures. Familiarize yourself with surrounding terrain

features and obstacles. Adhere to published routes and minimum

altitudes. Fly a stabilized approach. Understand ATC clearances and instructions. Don’t become complacent.

How can one avoid CFIT? Maintain situational awareness at all times. Adhere to safe takeoff and departure procedures. Familiarize yourself with surrounding terrain

features and obstacles. Adhere to published routes and minimum

altitudes. Fly a stabilized approach. Understand ATC clearances and instructions. Don’t become complacent.

ADMADMADMADM

What makes up ADM?Risk managementsituational awarenesssingle-pilot resource management.

What is the decision making process?

What makes up ADM?Risk managementsituational awarenesssingle-pilot resource management.

What is the decision making process?

Decision MakingDecision MakingDecision MakingDecision Making

Two models (from the FAA)3P’sDECIDE

Another model (from the Air Force)OODA

Two models (from the FAA)3P’sDECIDE

Another model (from the Air Force)OODA

Decision MakingDecision MakingDecision MakingDecision Making

3P’s Perceives—the given set of circumstances for a

flight; identify hazards in each risk category. Processes—by evaluating the impact of those

circumstances on flight safety; what can hurt you. Performs—by implementing the best course of

action; change the situation in your favor.

3P’s Perceives—the given set of circumstances for a

flight; identify hazards in each risk category. Processes—by evaluating the impact of those

circumstances on flight safety; what can hurt you. Performs—by implementing the best course of

action; change the situation in your favor.

Decision MakingDecision MakingDecision MakingDecision MakingDECIDE

Detect a change needing attention. Estimate the need to counter or react to a change. Choose the most desirable outcome for the flight. Identify actions to successfully control the change. Do something to adapt to the change. Evaluate the effect of the action countering the change.

OODAObserveOrientDecideAct

DECIDE Detect a change needing attention. Estimate the need to counter or react to a change. Choose the most desirable outcome for the flight. Identify actions to successfully control the change. Do something to adapt to the change. Evaluate the effect of the action countering the change.

OODAObserveOrientDecideAct

Task ManagementTask ManagementTask ManagementTask Management

Definition: Task management is the process by which pilots manage

the many concurrent tasks that must be performed to safely and efficiently fly a modern aircraft.

What happens when information flow exceeds a person’s ability to mentally process and act on information? When a pilot becomes task-saturated, there is no

awareness of input from various sources, so decisions might be made with incomplete information and the possibility of error increases.

Definition: Task management is the process by which pilots manage

the many concurrent tasks that must be performed to safely and efficiently fly a modern aircraft.

What happens when information flow exceeds a person’s ability to mentally process and act on information? When a pilot becomes task-saturated, there is no

awareness of input from various sources, so decisions might be made with incomplete information and the possibility of error increases.

Task ManagementTask ManagementTask ManagementTask Management

What are several options that a pilot can employ to decrease workload and avoid becoming overloaded?Stop, think, slow down, and prioritize.

Tasks such as locating an item on a chart or setting a radio frequency may be delegated to another pilot or passenger. An autopilot, if available, may be used. ATC may be enlisted to provide assistance.

What are several options that a pilot can employ to decrease workload and avoid becoming overloaded?Stop, think, slow down, and prioritize.

Tasks such as locating an item on a chart or setting a radio frequency may be delegated to another pilot or passenger. An autopilot, if available, may be used. ATC may be enlisted to provide assistance.

Common Mistakes of Private PilotsCommon Mistakes of Private PilotsCommon Mistakes of Private PilotsCommon Mistakes of Private PilotsUnfamiliarity with POH & installed equipment

Especially Audio Panel & GPS

Airplane out of trimPoor airspeed control / No target airspeeds “Jockeying” power esp. w/ a constant speed propLack of a defined crosswind procedure—slip or

kick straight method? Inability to execute either procedure

Fixation with radio calls in the traffic patternSetting the horizon bar on the attitude gyro on the

ground The takeoff checklist says “flight instruments-check” There are only 2 of them to set—DG & altimeter

 VFR goal: Be able to fly the aircraft hands-off during most flight regimes

Unfamiliarity with POH & installed equipment Especially Audio Panel & GPS

Airplane out of trimPoor airspeed control / No target airspeeds “Jockeying” power esp. w/ a constant speed propLack of a defined crosswind procedure—slip or

kick straight method? Inability to execute either procedure

Fixation with radio calls in the traffic patternSetting the horizon bar on the attitude gyro on the

ground The takeoff checklist says “flight instruments-check” There are only 2 of them to set—DG & altimeter

 VFR goal: Be able to fly the aircraft hands-off during most flight regimes

SourcesSourcesSourcesSources

Advisory Circular 60-22, Aeronautical Decision Making, FAA

Private Pilot Manual, JeppesenWeather Flying, Robert Buck“Common Mistakes,” John Friel

Advisory Circular 60-22, Aeronautical Decision Making, FAA

Private Pilot Manual, JeppesenWeather Flying, Robert Buck“Common Mistakes,” John Friel