BAT213 COASTAL & MARINE ECOSYSTEM
PANTAI ACHEH + SUNGAI BURUNGBALIK PULAU
MEMBERS:YII JAU AN
POW SOK WENCHEY SIOK YIN
ELAINE CHENG EE LING
INTRODUCTION
Balik Pulau
• Specialties:• Durian • Nutmeg• Fruit pickles (jeruk)• Laksa e.g.Laksa Janggus
Demography
• The population range = 1000 - 2000• Total population = 195,600 (in year 2005)• Malay : 119,800 (61.25%)• Chinese : 52,300 (26.73%)• India : 12,100 (6.19%) • Others : 11,400 (5.83%)
Sites Visited
• Balik Pulau Market• Wet Market• Dry Market
• Mangrove site visited• Kampung Sungai Burung• Pantai Acheh
Balik Pulau Market
• Wet market• Dry market • Halal stall for Muslims
Next Station!
Pantai Acheh !!
Pantai Acheh
Pantai Acheh
• A small Chinese fishing community on the west coast of Penang Island.
• Located at the end of Jalan Pantai Acheh.
flatworm
Sungai Burung Mangrove Forest
Kampung Sungai Burung
Sungai Burung Mangrove Forest
• A famous stopover for the migratory birds because of abundance of shelter and food.
• The mangrove provided the villagers with a good catch when they fish near the coast, and sheltered the jetties
• This forest was the one of the hardest hit area in Penang in 26 December 2004.
“The Green War 2011’ campaign. The participants are planting the mangrove saplings along Sungai Burung, Penang
Why mangroves are most successful in low-lying regions
with relatively large tidal fluctuations?
Tidal fluctuationWhere evaporation is
very high, it wash excess salt away
preventing excessively high soil salinity concentrations
Reduction of competition
Alternating wetting and
drying
Transportation of relatively clean water
and nutrients in
Exporting wastes, detritus and sulfur
compounds
Effective dispersal of propagules
Reduction of competition
Salt water adaptations :
2 major methods mangroves use to
deal with living in salt water.
Root adaptations to soft, saline soils• Far-reaching, exposed roots. • Some species of mangroves have pneumataphores• Some mangroves species adapted to stop the intake of a lot
of the salt from the water before it reaches the plant.
Leaf adaptations to saline conditions• Reduction of transpiration rate on leaf surface to minimise
salt intake.• Tolerate the storage of large amounts of salt in their leaves .• Restrict the opening of their stomata.• Turn their leaves to reduce the surface area of the leaf
exposed to the hot sun.
Specific strategies of each mangrove
species
Prop root
Rhizophora apiculata
Laguncularia racemosa
Anaerobic adaptatio
ns :
Without Oxygen
Anaerobic
Anaerobic conditions, a challenge for mangroves
High salinity
Increase of salt concentration in the plant tissues
Damage the metabolic processes
Death of mangroves.
Reproduction
Unique reproductive strategies of the
mangrove species• Mangrove spreads seeds,
fruit, and/ or propagules.Hydrochory
• Mangrove embryo germinates while still attached.Vivipary
Important roles of mangroves in land stabilization and storm
protectionDuring extreme storms
and hurricanes, mangrove forests protect landward
coastal areas.
Mangroves trap, hold, and stabilize inter-tidal
sediments.
Prevent erosion.
Underground root systems which increase
sediment-holding capabilities.
Importance of mangroves for popution of marine organisms
Basis of a complex marine food chain
Creation of breeding habitat
Establishment of restrictive
impoinds that offer protection
for maturing offspring
Rhizophora apiculata
Laguncularia racemosa
The Economic Values of Balik Pulau
Mangrove
The Economic Values
• 2 modes:–Direct values–Indirect values
Direct Values
• Actual removal of mangrove community for– Personal consumption– Sold in the market• Local• International
• Example: – Firewood/ charcoal– Poles for construction works– Medicine
Indirect Values
• Use the mangrove without destroying the community.
• Examples:– Fisheries– Eco-tourism
Direct Uses of Mangrove
• Firewood/ charcoal• Poles for construction works• Medicine
Firewood/ Charcoal
• Trunks & branches – firewood– High calorific value – produce more heat.
• Process into charcoal– Absorbs odours and moisture in the air– Reliefs gastric problems/ indigestion
Poles for Construction Works
• As building foundation– Provides support for houses– Reasons:• Can withstand high humidity• Long-lasting compared to terrestrial wood
Medicine
• Leaf of Rhizophora apiculata– Active ingredients capable to inhibit the growth of
HIV-1 strains
** Presume more potentials in mangrove trees or other organisms
- New drugs produced
Indirect Uses of Mangrove
• Fisheries• Eco-tourism
Fisheries
• Suitable habitat for most of the seafood we consume– Examples: Prawns, fish, crabs
• Provides shelter & food source for juveniles and adult seafood
Fisheries
• Continuous supply to market– Prevent price hike in seafood during monsoon
season
Eco-tourism• Build bridges made up of mangrove tree poles– Ease visitors especially during high tides/ raining
season.– Access to zones with substrate too soft to be
stepped on– Ensure safety of visitors especially children
Eco-tourism
• Fisherman provides boat trip services– Brings visitors out to the sea– Visitors could understand• The life of fishermen• The way they earn a living• Fishing methods used• Share life experiences of fishermen in sea
– Expose urban kids to countryside lifestyles
Ways to Boost Tourism in Balik Pulau
• Food• Scenery
Food• A feast or carnival during the durian season, normally
May to July each year.• Herb garden in Kampung Jalan Bharu.• Special food presentation to attract attention– Fresh seafood cooked with herbs– Served in durian husks– Fruit pickles (jeruk) as appetizers– Nutmeg juice to quench thirst– Durian as dessert
• Taste all the delicacies in just 1 meal.
Scenery
• Scenic paddy fields– Relaxing– stress-releasing– Fresh air– Photography enthusiasts could snap shots
• Eagle watching– Unique as not so common in urban area
Human Impact
• Overfishing– Food sources, net size, greediness of fisherman
• Deforestation– firewood, construction wood, wood chip and pulp
production, charcoal production, and animal fodder
Human Impact
• Uses of mangrove land for urban development– agricultural land, anchoring of boats, human
settlements, resettlement activities, infrastructure, and industrial areas
• Pollution– Fertilizers, pesticides, discharge of industrial
effluent, Solid waste dumping, pollutants, and sewage
Tsunami(The Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake)
• On 26 December 2004.• Involved 18 countries.• Triggered by an earthquake (measuring 9 of
the Richter scale) in Indian Ocean.• Penang and Kedah affected most.
Impacts of Tsunami on Ecosystem
• Physical removal of flora and fauna.• increased sediment load - will kill sediment
sensitive corals and sea grasses by smothering.
• Increased turbidity of coastal water.• Eutrophication.• Escape of exotic (introduced) species used for
aquaculture.
Role of Mangrove During the Tsunami
• The areas shielded by mangrove forests received minimal destructible effects from the huge tidal wave.
• Reduce the wave energy from Tsunami.• Reduce erosion of beaches.
Thank You